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To Find The Refractive Indexes of A Water B Oil Using A Plane Mirror

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Mriduraj Deka
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21 views17 pages

To Find The Refractive Indexes of A Water B Oil Using A Plane Mirror

Uploaded by

Mriduraj Deka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAME OF SCHOOL

Submitted by : submitted to:

Name:
Class:

Roll no.

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the project report


entitled “to find refractive indices of
water and turpentine oil” submitted by
…………………. during the academic year
……………………. is a bonafied piece of work
conducted under my supervision and
guidance. The data sources have been
fully acknowledged. I wish his success in
all his future endeavours.

……………….. ………………….

(pgt physics) (PRINCIPAL)


Acknowledgement

I thank my physics laboratory teacher


guiding me in doing this project. His constant
support and encouragement helped me a lot in
completing this project.
I also thank my chemistry teacher
…………….. for helping me with this project. I
also thank the lab assistant and all other
non-teaching staff members for arranging the
apparatus as and when required.
I also thank my school for providing such
wonderful laboratory facilities.
Index

SR. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.


1 OBJECTIVE 1

2 APPARATUS 2

3 THEORY 2

4 PROCEDURE 3

5 OBSERVATION 6

6 CALCULATION 7

7 RESULT 8

8 PRECAUTION 8

9 SOURCES OF ERROR 9

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10
Objective: :

TO FIND REFRACTIVE INDICES OF WATER AND


TURPENTINE OIL USING A PLANE MIRROR, AN
EQUICONVEX LENS ( MADE OF GLASS OF
KNOWN REFRACTIVE INDEX ) AND AN
ADJUSTABLE OBJECT NEEDLE
Apparatus:
A convex lens, an optical needle, a plane mirror, a clamp stand,
a spherometer, a plumb line, metre scale, water and turpentine
oil.
Theory:
Let’s add small amount of water on a flat, plane surface and
place a convex lens over it. This forms a plano-concave lens of
water between the lower surface of convex lens and plane
mirror.
Let f1 and f2 are the focal lengths of water lens and convex lens
respectively, then focal length of the combination is:
1=1+1
F f1 f2

The focal length of the


plano-concave lens is,

1=1−1
f1
F
f2
…(i)

( )
1 1 1
=( μ−1) −

From Lens Maker’s formula,


f1
R1
R2

1
=( μ−1 ¿
R

∴
R1 = R and R2 = ∞ for water lens.
R
∴
The refractive index of water f1 …(ii)
is ,

(where ‘R’ is the radius of curvature of the concave surfaces of


the plano-concave lens).

The Radius of curvature of the …(iii)


lens, is
R=
l +h
Procedure:

I. For finding the focal length of convex lens:

(i) Measure the rough focal length of the convex lens.

(ii) Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed on
it above the horizontal base of a clamp stand
horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optical
centre of the lens. Adjust the needle at a height a little
more than the rough focal length of the convex lens.

(iii) Try to remove the parallax between the tip of


the object needle and its image tip.

(iv) Note the distance of the tip of the needle from the
centre of the upper surface of the lens. Let it be x1.
(Use plumb line).

(v) Remove the convex lens and measure the distance of


the tip of the needle from the plane mirror. Let it be
x2. (Use plumb line).

(vi) Repeat and record all the observations.


II. For finding the focal length of the
plano- concave lens:

Pour few drops of water over the plane mirror and place
the
convex lens over it. Repeat steps (ii) to (iv) as done
above.
Repeat the procedure with turpentine oil also.

III. For finding ‘l’:

Determine the pitch and least count of scale of the


spherometer. Place the spherometer on the dried surface
of the convex lens. Turn the screw downwards very
gently till the tip of the screw just touches the lens. Read
and record the reading.

Keep the spherometer’s legs on the base of a paper and


adjusting the central screw, find the pricks A, B and C of
the three legs of the spherometer. Join the centres of the
three pricks and measure the lengths with the half-metre
scale. Note the values of AB, BC and AC.
Fig: (a) to find focal length of convex lens

(b) for the length of legs AB, BC, CA of the


spectrometer

Fig: to find focal length of the plano concave


lens
Observations

Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm


Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
Distance between the legs:
(1) AB = 3 cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
(3) CA = 3 cm

Table for calculation of ‘h’

S.N Initial No. of Final Addition h=n Mean


o reading complet reading al C.S x “h”
of the C.S. e of the div. pitch
on the rotation c.s on moved + m
convex s the x
lens glass L.C
(a) (n) slab
1 62 0 6.5 55.5 0.55 0.577
5 5
2 64 0 4 60 0.6
To measure focal length f‘ of convex lens

Distance of needle tip


from
Area S.N Tip of the upper Upper Mean Focal
between surface of the surface of lengt
o x=
lens and convex lens the plane h
x1 +
plane X1 mirror x2
mirror X2 2

Without 1 30.5 31 30.75 f1=


liquid 2 36.7 37.2 36.95 33.8
5
With 1 31.4 31.8 31.6 f2=3
water 2 37.5 38.1 37.8 4.7
With oil 1 9.4 9.6 9.5 f3=1
2 10.4 10,6 10.5 0
CALCULATIONS
Mean distance between two legs

l= AB + BC +CA
=3 cm
3

Mean h = 0.7557 cm
To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:
h
l2 + =2.27366 cm
R= 6 h
2

Measurement of refractive indices of water and turpentine oil


1) With water between the convex lens and the plane
mirror:

R 2.27366
μ =1+ =1+ =1.06552
1
34.7
f
2

2) With turpentine oil between the convex lens and the


plane
mirror

R 2.27366
μ =1+ =1+ =1.22736
2
10
f
3
Result
The refractive index of water is µ1 = 1.06552
The refractive index of turpentine oil is µ2 = 1.22736

Precautions

(i) The screw of the spherometer should be moved in one


direction only to avoid backlash error.

(ii) The screw should be moved just to touch the


surface of the convex lens or the glass slab.

(iii) The parallax should be removed properly.

(iv) The lens and the plane mirror should be properly


cleaned.

(v) The convex lens of large focal length should be


used.

(vi) The spherometer reading should be taken first on the


surface of the convex lens and then on the glass slab.
Sources of error:

(i) The distances x1 and x2 may not be measured


correctly.

(ii) The value of h and l may not be correct.

(iii) Parallax may not be removed properly.

(iv) Backlash error may be acting on the spherometer.


BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WEBSITES :

● www.google.com

● https://t.me/allinvestigatoryprojects

● https://www.youtube.com/@ALLINVESTIGATORYPROJECTS

● NCERT TEXT BOOK

● LAB MANUAL

2. BOOKS :

Comprehensive Practical Manual for class XII

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