Scribd
Upload
9 views22 pages

Skin Anatomy

General anatomy

Uploaded by

Jitu7906 Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views22 pages

Skin Anatomy

General anatomy

Uploaded by

Jitu7906 Yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

SKIN

• Skin : largest sensory organ


• 16% of body weight
• Mucocutaneous junction: areas where skin is continuous with the
mucous membrane. Eg: lips, anus, eyelids, nostrils
• Functions:
1. Protection
2. Barrier
3. Temperature regulation
4. Sensory
5. Excretory
Structure:
1. Epidermis: surface layer of epithelium
2. Dermis: middle connective tissue
3. Hypodermis: deepest loose connective tissue layer
Epidermis-
Contacts external environment
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
Avascular
Consists of epithelial cells:
1. Stratum basale
2. stratum spongiosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum
Non-epithelial cells:
1. Melanocytes: present in stratum basale. Form melanin responsible
for imparting color. In eyes they are present in choroid layer.
2. Langerhans cells: Produce immunological response in skin.
3. Merkel cells: Mechanoreceptors (sensitive to touch). Innervated by
sensory nerves.
• Dermis:
Highly vascular
Consists of connective tissue containing collagen fibers, elastic fibers,
blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.
It is connected underneath to deep fascia.
The collagen and elastic fibers provide strength and toughness.
• Layers of dermis:
1. Papillary layer- loose connective tissue rich in vascular supply,
provide nutrition to epidermis.
2. Reticular layer- dense connective tissue bands running parallel.
Form “clevage lines of langer” (surgically important- incisions are
made along these lines, to ensure early healing)
Dermatomes:
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal segment.
Importance- helps in localization of injury by testing of the loss of
sensation in a conscious patient.
• Hypodermis:
Deepest layer consisting of large amount of adipose tissue and blood
supply.
• Fascia:
Fibrous tissue laid as sheets/bands.
Location: below skin surface, covering and separating muscles, organs
and other tissues.
Structure: dense connective tissue, consists of collagen fibers.
Function:
Sliding and gliding surface for muscles to reduce friction
Suspends organs in their anatomical location
Transmits movement from muscles to bones to which they are
attached (oriented along the direction of pull)
Types:
• Superficial:
Loose connective tissue layer.
Connects skin to underlying deep fascia.
Also called as subcutaneous tissue.
Functions:
1. Acts as a packaging material between delicate structures.
2. Heat insulation: consists of fat
3. Allows movement of skin over underlying structures.
• Deep fascia:
Dense, tough, fibrous and inelastic layer deep to superficial fascia
Devoid of fat
Covers muscles, nerves, bone, cartilage
Avascular
Richly innervated with sensory receptors
In certain areas deep fascia gets modified to form extensions or
thickenings.
Intermuscular septum-
Septa between muscle groups performing different functions.
Nerve coverings-
Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
Tendon sheaths
Flexor fibrous sheaths-
Deep fascia on finger flexors prevent bow stringing of flexors tendons
by holding them close to joints.
Aponeurosis-
In region of palm and sole deep fascia is thickened to form aponeurosis
(palmar and plantar aponeurosis, to protect the underlying structures)
Interosseus membrane-
In forearm and leg, deep fascia get modified to form interosseus
membrane which keeps bones at optimum distance, increase surface
area for muscle attachment and assist in transmitting weight from one
bone to other
Retinacula-
Present near joints.
Deep fascia is thickened to form retinacula, that holds tendons in place.
Seen where tendons cross joints.
Covering for glands/capsule-
Deep fascia gets split in certain regions to enclose glands and form
their covering.
Sheath-
Covering around arteries. Eg: carotid sheath
• Subserous fascia:
Lies between inner layer of deep fascia and serous membrane lining
body cavities.
Allows flexibility and movement of internal organs.
Eg: abdominal fascia
Body cavities:

A body cavity is a fluid filled space.


Function: protects the internal organs.
Divided as dorsal and ventral based on their location.
Dorsal cavities: cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Ventral cavities: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity.
• Serous Membranes:
Comprises of a parietal and visceral layer
The parietal layer and visceral layer surfaces facing the body cavity are
secretory in nature.
Act as a source of lubrication for internal organs
Sometimes they exist in continuity, making a double fold of serous
membrane suspending body structures from body wall. Eg: mesentery

You might also like