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BJT Based Multivibrators

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Arjun Yadav
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90 views

BJT Based Multivibrators

Uploaded by

Arjun Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multivibrators (Using Transistors)

Content

• Introduction
• Invention of multivibrator
• Classification of multivibrators
• Astable
• Monostable
• Bistable
• Applications of multivibrators
Introduction
• A multivibrator is an electronic circuit that is used to implement two state
systems like oscillators, timers and flip-flops.
• It is characterized by two amplifying devices (transistors or other devices)
cross- coupled by resistors or capacitors

Invention of Multivibrator
A vacuum tube Abraham-Bloch
multivibrator oscillator, France, 1920.
Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch
described the first multivibrator circuit in
1920, also called a plate-coupled
multivibrator.

It was made from vacuum tubes and its


harmonics are being used to calibrate a
wavemeter .
Classification of Multivibrator

There are three types of multivibrator circuits depending on the


circuit operation:

Astable – neither state is stable.

Monostable - one of the states is stable, but the other is not.

Bistable – it remains in either state indefinitely.


Astable Multivibrator
A Multivibrator that generates square waveform without using external triggering
pulse is known as Astable multivibrator. It also known as Free-running
Multivibrator .

Astable
Circuit diagram of Astable Multivibrator

This astable circuit consists of two transistors, a cross coupled


Feedback network, and two capacitors and four resistors.
Astable Multivibrator
Consider Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF:
VCC drops across RL 1. Hence, VC1 = 0 and point A is at ground potential and
Vc2=Vcc.
C1 discharging and C2 charging.
Consider Q2 is ON and Q1 is OFF:
VCC drops across RL 2. Hence, VC2 = 0 and point B is at ground potential and
Vc1=Vcc.
C2 discharging and C1 charging.
Astable Multivibrator
Frequency of Oscillation
It can be proved that off-time for Q1 is T1 = 0.69 R1C2 and that for Q2 is
T2 = 0.69 R2C1.
Hence, total time-period of the wave is T = T1 + T2 = 0.69 (R1C2 + R2C1)
If R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C i.e. the two stages are symmetrical, then
T = 1.38 RC
It is given by the reciprocal of time period,

Application

Used in applications where low clock frequency clock pulse train is required.
Relaxation oscillators, which are parts of vehicle indicator lights, early oscilloscopes and
television receivers.
Timing signals.
Monostable Multivibrator

A Multivibrator which has one stable state and one temporary quasi-

stable state and level transition depends on external triggering pulse is

known as Monostable Multivibrator.


Circuit diagram of Monostable Multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator

 When the circuit is switched


ON, transistor Q1 will be OFF
and Q2 will be ON.
 Capacitor C1 gets charged
during this state.
 When a positive trigger is
applied to the base of transistor
Q1 it turns ON, which turns OFF
the transistor Q2
 Capacitor C1 starts discharging during
this state.
 Transistor Q1 remains in ON state due
the positive voltage from the collector of
transistor Q2 which is in OFF state.
 Transistor Q2 remains in OFF state until
the capacitor C1 discharges completely.
 When the capacitor C1 discharged
completely, transistor Q2 turns ON, which
turns transistor Q1 OFF.
Application

Monostable Multivibrator are used in analog systems to control an

output signal frequency.

To synchronize the line and frame rate of television broadcasts.

To hold output voltages in its unstable state for a certain period of

time.

To moderate the tunes of different octaves with electronic organs.


Bi-stable Multivibrator

A multivibrator that has two absolute stable state and can stay in one of two states

indefinitely is known as Bi-stable multivibrator. It changes it state when it gets

triggering pulse and stay in that state until it gets another triggering pulse.
Bistable Multivibrator
Functioning
• Two similar transistors Q1 and Q2 with load resistors RL1 and
RL2 are connected in feedback to one another. The base resistors
R3 and R4 are joined to a common source –VBB.

• The feedback resistors R1 and R2 are shunted by capacitors


C1 and C2 known as Commutating Capacitors. The transistor
Q1 is given a trigger input at the base through the capacitor
C3 and the transistor Q2 is given a trigger input at its base
through the capacitor C4.

• The capacitors C1 and C2 are also known as Speed-up


Capacitors, as they reduce the transition time, which means the
time taken for the transfer of conduction from one transistor to
the other.
Functioning
• When the circuit is switched ON, due to some circuit imbalances as
in Astable, one of the transistors, say Q1 gets switched ON, while the
transistor Q2 gets switched OFF. This is a stable state of the Bistable
Multivibrator.
• By applying a negative trigger at the base of transistor Q1 or by
applying a positive trigger pulse at the base of transistor Q2, this
stable state is unaltered. So, let us understand this by considering a
negative pulse at the base of transistor Q1.
• As a result, the collector voltage increases, which forward biases the
transistor Q2. The collector current of Q2 as applied at the base of Q1,
reverse biases Q1 and this cumulative action, makes the transistor
Q1 OFF and transistor Q2 ON. This is another stable state of the
Multivibrator.
• Now, if this stable state has to be changed again, then either a
negative trigger pulse at transistor Q2 or a positive trigger pulse at
transistor Q1 is applied.
Output waveforms

The output waveforms at the collectors of Q1 and Q2 along with the


trigger inputs given at the bases of QW and Q2 are shown in the
following figure:s.
Application

It is used for the performance of many digital operations such as


counting and storing binary information.
It is also used in the generation and processing of pulse-type
waveforms.

It is widely used in digital logic and computer memory.

Basically, Bistable Multivibrators are used in applications such as


pulse generation and digital operations like counting and storing of
binary information.
Thanks

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