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Bio Pre - Lab Report 8

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nishchay chaudhary
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7 views

Bio Pre - Lab Report 8

Uploaded by

nishchay chaudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8.

ELECTRO DIAGRAM –
INSTRUMENTATION AND RECORDING
Biology Report

Our world is built on biology and once we


begin to understand it, it then becomes a
technology.
~Ryan bethencourt

NISHCHAY CHAUDHARY
Student Id: 2023UMA0226
AIM :
1. To record the ECG and view it on the oscilloscope.
2. To transfer 10 seconds of the recorded data from the oscilloscope to a computer for
further analysis.
3. To experimentally determine the frequency response of the AD8232-based ECG
amplifier.

Introduction :
The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the heart's electrical activity. It is performed
using surface electrodes placed on the limbs.In this lab, we will use the Lead I configuration
of the ECG. The ECG will be recorded using bipolar (or differential) recording between the
Left Arm (LA)
and the Right Arm (RA), with the reference ground connected to the Right Leg(RL). The
heart's electrical activity can be regarded as a current dipole that changes in magnitude and
direction during each heart or cardiac cycle. This time-varying cardiac dipole is called the
cardiac vector.

Material Required
1. Circuit board using AD8232 single-chip ECG amplifier

2. Oscilloscope

3. Battery

4. Connector
Experiment to perform
Recording the ECG

The AD8232-based ECG amplifier is shown in Fig.1.2. Make the connections to


the limbs as shown in Fig.1.1. Remove the electrodes and stick them on the
limbs. A single Li-Ion battery will power the circuit Connect the battery to the
board with the white 3-pin connector.

Connect the oscilloscope probe to the output wire on the same white 3-pin
connector. Connect the “ground” of the oscilloscope probe to the common
“gnd” wire (black wire) of the 3-pin connector.

Figure 1.2: AD8232-based ECG amplifier showing connections to power


supply, electrodes, and output

Oscilloscope settings
• Using a sweep time of 1 s/div, and a vertical sensitivity of 0.1V/div,
observe the ECG. Wait for some time for the waveform to be steady. •
The recorded ECG will look like the waveform shown in Fig.1.3. The main
components of the ECG are labeled as P-Q-R-S-T.
• The wave “P” corresponds to the excitation of the atria in the heart
(“atrial depolarization”).
• The wave “R” corresponds to the excitation of the ventricles, and “Q” and
“S” are the transitions to and after the ventricular excitation. The
Complex QRS is often called ventricular excitation
(“ventricular depolarization”).
• The wave “T” corresponds to the relaxation of the heart muscle
(“re-polarization”). Your ECG recording will likely pick up 50Hz
electromagnetic interference from the mains and looks like the
waveform shown in Fig.
• Save about 10 s of the data on the oscilloscope. Verify that the waveform
contains the main features of the ECG. Identify the “P” and “QRS” waves,
and also the “T” if possible. Note the time delay P-QRS and QRS-T.

Q1. What is the amplitude of the ECG in Lead I recording?

Ans: The electrical activity detected by the electrocardiogram machine is


measured in millivolts. Machines are calibrated so that a signal with an
amplitude of 1 mV moves the recording stylus vertically 1 cm. The amplitude is
typically set to 10 mm/mV in a standard clinical ECG. This means that for each
millivolt (mV) of electrical activity detected by the electrodes, the ECG
waveform will display a vertical deflection of 10 mm on the graph paper or ECG
monitor. However, it's essential to note that the amplitude can be adjusted or
scaled on the ECG machine, and the standard settings can vary in research or
specific clinical contexts. Therefore, the amplitude of the ECG in Lead I
recording may be different if the settings have been adjusted or if a different
scale is used. To determine the exact amplitude in a specific recording, one
should consult the documentation or settings of the ECG machine used.

Q2. What is electrode gel, and why is it important?


Ans: An electrode gel, also known as conductive gel or ultrasound gel, is a
gel-like substance used in medical procedures and diagnostic tests involving
electrodes. It is commonly

used in electrocardiography (ECG or EKG), electromyography


(EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), and ultrasound imaging.

Significance of electrode gel:

1. Conductivity: Electrode gel contains conductive properties that facilitate


the transmission of electrical signals between the skin and the
electrodes. This conductivity ensures a strong and stable electrical
connection between the skin and the medical device, allowing accurate
measurement and recording of physiological signals such as heart
activity, muscle contractions, or brain waves.
2. Moistening of skin: Electrode gel helps moisturize the skin, which can be
particularly important for patients with dry or hairy skin. Moistening
the skin improves the contact between the electrodes and the skin
surface, enhancing signal conduction.
3. Better Signal Quality: The gel helps reduce the impedance or resistance
between the skin and the electrode. Lower impedance leads to better
signal quality and minimizes noise interference, ensuring a clear and
reliable signal for diagnostic purposes.
4. Skin Protection: Applying electrode gel on the skin creates a barrier
between the electrode and the skin, preventing skin irritation and
discomfort during prolonged monitoring or testing. It ensures a
smooth and painless experience for the patients.
5. Prevents Drying of Electrodes: Electrode gel helps maintain the integrity
of the electrodes by preventing them from drying out and becoming
less effective over time. By keeping the electrodes moist, thegel
extends the lifespan of the electrodes, reducing the need for frequent
replacements.
6. Easy Removal: The gel is water-soluble and easy to clean, allowing for
effortless removal from the skin after the procedure. This ease of
removal ensures patient comfort and convenience.

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