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Earthquake Engineering

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11 views

Earthquake Engineering

Uploaded by

yaseen10388
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Earthquake Engineering

By:
Fraidoon ALKOZAI

Kabul University, Engineering Faculty


Civil Engineering Department
What is an Earthquake??
„ An EQ is a sudden shaking or rupture in
the earth caused by the release of
accumulated stresses in the crust.
or
„ Earthquake: shaking of the earth caused by a
sudden movement of rock beneath its surface.

2
Hypocenter and Epicenter?
„ Hypocenter or Focus: the point within the
earth where the rupture starts is know as the
hypocenter.

„ The point directly above on hypocenter is so


called Epicenter.

3
Liquefaction
„ Liquefaction is defined as the transformation of water
saturated granular material from solid to liquid state.

„ During EQs liquefaction may result from an increase pore


water pressure caused by compaction during intense
shaking of ground.

„ When liquefaction is occurred the material losing them


shear strength as a result buildings may tilt or sink, tanks
or pipelines buried in the ground may float to the surface.

4
LIQUEFACTION : Japan, 1964
Tilting of Apartment Buildings

5
Actual Damage in Gujarat Earthquake-3

6
7
Fires:
„ Fire is a major secondary hazard associated with
EQs.
„ Shaking of ground and surface displacement can
break electrical power and gas lines and ignite
fire.
„ The threat from fire is double because fire
fighting equipment may damage and water
mains may be broken.

8
Landslides:
„ Landslide: a comprehensive term for several
types of hill slope failure.

„ EQ shaking commonly triggers many landslides in


hilly and mountainous areas.

„ Landslides can be extremely destructive and cause


great loss of life.

9
Tsunami:
„ Tsunami or seismic sea waves, can be extremely
destructive and present a serious natural hazard
but it is relatively rear and usually confined to
the Pacific Basin.
„ Tsunami is originate when ocean water is
displaced vertically during large EQs.

10
Aftershock:
„ Aftershock: an earthquake that follows a larger
earthquake or main shock and originates in or
near the rupture zone of the larger earthquake.
Generally, major earthquakes are followed by a
larger number of aftershocks, decreasing in
frequency over time.

11
„ Arrival time: time of arrival, usually of the
first wave of the tsunami at a particular location.

12
„ Crust: the thin outer layer of the earth's
surface, averaging about 10 kilometers thick
under the oceans and up to about 50 kilometers
thick on the continents. This is the only layer of
the Earth that humans have actually seen.

13
„ Disaster: a crisis event that surpasses the
ability of an individual, community, or society to
control or recover from its consequences.

14
„ Fault: a weak point in the earth's crust. Faults
are caused by earthquakes, and earthquakes are
likely to reoccur on pre existing faults.

15
„ Period: the length of time between two
successive peaks or troughs. May vary due to
complex interference of waves. Tsunami periods
generally range from 5 to 60 minutes.

16
„ Vulnerability: the level of exposure of
human life, property, and resources to damage
from natural hazards.

17
„ Great earthquake: an earthquake having a
magnitude of 8 or greater on the Richter scale.

18
„ Intensity: A measure of the effects of an
earthquake at a particular place on humans,
structures, and (or) the land itself. The intensity
at a point depends not only upon the strength of
the earthquake (magnitude) but also upon the
distance from the earthquake to the point and
the local geology at that point.

19
EQ Classification according to the
depth
„ Shallow focus EQ
„ Intermediate focus EQ
„ Deep focus EQ

20
1. Shallow Focus EQ:
Focal depth from 0 to 70km

2. Intermediate Focus EQ:


Focal depth in the range of 70km to 300km

3. Deep Focus EQ:


Focal depth from 300 to 800km.

Focal depth greater than 800km do not occur//

21
Magnitude vs. Intensity
Magnitude
- Energy released at earthquake source
- Determined from seismic observation

Intensity
- Strength of seismic shaking at a certain
location
- Determined from effects on people, human
structures, and the natural environment
22
General Relation
between Magnitude and Intensity (1)
Point A : Point A :
Small Intensity Large Intensity

Small Small Large Large


=
Earthquake Magnitude =
Earthquake Magnitud
•For every increase in magnitude by 1 unit, the eassociated
seismic energy increases by about 32 times.
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General Relation
between Magnitude and Intensity (2)
Ground Point A : Point B :
Surface Large Intensity Small Intensity

Earthquake
Motion
Earthquake
24
General Relation
between Magnitude and Intensity (3)
Point A : Point A :
Small Intensity Large Intensity

Earthquake Earthquake
Hard ← Ground condition → Soft
25

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