ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL

AHMDABAD CANTT

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGAORY PROJECT

“ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE”
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SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Mrs. BHAWNA SHARMA NAME:RAVI KANT RAI
CLASS:XI A
ROLL NO: 17
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled
“ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE” is carried out and submitted
by RAVI KANT RAI of class XI A, Army Public School
Ahmedabad Cantt, CBSE Board during academic year
2024-25. This project is a bona fide piece of work
carried out with the consultation of Mrs. BHAWNA
SHARMA.

Internal Examiner’s Sign External Examiner’s Sign

School Seal Principal Signature

 Acknowledgement
The making of this project has been due to the
guidance, efforts and support given by various people.
I wish to acknowledge my special thanks to myself and
then my gratitude and deep appreciation to my
honorable principal Ms. Sangeeta Patel and my
chemistry teacher Mrs. BHAWNA SHARMA, APS
Ahmedabad Cantt who gave me the golden
opportunity to work on this wonderful project on
topic “ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE”.
I wish to acknowledge my family members and all
those people who selflessly devoted time for my help
that was required. It helped me doing a lot of research
and helped me increase my knowledge and skills.

NAME: RAVI KANT RAI

CLASS: XI A
 INDEX
INTRODUCTION
BUOYANCY
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
FORMULA & DERIVATION
PRINCIPLE OF FLOTATION
APPLICATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
Archimedes’ principle states that:
“The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body
immersed in a fluid, whether partially or fully
submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that
the body displaces and acts in the upward direction
at the center of mass of the displaced fluid”.

The weight due to gravity is opposed by the

thrust provided by the fluid. The object inside the
liquid only feels the total force acting on it a the
weight. Because the actual gravitational force is
decreased by the liquid’s upthrust, the object
feels as though its weight is reduced.

Archimedes’ principle tells us that the weight loss

is equal to the weight of liquid the object
displaces and is a law of physics fundamental to
fluid mechanics.
 BUOYANCY
Buoyancy or upthrust is a net
upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes
the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In
a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as
a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus,
the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is
greater than at the top of the column. Similarly, the
pressure at the bottom of an object submerged in a
fluid is greater than at the top of the object. The
pressure difference results in a net upward force
on the object. The magnitude of the force is
proportional to the pressure difference and is
equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would
otherwise occupy the submerged volume of the
object, i.e. the displaced fluid.

For this reason, an object

whose average density is
greater than that of the fluid
in which it is submerged
tends to sink. If the object is
less dense than the liquid,
the force can keep the object
afloat.
 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
“The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body
immersed in a fluid, whether partially or fully
submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the
body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the
center of mass of the displaced fluid”.
Any object, totally or partially immersed in a fluid or liquid,
is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
Archimedes' principle allows the buoyancy of any floating
object partially or fully immersed in a fluid to be calculated.
The downward force on the object is simply its weight. The
upward, or buoyant, force on the object is that stated by
Archimedes' principle above. Thus, the net force on the
object is the difference between the magnitudes of the
buoyant force and its weight. If this net force is positive, the
object rises; if negative, the object sinks; and if zero, the
object is neutrally buoyant—that is, it remains in place
without either rising or sinking. In simple words,
Archimedes' principle states that, when a body is partially
or completely immersed in a fluid, it experiences an
apparent loss in weight that is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body(s).

Apparent weight =
Weight of object – Thrust force (buoyancy)
 FORMULA
In simple form, the Archimedes law states that the buoyant
force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
by the object. Mathematically written as:
𝑭𝒃 = ρ𝒈𝑽
Where Fb is the buoyant force, ρ is the density of the fluid, V is
the submerged volume, and g is the acceleration due to
gravity.

DEREVATION
We know that the density is defined as
Density(ρ)=Mass(M)Volume(V)
Therefore, the mass of the displaced liquid can be written as
follows:
Mass(M)=Density(ρ)Volume(V)
Now, the weight of the displaced liquid can be calculated as
follows:
Weight=Mass × Acceleration due to gravity
Weight=Mass × g = ρgV
From Archimedes’ principle, we know that the apparent loss of
weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced therefore
the thrust force is given by the following equation:
Thrust Force = ρgV
Where ρ is the density of the liquid, V is the volume of liquid
displaced and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
The thrust force is also called the buoyant force because it is
responsible for objects floating. Thus, this equation is also
called the law of buoyancy.
 PRINCIPLE OF FLOTATION
The concept of Archimedes' principle can be applied
when considering why objects float. Archimedes'
treatise On Floating Bodies states that any floating
object displaces its own weight of fluid.

In other words, for an object floating on a liquid surface

(like a boat) or floating submerged in a fluid the weight
of the displaced liquid equals the weight of the object.
Thus, only in the special case of floating does the
buoyant force acting on an object equal the objects
weight. Consider a 1-ton block of solid iron. As iron is
nearly eight times as dense as water, it displaces only 1/8
ton of water when submerged, which is not enough to
keep it afloat. Suppose the same iron block is reshaped
into a bowl. It still weighs 1 ton, but when it is put in
water, it displaces a greater volume of water than when it
was a block. The deeper the iron bowl is immersed, the
more water it displaces, and the greater the buoyant
force acting on it. When the buoyant force equals 1 ton,
it will sink no farther.
 PRINCIPLE OF FLOTATION
When any boat displaces a weight of water equal to its own
weight, it floats. This is often called the "principle of flotation":
While they are related to it, the principle of flotation and the
concept that a submerged object displaces a volume of fluid
equal to its own volume are not Archimedes' principle.
Archimedes' principle, as stated above, equates the buoyant
force to the weight of the fluid displaced.
 APPPLICATIONS
• Submarine: A submarine has a large ballast tank, which is
used to control its position and depth from the surface of
the sea. A submarine submerges by letting water into the
ballast tank so that its weight becomes greater than the
buoyant force. Conversely, it floats by reducing water in the
ballast tank. Thus its weight is less than the buoyant force.

• Hot-air balloon: The atmosphere is filled with air that exerts

buoyant force on any object. A hot air balloon rises and floats due
to the buoyant force (when the surrounding air is greater than its
weight). It descends when the balloon's weight is higher than the
buoyant force. It becomes stationary when the weight equals the
buoyant force. The weight of the Hot-air balloon can be controlled
by varying the quantity of hot air in the balloon.
 APPPLICATIONS
• Hydrometer: A hydrometer is an instrument to measure
the relative density of liquids. It consists of a tube with a
bulb at one end. Lead shots are placed in the bulb to weigh
it down and enable the hydrometer to float vertically in
the liquid. In a liquid of lesser density, a greater volume of
liquid must be displaced for the buoyant force to equal to
the weight of the hydrometer so it sinks lower. Hydrometer
floats higher in a liquid of higher density. Density is
measured in the unit of g cm-3.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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