Lab Session 02

Objective:
To determine the engine characteristics curves of a 2-stroke petrol engine under variable load
conditions.

Apparatus:
Engine test bed coupled with a single cylinder 2-stroke petrol engine.

Engine Specification:
Model: TM3-04

Maximum Power: 2.1 KW/5000 rpm

Maximum Motor Power: 4 KW

Fuel Tank Capacity: 3L (approx)

Cooling System: Air Cooled

Displacement Volume: 79 cc (cm^3)

Maximum Torque: 4Nm/3800 rpm

Fuel: Petrol mixed with 5% special oil

Starting System: Recoil or electric starter

Net Cross Weight (approx): 8.5 kg.

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Diagram:

Figure 2.1: Engine Model TM3-04

Schematic Diagram of the System:

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 Fig 2.2. Schematic Diagram of System.

Labels of Schematic Diagram:

1. AM-1: Induction three-phase electric motor. It has three functions:

a) Exerts a torque opposed to the torque of the engine (Working as Engine load).

b) Transforming mechanical power into electrical power.

c) Starts the engine in a way alternative to the manual starting and measures the torque
exerted. 2. SV-1: Velocity sensor to measure the velocity to which the engine rotates in
rev/min.

3. ST-1: Temperature sensor to measure the air temperature at the intake in oC.

4. ST-2: Temperature sensor to measure the exhaust gases temperature in oC.

5. ST-3: Temperature sensor to measure the fuel temperature in oC.

6. ST-4: Temperature sensor to measure the oil temperature (except for 2 Stroke
PetrolEngine) in oC.

7. ST-5: Temperature sensor to measure the room temperature in oC.

8. SC-1: Flow meter to measure the air flow at the intake in m3 /h.

9. SC-2: Flow meter to measure the exhaust gases flow in m3 /h .

10. C-1 & C-2: Flow meters to measure the flow of fuel of the engine.

11. SP-1: Room pressure sensor to measure room pressure in atm.

Theoreticle Background:
A Two-stroke Engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes one rotation of
the crankshaft in two motions of the piston. It completes the entire cycle of rotation in one
stroke of the piston. In an internal combustion engine, the crankshaft is moved with the help
of pistons.

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 Fig 2.3. internal combustion single cylinder stroke engine.

Construction of Two Stroke Engine

A two stroke engine consists of piston, inlet ports, spark plug, outlet ports, crankshaft,
flywheel, counter weight, and connecting rod.

 Crankshaft: Two stroke engine needs a rotational motion which is aided by

crankshaft.

 Flywheel: The energy is stored in a mechanical device called flywheel.

 Counter Weight: The imbalances in the rotating assembly cause vibrations which can
disturb the working of the engine. A counter weight is used to reduce such vibrations.

 Inlet and outlet ports: The entrance and exit of fresh air from the cylinder is aided
by inlet and outlet ports.

 Connecting rods: The connecting rod acts as a lever arm by allowing transfer of
motion from piston to crankshaft.

 Piston: Mechanical rotation needs a force of gases. These gases are passes through
connecting rod by the piston.

 Spark plug: The expansion in gases is caused by ignition of air-fuel mixture.

The combustion chamber receives electric current through spark plug.

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 Fig 2.4. Construction of 2-Stroke Engine.

Two Stroke Engine Cycle Up Stroke and Down Stroke:

The two stroke engine cycle consists of two strokes: an up stroke and a down stroke.

1. Down Stroke:

In down stroke, the rotation of crankshaft is 180 degree. The crankcase allows flow of air fuel
mixture into the combustion chamber. The fresh air is the chamber is aided by movement of
piston from top dead center to bottom dead center.

2. Up Stroke:

In up stroke, the movement of piston is from bottom dead center to top dead center. The
rotation of crankshaft is 180 degree. The fuel air mixture is ignited by the spark plug. This
mixture then goes to combustion chamber.

Fig 2.5. Down & Up stroke of 2-Stroke Engine.

Two Stroke Engine Applications:

Several applications of two stroke engines are:

 Dirt bikes, motorcycles and other small scale propulsion applications make use of two
stroke engines.

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  When the priorities of engine design are lightweight and mechanical simplicity, two
stroke engines are preferred.

 Chainsaw and other hand held tools require two stroke engines. This is because their
energy reservoir is not dependent on gravity.

Fig 2.6. Two Stroke Engine Applications.

Procedure:

1. Install the 2-stroke petrol engine on the test bed by coupling the engine crankshaft with the
electric motor shaft.

2. Push the green button START located at the left side of the screen of software to start
controlling the unit as shown in fig. below;

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3.Acting on the accelerator (AV-1) close the intake completely (position MIN.) as shown
inthe fig. below;

4.Push the button START MOTOR located at the bottom right of the screen to start themotor
(to apply load on the engine). To start motor refer the fig. below;

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5. Wait until the velocity is stable.

6. Now keep the rpm at maximum position to gain maximum engine speed.

7. Now set some desired values of rpm by acting on AV-1 to operate the engine at different
loads. To set the value of load, a scale from 0 to 100 is shown in the fig. below;

8. For no load condition, keep the position of AM-1 scale at 0 position.

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9. Now keep on increasing the load by acting on AM-1. It will be observed that as the load on
engine increases, rpm will be decreased. Hence different engine speeds will be obtained at
different loads. Note the value of Power and Torque at different engine loads. Data can be
recorded manually or can saved for different points by clicking on save data button as shown
on fig. below;

10. Now draw the graph between engine Load (X-axis) and

a) RPM (Y-axis).

b) Torque (Y-axis).

c) Power (Y-axis).

11. Graphs can be drawn manually by using observed data or can be plotted using software
as shown in the figure below;

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Observation & Calculations:

Sr No. Load Speed Power Torque

L N P T

(rev/min) (KW) (Nm)

1 28 4388 0.62 1.35

2 38 3781 0.41 1.38

3 48 3174 0.42 1.33

4 58 2564 0.81 3.2

5 68 1954 0.53 2.5

Table 2.1.

Specimen Calculations:

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Graphs:
1.

Load vs Speed:

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 2.

Load vs Power:

3.

Load vs Torque:

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Comments:

If we look at the graphs it simply shows that with the increase in the load the engine
gradually slows down. The power and Torque also fluctuate to some extent with changes in
the load. This experiment is all about adjusting the load to see how it affects the engines
performance. The characteristic curves help us to see these trends more easily behaves under
different conditions.

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