COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN KAPOK FIBER AND COCONUT COIR AS

SOUND-ABSORBING MATERIALS

A Term Paper

Presented to the Faculty of

College of Engineering

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Alangilan, Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements

In General Chemistry

Africa, Niel Andrei R.

Coronel, Hazel Roi D.

De Roy, Egwene Moraine R.

Fermo, Kathlene Denise D.

Gunio Marianne G.

2022-2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ……………………………………………………………….. i

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………….. ii

List of Tables ……………………………………………………………….. iii

List of Figures ……………………………………………………………….. iii

Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ……………………………….. 1

Background of the Study ………………………..…….... 2

Statement of the Problem …………………………...…... 3

Objectives of the Study ………………………..…….... 4

Scope and Limitations ……………………………...... 5

Significance of the Study ……………………………...... 5

Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature ……………………..……….... 7

Conceptual framework ……………………………….. 18

Chapter III METHODOLOGY

Research Design ……………………………….. 20

Descriptive Design ……………………………….. 20

Developmental Stages ……………………………….. 21

Data Gathering Procedure ……………………………….. 22

 Respondents of the Study .………………………………. 23

Methods of Testing .………………………………. 25

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………….. 27

APPENDIX ……………………………………………….. 33

CURICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………….. 37

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3 Materials, Weight, Quantity ……………..………….……………. 24

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Coconut Coir……………………………………………………….. 18

Figure 1.2 Kapok Fiber……………………………………………………….... 18

Figure 1.3 Conceptual Paradigm..……………………………………………. 18

Figure 2 Developmental Stages of the Project ………………………..…. 21

Figure 3.1 Coconut Husk ……………………………………………………... 24

Figure 3.2 Egg Tray ………………………………….………………………... 24

Figure 3.3 Fiber ………………………………….…………………………...… 25

Figure 3.4 Cement ………………………………….………………………….. 25

 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter deals with the demonstration of the problem. This includes the

introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, scope and limitations,

and significance of the study.

Introduction

“Invisible danger, present nonetheless.”

Modernization has given rise to many forms of pollution. Through decades of

rapid urbanization and industrialization, the environment has changed in a way that is

destructive to living things and their ecosystems. Such human activities are gradually

destroying our nature and if they are not managed, it could lead to destruction that will

endanger lives of both people and animals.

Noise pollution is unwanted, excessive sound that have deleterious impacts on

human’s health, wildlife, and environmental quality. Typically produce in a variety of

industrial facilities, other enterprises, and outdoor construction, as well as in traffic on

the road, rail, and air. This kind of pollution is mainly found on land and underwater;

causing chaos for the marine animals with problems of oil drills, naval sonar devices,

seismic tests that influences echolocation.

Studies show that long-term exposure to noise caused human diseases in

which children is most vulnerable of, such as hearing loss, sleep disturbances,

psychological dysfunctions, noise annoyance, and cardiovascular problems. These

affects the individual’s work and normal lives, costs health system, time and money,

thus, negatively affects school performance in children. As for the animals, it upsets
them in a way they use sounds to communicate, find food, avoid predators, attract

mates; they are having a hard time to accomplish these tasks, affecting their ability to

survive.

Loudness is perceived through Sound Level Pressure (SPL) that’s measured

in logarithmic unit called decibels (dB). Since human eardrum is sensitive with large

dynamic, they’re only able to detect 0dB to 140 dB, together with frequencies of 200Hz

up to 20, 000Hz. Human perception of sound depends on pitch and loudness. People

with normal hearing perceive high frequency sounds to be louder than low frequency

sounds of same amplitude. Resulting in use of electronic sound-level meters to

measure noise levels, taking into account the variation of perceive loudness and

pitchiness.

Noise pollution is a modern problem that most people neglect and are not aware

of because unlike the other kind of pollution, its impact isn’t visible yet on early

exposure; however, its danger still exists in our surroundings. In order to mitigate noise

pollution and its ramification, we must reduce noise from appliances and media

devices, repair or replace old machinery, provide soundproofing, create more quiet

time and wear ear protection. Still, it’s much effective for the government to enacts

laws and ordinances about noise control to manage noise pollution.

Background of the Study

In contrast to other pollutants, the regulation of environmental noise has been

complicated by a dearth of information regarding its impacts on people, particularly in

developing nations like the Philippines. According to World Health Organization

(WHO), humans are unaffected by noise below 70 decibels no matter how frequently
or for how long they are exposed. On the other hand, excessive exposure to noise

levels beyond 80 dB may be extremely detrimental.

Excessive noise impairs students' ability to study and makes it harder for them

to hear lessons clearly during face-to-face or online classes. It has been reported that

the noise level inside a classroom is 75 decibels, almost equivalent to a vacuum

cleaner level—making it impossible for the students at the back of classroom to hear

and understand the lesson clearly. Studies conducted by World Health Organization

have found that students who are subjected to continuous disruptive noise have poorer

ability to memorize, read, and perform academically.

Urban noise not only makes concentrating and working difficult but also

influence the quality of life in cities. Cities are expected to be noisy due to active

populations, road traffic, industry, and construction. Nonetheless, noise is a major

source of dissatisfaction among city dwellers. Because of the noise distractions,

students in urban areas taking online classes find it hard to listen carefully during

classes. Their sleep is also disturbed by noise coming from their neighbors, road, and

other noise contributors. Inadequate or poor-quality sleep causes stress, fatigue, and

changes in the body's chemical balances. These are the reasons why the researchers

conducted a study entitled, “Comparative Study Between Kapok Fiber and Coconut

Coir as Sound-Absorbing Materials”.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to compare Coconut Coir and Kapok Fiber that will improve the

quality of sound for the students. At the end of the study, the researchers must answer

the following questions:

 1. Why did the researchers conduct this study? What is the applicable noise level

inside a house and a classroom?

2. Among those two absorbing materials which is better in terms of:

2.1 Effectivity

2.2 Safety

2.3 Eco-friendliness

2.4 Affordability

2.5 Durability

2.6 Sound absorbability

3. How will the researchers make use of these materials to create a successful

prototype?

4. What is/are the prototype that the researchers came up and how this innovation

can help improve the quality of sound in the community?

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to design and construct two effective

innovations using sound-absorbing materials of Coconut Coir and Kapok Fiber for

Batangas State University- Alangilan:

1. It aims to develop a sound absorbing prototypes, using Coconut Coir and Kapok

Fiber.

2. To construct and assemble “Coconut Coir in a Cement” and “Kapok Fiber in an

Egg tray”.

3. To estimate the budget needed for materials and supplies for the construction

of the project.
 4. The researchers will assess whether the prototypes are effective and beneficial

for our society.

5. This subject will test the students’ engineering and creativity skills in building a

successful prototype.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study will solely focus on developing two innovations using different sound-

absorbing materials that will help improve the quality of sound. The researchers will

observe which among the Kapok Fiber and Coconut Coir has a better sound

absorbability and which is convenient for the students in Batangas State University-

Alangilan. The range of this research will be throughout the First Semester of Year

2022-2023.

The proponents limited the study’s respondents to 15 Students from Batangas

Province, five for each high school, senior high school, and college level. The data

gathered are the results of the assessment of how much knowledge does each grade

level have about the concerning problem of noise. In addition to the survey, the

researchers collected information through online articles, unpublished researchers,

and different websites. The perceive lapse of this study is that the outcome maybe

slightly different if the testing is conducted in different location.

Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

H0: There is a significant difference between Kapok Fiber and Coconut Coir as Sound-

Absorbing Materials that can improve sound quality.

Alternative Hypothesis
H1: There is no difference between Kapok Fiber and Coconut Coir as Sound-

Absorbing Materials and can’t improve the sound quality.

Significance of the Study

The researchers believed that the information gained from this project would be

useful. This study could provide good data and is noteworthy for these following

reasons:

Students. The outcome of the study will provide students a cheap, effective, and

innovative sound-absorbing product that will improve the quality of sound in their

surroundings. This could help them avoid noise distractions and concentrate in their

learning. The conducted research will provide them sufficient knowledge about the

dangers present in noise pollution.

Teachers. The study will be reviewed by them; hence, it has the potential to be an

insightful material that they could use to teach their students to have a better

understanding of the impacts of noise pollution in our health and life.

Manufacture Workers. This paper might help them to be aware about the hazards

they are exposed to, thus encourage them to come up with ways of reducing their

noise exposure.

Researchers. This project will act as a learning experience for them as they prepare

to become future engineers. The proponents are certain that the prototypes they made

are beneficial and helpful for our society.

Future Researchers. This publication can be utilized as a source of information for

future studies. The information and results collected in this research could be used to

create a more comprehensive undertaking.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

Noise is one of the most ubiquitous forms of environmental pollutant. By

definition, noise refers to unwanted or upsetting sound that either interferes our day-

to-day activities or diminishes one’s quality of life. Noise levels are being measured

through the use of decibel scale. According to the World Health Organization, the ideal

noise level is 45 decibels during the day and 35 decibels at night. Anything louder

than 80 dB is dangerous. (Contemporary Environmental Issues, n.d)

Nature of Noise Pollution

In recent years, noise pollution has been widely acknowledged as one of the

most significant environmental issues affecting the quality of life in urban areas around

the world. It occurs when there is an overwhelming amount of noise or an unpleasant

sound that temporarily disrupts the natural equilibrium. Over the years, noise pollution

has reached an alarming level due to the rapid growth of industrialization,

urbanization, communication and transportation networks, and other technical

advances. (Anonymous, 2022). According to Ganyu (2011), individuals responsible

for the planning and design of the built environment do not pay much attention to noise

pollution, despite the fact that it is among the problems brought by man-made

technological advancements in today’s era.

Any unwanted sound, whether naturally occurring or produced by humans or

machines, that interferes with daily life or the environment is considered noise

pollution. According to Ogunsote (2010), it is any noise that causes distress or harms
one's health and well-being. Noise can also be understood as a complicated sound,

a combination of various frequencies or notes that don’t harmonically fit together. As

per Microsoft Encarta (2007), environmental noise pollution can define as the

exposure of people or animals to levels of sound that are irritating, distressing, or

destructive to the ears. It was proposed that loud sounds are inherent to nature, and

that only recently, much of the world has become urban, industrial, and chronically

noisy. It is a growing environmental issue that is becoming an increasingly prevalent,

yet unrecognized form of pollution in both wealthy and developing nations (Jariwala,

2017).

Major Sources of Noise Pollution

According to Miglani (2020), noise pollution is a byproduct of industry,

urbanization, and contemporary civilization, just as other pollutants. There are two

sources of noise pollution: industrial and non-industrial. The industrial source

comprises the noise from numerous industries and large machinery operating at very

high speed and sound intensities, which is intolerable and a public nuisance (Saanvi,

2022). In addition to that, a wide variety of machines and tools, such as compressors,

generators, exhaust fans, and grinding mills, as well as common household

appliances, such as washing machines and vacuum cleaners, all contribute to the

production of a significant amount of noise (Rinkesh, 2022).

On the other hand, non-industrial noise sources are classified as either natural or

man-made. The term "man-made noise" refers to the noise produced by human

activities. This includes transport noise, which consists mostly of road, rail, and

aviation traffic noise. In the present time, the number of automobiles on roadways has

skyrocketed, resulting in significant noise pollution. In addition, neighborhood noise

encompasses a variety of noise sources that disrupt and upset the public by interfering

with their comfort and welfare. This form of noise includes household appliances and

community disturbances. Common sources of this type of noise include musical

instruments, televisions, radios, transistors, telephones, music at public events, and

loudspeakers, among others. (Magadh University, n.d)

Adverse Effects of Noise Pollution

Perhaps one of the most unpleasant byproducts of the modern automated

lifestyle is noise. It may not appear to be as scary or dangerous as the contamination

of drinking water with hazardous chemicals, but it can still have detrimental

consequences on human health and well-being, wildlife, and contribute to the general

degradation of environmental quality. (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, 2011)

Dire Consequences on Human Health and Well-being

Millions of individuals are constantly impacted by noise pollution. Numerous

studies have shown that prolonged or excessive noise exposure can lead to a wide

variety of health problems, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, stress,

anxiety, tinnitus, sleep disruptions, and even hearing loss, which may be first

temporary but can become permanent if the noise stress is not alleviated, hence it is

crucial that noise levels be kept to a minimum. These health issues can affect people

of any age, but children are particularly at risk. Stress and other issues, such as

memory and concentration deficits and reading comprehension difficulties, are

common among the youngsters who live in close proximity to busy roads and airports.

(National Geographic Society, 2022)

 Noise pollution in urban contexts is a major contributor to people's physical and

mental distress (IGCB, 2010). In addition to being a major public health concern, noise

can impair one's ability to focus, reduce one's productivity, efficiency, and

performance, hinder a child's ability to learn, provoke negative social behavior,

annoyance reactions, and even lead to absenteeism and accidents. In the same way

that chronic stress does, it has also a negative impact on one's overall health and

wellbeing. Numerous, extensive, persistent, medically and socially significant health

impacts of noise pollution are conceivable. Noise has immediate and cumulative

negative consequences that affect health and deteriorate the residential, social, and

work environment, resulting in actual economic and intangible well-being losses. (

Jariwala, 2017)

Environmental Impact and Damage to Wildlife

Noise pollution is a severe, pervasive anthropogenic disturbance that can have

devastating effects on vulnerable natural populations, communities, and ecosystems

worldwide. (Wong, 2019). Extensive studies have demonstrated the damaging

consequences of anthropogenic noise and have drawn the conclusion that it poses a

threat to life on Earth. The National Park Service (NPS) in the United States warns

that noise pollution has a major influence on the ecosystem and causes significant

harm to ecosystem and wildlife. According to experts, noise pollution interferes with

reproduction and even hastens the extinction of some species. (Iberdrola, 2022)

The quality of wildlife populations' habitats declines, stress levels rise, and

other sounds are drowned out as a result of noise pollution. Animals rely on sound for

survival in many aspects, including navigation, finding food, attracting mates, and

avoiding predators; however, noise pollution makes these activities more difficult for

them to do. Bayne et al. (2008) state that long-term exposure to noise is significantly
harmful for animals that use sound for hunting or communicating. There may be a

decline in the patterns of foraging of animals that utilize noise for hunting, as well as

prey species that rely on sound to identify predators, which could have negative

implications on their growth and survival (Kight and Swaddle, 2011).

According to National Geographic Society (2022), noise pollution is also a

rising problem for ocean inhabitants. Ships, drilling rigs, sonar systems, and seismic

testing have transformed the previously peaceful marine environment into one that is

loud and chaotic. Noise pollution is very destructive to whales and dolphins. These

marine mammals rely on echolocation to communicate, navigate, hunt, and find

mates; unfortunately, excessive noise interferes with their capacity to efficiently use

echolocation, disrupting their feeding habits, reproductive patterns, and migration

routes, and even causing deaths.

As mentioned by Rinkesh (2022), because of their greater reliance on sound,

wildlife suffers much more from noise pollution than humans do. Animals in the wild

may lose their hearing due to excessive noise in the surroundings, which makes them

more vulnerable to predators, contributing to a population decline. Some lose their

hunting efficiency, disrupting the balance of the ecosystem. According to Malik (2021),

animals, like humans, use sound to communicate, wherein many species have

created distinct and unique calls to warn others of danger, attract mates, or identify

their own offspring or packs in a crowd, however noise pollution interfere with this

communication, blocking out important messages. In addition to that, animals that

employ echolocation, and rely on sound waves to locate and find their way when

migrating, are also being affected by noise pollution, by either causing hearing

damage, or forcing them to alter the pitch of their calls in a more difficult way. To deal
with the growing amount of noise in their environments, these animals are obliged to

become louder, which then contributing further to the levels of noise pollution.

Sound Absorbers

Sound absorbers are used to reduce sound pressure, increasing the safe

exposure time to noise and improving personal comfort. It is divided into three types

which are Membrane, Cavity and Porous. Types like membrane and cavity are only

effective in narrow frequency ranges, meanwhile porous types can cover wider

frequency. This typically made up of mineral wools or glass fibers due to high porosity,

ease manufacture and has good resistance. On the contrary, these fibers are irritant

to the human respiratory system and cannot be disposed of easily. (Zulkifli, et al. 2014)

In order to replace shortcoming mineral fibers, alternative materials were

developed. Natural fibers have recently received increased attention for a variety of

structural and non-structural applications, such as a substitute for synthetic fibers in

composite materials and lining automotive components. Nevertheless, coir and

natural fibers are also suitable as substitute to synthetic fibers and wood-based

materials for absorption purposes. These fibers are advantageous because they are

much cheaper, renewable, non-abrasive, and abundance.

Reverberation

According to Wertel (2000), the two most common issues are excessive noise

and reverberation found in large interior spaces. When sound is introduced into a

room, the reverberant field level will rise until the sound energy introduction equals

the sound energy absorption. If the sound source is abruptly turned off, the

reverberant field will decay at a rate determined by the rate of sound energy

absorption. The reverberant field is the single most important parameter describing
the acoustical properties of a room. Reverberation, which is caused by the reflection

of sound waves from hard surfaces, can disrupt communications and contribute to

higher noise levels. Sound-absorbing foams have been developed as an engineering

control to reduce reverberation and overall sound levels.

Sound Absorption Test

The sound absorption test was carried out using a tube, two microphones, and

a digital frequency analysis system, in accordance with the standard test method for

the impedance and absorption of acoustical materials. This test method was used to

determine the sound absorption coefficient of absorptive materials. The impedance

tube was filled with porous concrete specimens. The planed waves are then

generated in the tube using a broadband noise signal. The stationary sound wave

pattern is decomposed into forward and backward traveling components by

simultaneously measuring sound pressures at two locations on the tube's side wall.

The acoustical material's normal incidence absorption coefficients are calculated by

processing an array of complex data from the measured transfer function. (Jaya,

2020)

Coconut Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Coconut fiber, the most ductile of all natural fibers, has the potential to be used

as a concrete reinforcement material (Tom, 2015). Because it is biodegradable, its

environmental impact will be minimal. This is also a method of disposing of the fibers

that are derived as waste materials from coir-based manufacturing units in order to

produce high strength materials. They are also non-abrasive in nature, inexpensive,

and readily available. The possibility of using coconut-fiber ropes as vertical

reinforcement in mortar-free interlocking structures is being investigated. This is

thought to be a low-cost solution for earthquake-resistant housing.

Comparison of Kapok Fiber and Coconut Coir in terms of:

Effectivity

Coconut coir is effective in terms of sound absorption, this is due to the fact that
it is a naturally porous material. Porous sound-absorbing materials have channels,
cracks, or cavities that let sound waves enter. Thermal loss, brought on by the friction
of air molecules with pore walls, and viscous loss, brought on by the viscosity of airflow
within the materials, both contribute to the dissipation of sound energy. Porous
materials are given a wide frequency band for sound absorption by these energy
consumption principles. Furthermore, Kapok fiber is also effective as a sound
absorbing material because of its natural hollow structure. The large, straight hollow
structure increases the frictional resistance between sound waves and fibers, causing
the waves' energy to be dispersed. The bulk density, thickness, and arrangement of
kapok fibers have a big impact on how much sound is absorbed by kapok fibrous
assemblies, but fiber length has less of an impact (Xiang et al., 2013).

Safety

In terms of safety, kapok fibers and coconut coir are safe to use. Kapok is a
completely natural and organic fabric; thus, it doesn't require chemical treatment to
make it fit for human utilization. Moths, mites, and other microbes cannot infest kapok
fiber because of its naturally bitter components, which are also antibacterial and
antimicrobial. On the other hand, the fiber portion of a coconut husk called coir is non-
toxic and extremely fungal, bacterial, and mold resistant. It poses no harm when
utilized in sound-absorbing panels, even if the panel is damaged.

Ecofriendliness

Coconut coir and kapok fiber both are a natural, biodegradable, and renewable
source. Coconut coir, a byproduct of coconut production, could be used to create
goods that are sustainable and eco-friendly. On the other hand, since kapok can
deteriorate over time, is washable, and durable, it is regarded also as the eco-friendly
option. The degradability of kapok is influenced by its natural growth; it has no negative
environmental effects during growing, production, or utilization.

Affordability

Kapok fiber is a naturally occurring cellulosic fiber derived from the seed hairs of

kapok plants (Zheng,2014). According to Budlao (2019), kapok trees, scientifically

known as Ceiba pentandra, are widely distributed in rural parts of the Philippines and

have abundant leaves throughout the year. On the other hand, coconut coir is made

from the fiber found between the coconut husk and its outer shell. As mentioned by

Tacio (2019), the Philippines is the world's second-largest producer of coconut goods.

The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported that around 3.6 million hectares of

coconut palms dominate the landscape in 68 of the country's 81 provinces. Both kapok

fiber and coconut coir are abundant in nature and can be found in nearly all of the

country's regions, making them readily accessible for local use. Since these materials

are readily available to the general public or may be purchased at a considerably low

cost, they have opened up opportunities in various application fields. Kapok fiber is

commonly used as stuffing for insulation against sound and heat, as well as in bedding,

life preservers, and other water safety gear due to its exceptional buoyancy (Zhang et

al., 2013) Whereas, coconut is used in a variety of applications, including upholstery,

agriculture, horticulture, hydroponics, and geotextiles. Additionally, it can be utilized in

making ropes, twines, brooms, brushes, doormats, carpets, insulation panels, and

others. (Royce Corp.,2022)

Durability

Kapok fiber, the world's lightest natural fiber, is neutral, cottony, hypoallergenic,

non-toxic and resistant to deterioration. (Sangalang, 2021). As stated by Marie (2022),

in terms of durability, kapok fiber is resilient, resistant to water, and retains its shape,
which caused its popularity and demand to increase. It is argued that when treated

properly, kapok fiber is durable and lasts for a very long time. According to Unlu (2021),

in contrast to other known natural fiber types, kapok fibers stand out for their hollow

fiber structure, lighter-than-water specific gravity, and oil-absorbing nature. Kapok

fibers are preferable to many synthetic fiber types because they do not float in water,

offer sound and heat insulation, and have a high oil absorbing property.

On the other hand, coconut coir, the natural fiber produced from the husk of the

coconut, has the highest tensile strength of all known natural fibers and can withstand

four to six times the strain of other fibers (Ahmad et al., 2020) As per Panyakaew and

Fotios (2011), owing to its high lignin content, coconut fiber is highly elastic, extremely

durable, and resistant to rotting. In the study of Sam (2016), coconut coir is a tough,

coarse, and thick fiber. There are two distinct forms of coconut fibers: brown fiber

derived from mature coconuts and white fiber produced from young coconuts.

Compared to white fibers, which are smoother and finer, and weaker, brown fibers are

thick, strong, and powerfully resist abrasion. The coir fiber is one of the few natural

fibers that can withstand saltwater damage and is relatively waterproof (Ashbi,2013).

In addition, coir fibers offer several advantages, including their resistance to fungi, rot,

and insects, as well as their ability to provide good insulation against temperature and

sound. They fulfill the role of reinforcement substances by contributing to the

composite's increased strength. (Ranjitham,2019).

Sound Absorbability

According to Liu (2014), kapok fiber possesses a high hollow degree as a natural

fiber, making it excellent for sound absorption. High hollowness and short fiber

diameter both make kapok fibers vibrate more readily when excited by sound waves,
which improves acoustical energy loss. As a result, kapok fiber has the special

property of attenuating acoustic energy, and increasing kapok fiber content can

enhance the sound-absorbing capabilities of composite materials. In the research

study conducted by Xiang et.al. (2013), The findings shown that the natural hollow

structure of kapok fibers provides good acoustical damping capability, and that the

bulk density, thickness, and arrangement of kapok fibers have a substantial impact on

the sound absorption coefficients of kapok fibrous assemblies. The result was that

kapok fiber is a promising, environmentally friendly, and light sound absorption

material.

Similarly, the effectiveness of coir acoustic panels has also been the subject of

numerous research. According to these studies, coir panels can absorb sound and

enhance a room's acoustics almost as effectively as conventional acoustic panels,

whether used alone or layered with perforated plates. Additionally, due to the high

degree of adaptability of coir fibers, panels can be constructed to absorb either higher

or lower frequencies, depending on the consumer's specific requirements. (Coir,

2022). In the study conducted by Nuawi et al. (2008), an innovative sound absorption

panel was developed and fabricated by utilizing treated coir fiber layers as sound

absorption materials. The outcomes of the simulation and practical tests demonstrated

that coconut coir has good acoustic qualities and great potential to be an alternative

to synthetic-based commercial products. It was discovered that coir fiber has a high

coefficient of sound absorption and transmission loss index value. The arrangement

of coir fiber's fibers can be altered to regulate its sound absorption qualities. This will

allow the coir fiber to be employed in applications to reduce sound propagation in

interior areas or to enhance the management of sound propagation in outdoor

environments.

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual paradigm of the study uses IPO model that represents a system

in three stages which are input, process, and output. The researchers indicate the

framework and discussion of used knowledge materials, tools, and estimated fund.

Thus, the process of the developing the project was included on the second table and

desired of this study is addressed on the last table.

Input Process
Output
Ideas: Sound absorbing • Designing
Comparative Study
materials are good for noise • Estimating
Between Kapok Fiber and
reduction. Materials: Coconut
• Constructing
Coconut Coir as Sound-
Coir and Kapok Fiber and
• Testing and
Absorbing Materials
Fund: Estimated around Php
Evaluating
3000 as for prototype

Figure 1.3
 This figure illustrates the IPO model of framework that consists of Input,

Process, Output as presented. It discusses the things that the researchers need to

create and gather information for their prototype, the processes to follow, and the final

product that they will create.

The researchers arrived with ideas carrying out their main objective of creating

two effective innovation using absorbing materials of Kapok Fiber and Coconut Coir

to improve the quality of sound. It aims to help students to focus on their studies and

improve their learning abilities.

 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the nature of the study in terms of methods and

processes utilized by the researchers. This includes, research design, descriptive

design, developmental stages, and data gathering procedures.

Research Design

The research paper entitled, “Comparative Study Between Kapok Fiber and

Coconut Coir as Sound-Absorbing Materials,” a descriptive quantitative and

developmental design of research method was used. It used descriptive

developmental research because it is the systematic study of evaluating instructional

programs, processes, and products that must meet the criteria of consistency and

effectiveness. The study will be quantitative in nature as it is designed to investigate

and gather information on how we can improve the quality using sound-absorbing

materials.

Descriptive Design

The researchers described, identified, and documented various aspects with

regards to sound-absorbing materials that will improve the noise in specific area. The

researchers identified the meaning of sound absorption and noise pollution, thus, was

able to discuss the impacts it creates in our society. Moreover, the proponents build

two different sound-absorbing product that will improve the sound quality and provides

solution to noise.
Developmental Stages

This paper aims to develop a study called, “Comparative Study Between Kapok

Fiber and Coconut Coir as Sound-Absorbing Materials”. The research follows these

stages to develop the project:

START

DESIGNING

ESTIMATING

CONSTRUCTING/
ASSEMBLING

FAIL
TESTING &
EVALUATING

PASS

FINAL
PROTOTYPE

Figure 2. Developmental Stages of the Project

Figure 2 shows the developmental stages of the prototype in which covers the
definition of the problem, data gathering, standard formulation, development of the
project, testing and evaluating the study and documenting the project. All stages are
deeply related to each other and are important to finish the prototype in given time.
Data Gathering Procedure

After obtaining the instructor's approval to conduct the study, the researchers

shall gather up relevant and meaningful data and information through related literature

and studies from electronic and printed sources, regarding noise pollution, including

its primary sources and adverse effects on humans, wildlife, and the environment, as

well as the most effective ways to significantly reduce the overwhelming noise levels

prevalent in our modern society in today's era. The information and data to be collected

would be a great help for the researchers to be able to come up with an innovative

approach to sound improvement and develop a creative and cost-effective sound-

absorbing materials as an alternative solution to prevent noise disturbances.

Furthermore, the researchers will also gather data from respondents through

survey-questionnaire, which will be made by the researchers to meet the research

objectives and obtain the most complete, accurate and reliable information possible.

The survey- questionnaire will contain several important questions, arranged in a

logical manner, intended to provide answers to the research problems. It also comes

with an informed consent to protect respondents' rights, including the extent of

confidentiality of their personal data, as well as to state that participation in the study

is voluntary. Moreover, to guarantee the reliability as well as the validity of the research

instrument, the researchers will utilize content validity analysis to ensure that the

questions are relevant to what is being studied. The survey questionnaire will be

presented to a research expert for validation.

Detailed steps to be accomplished by the researchers are indicated below:

1. The researchers will collect data and information through related literature and

studies from trusted and credible sources such as academic journals, to ensure the

quality and reliability of their research study.

2. The researchers will create a survey-questionnaire through Google forms, to be

distributed to the selected students from Batangas State University after it has

undergone content validity analysis and has been approved by the research expert.

3. The collected data will be consolidated, tabulated and analyzed by the researchers

to provide answers to critical questions of the study, and come up with in-depth

findings, as well as meaningful results and conclusions.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are High School, Senior High School, and College

Students in Batangas. Five from each grade level are asked to answer different

questions from the survey that aims to test their knowledge and awareness of the

existence of noise pollution around them. Thus, to gather a data from them on different

ways to solve or mitigate noise pollution in our country.

The researchers chose these different group of people as to have more diversity

in the data they will gather. In this way, we can compare which group is more informed

and more knowledgeable with Noise Pollution. The proponents also aim to prove from

this survey that many people are unaware of the danger of noise pollution or they are

ignorant about the topic.

 From this, the researchers have concluded that more of the students from High

School and Senior High School are not aware or they just discovered it recently but

they aren’t aware about its effects. On the other hand, most college students are

informed about this problem and able to suggest solution to solve or mitigate noise

pollution in our country. Based on the results of the survey, only 8.3% of students rated

themselves to be very knowledgeable about noise pollution. However, 58% of the

students have rated 4 out of 1-5 scale of how much noise pollution impact their lives.

Materials, Weight, and Quantity

Materials Quantity and Weight

Coconut Coir Approximately 100 depends on the width/
diameter of the used room.
Egg Trays Approximately 100 depends on the width/
diameter of the used room.
Kapok Fiber 10 Kilograms
Cement 10 Kilograms

Table 3 Materials Weight and Quantity

Figure 3.1 Coconut husk Figure 3.2 Egg tray

 Figure 3.3 Fiber Figure 3.4 Cement

Methods of Testing

The goal is to compare and determine which is better in terms of the effectivity,

durability, and sound-absorbability of Kapok Fiber in Egg tray and Coconut Coir in a

Cement by testing them in different locations and scenarios.

Effectivity. The test for Kapok Fiber in an Egg Tray will be conducted inside a room.

The researchers will test if the quantity of the egg tray and its compactness in the wall

affects the effectivity. The researchers will put egg trays on the one side of the wall

and gradually fill the wall completely while determining if fewer egg trays are effective

or if more is better. On the other hand, Coconut Coir in Cement will be tested both

inside and outside a house, so that we can determine if the location matters to its

effectivity.

Durability. This time, the proponents which among the Kapok Fiber in Egg Tray and

Coconut Coir in a Cement is sturdier. This test aims to know which one will last longer

and will stay intact incase of accidents and emergencies. Force will be exerted to both

prototypes and the students will observe which has the most damage.
Sound Absorbability. Both prototypes will be tested to identify which one regulates

more noise pollution using a sound-measuring device. This will be conducted in

respective rooms, during morning, afternoon, and night. By these, the researchers will

find out when is noise pollution is stronger and how the two prototypes deal with it.
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14
 APPENDIX A

PROTOTYPE DRAWING

Prototype A Prototype B

Prototype A Prototype B
 APPENDIX B

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Greetings! We are inviting you to participate in our research study entitled

"Comparative Study between Kapok Fiber and Coconut Coir as Sound Absorbing
Materials." The purpose of this survey-questionnaire is to examine and assess the
effectiveness of the sound-absorbing prototypes made of Kapok Fiber and Coconut
Coir in terms of absorbing sound waves, which can help lessen the echo and noise
within a space. This also aims to determine how these sound-absorbing innovations
help improve student's learning environment by reducing noise levels in classrooms.

We, the researchers, would be very grateful if you could participate in

completing this survey, wherein the data gathered will be carefully analyzed to come
up with meaningful results and conclusions. Rest assured that your personal
information will remain confidential in accordance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012,
which was established to protect and safeguard an individual's personal data from
being disclosed without its consent. We would highly appreciate your time,
cooperation, and effort to take part in accomplishing our study. Thank you very much!

Student Researchers:

Africa, Niel Andrei R.

Coronel, Hazel Roi D.

De Roy, Egwene Moraine R.

Fermo, Kathlene Denise D.

Gunio, Marianne G.

Personal Information

Name (optional)

Year Level

⚫ Junior High School

⚫ Senior High School

⚫ College

Directions: Rate how much you personally agree or disagree with the statements

below. Mark the appropriate column of your choice.

Use the following scale:

1 – Strongly Disagree

2 – Disagree

3 – Agree

4 – Strongly Agree

Statements 4- 3 - Agree 2- 1 - Strongly

Strongly Disagree Disagree
Agree
Noise, an unwanted and
disturbing sound, impedes
students' speech
acquisition, cognition, and
learning ability, leading to
poor academic
performance.
Controlling noise through
sound absorption is one of
the most effective ways to
lessen the echo and noise
within a space.
Through the use of kapok
fiber and coconut coir as
sound-absorbing materials,
the overall noise in the
classroom was significantly
reduced, paving the way for
a peaceful and quiet
learning environment for
students.
The innovation was very
much effective in absorbing
sound waves and
controlling reverberation in
an enclosed area.
The prototypes greatly help
in improving the quality of
sound in the room.
 The sound-absorbing
innovation improves speech
intelligibility and overall
clarity in the room.

Which material is better in terms of effectivity,safety, eco-friendliness, affordability,

durability, and sound absorbability?

⚫ Kapok FIber

⚫ Coconut Coir
 CURRICULUM VITAE

DE ROY, EGWENE MORAINE R.

Gasang, Mabini, Batangas

0976-215-0926

[email protected]

SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS:

▪ Good communication and writing skills

▪ Productive and flexible

▪ Efficient and studious

Secondary Education

Bagong Silangan High School- (2016-2020)

Anselmo A. Sandoval Memorial National High School- (2020-2022)

Primary Education

Diosdado P. Macapagal Elementary School

Bagong Silangan Elementary School

(2010-2016)

Personal Background

Age: 18

Sex: Female

Date of Birth: August 24, 2004

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Church of Christ

Father’s Name: Jonathan U. De Roy

Mother’s Name: Pamela R. De Roy

Character Reference

Rhona Adajar

Research Adviser

Batangas State University

I hereby certify that all of the above information is true and correct to the extent of

my knowledge and ability.

EGWENE MORAINE R. DE ROY

Researcher
FERMO, KATHLENE DENISE D.

Kumintang Ilaya, Batangas City

0945-461-1981

[email protected]

Skills and Qualifications

▪ Computer Literacy

▪ Teamwork and Collaboration

▪ Flexibility and Adaptability

▪ Critical Thinking

Secondary Education

Batangas City Integrated High School

(2016-2022)

Primary Education

Kumintang Elementary School

(2010-2016)

Personal Background

Age: 18

Sex: Female

Date of Birth: December 15, 2003

Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name: Romelito S. Fermo

Mother’s Name: Benita D. Fermo

Character Reference

Rhona Adajar

Research Adviser

Batangas State University

I hereby certify that all of the above information is true and correct to the extent of

my knowledge and ability.

KATHLENE DENISE D. FERMO

Researcher
GUNIO, MARIANNE G.

Talumpok West, Batangas City

0953-472-3273

[email protected]

Skills and Qualifications

▪ Good Communication

▪ Teamwork and Collaboration

▪ Active listener

▪ Critical Thinking

Secondary Education

Lord Immanuel Institute Foundation Incorporated- (2016-2017)

Sta. Rita National High School- (2017-2018)

Talumpok Integrated School- (2018-2022)

Primary Education

Talumpok Elementary School- (2010-2011)

Lobo Central Elementary School- (2011-2016)

Personal Background

Age: 18

Sex: Female

Date of Birth: October 28, 2004

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name: Mario D. Gunio

Mother’s Name: Amelia G. Gunio

Character Reference

Rhona Adajar

Research Adviser

Batangas State University

I hereby certify that all of the above information is true and correct to the extent of

my knowledge and ability.

MARIANNE G. GUNIO

Researcher
AFRICA, NIEL ANDREI R.

San Diego, San Pablo City, Laguna

0908-931-6232

[email protected]

Skills and Qualifications

▪ Good Stress Management Skills

▪ Teamwork and Collaboration

▪ Patient and Diligent

Secondary Education

Laguna College

(2016-2022)

Primary Education

San Diego Elementary School

(2009-2016)

Personal Background

Age: 18

Sex: Male

Date of Birth: April 21, 2004

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo

Father’s Name: Bernard Africa

Mother’s Name: Anelyn Africa

Character Reference

Rhona Adajar

Research Adviser

Batangas State University

I hereby certify that all of the above information is true and correct to the extent of

my knowledge and ability.

NIEL ANDREI R. AFRICA

Researcher
CORONEL, HAZEL ROI D.

Sitio Putuhan, Cawongan, Padre Garcia, Batangas

0945-660-6697

[email protected]

Skills and Qualifications

▪ Good Communication

▪ Writing Skills

▪ Creative

▪ Productive

Secondary Education

Sto. Nino Formation and Science High School

(2016-2020)

Primary Education

Operation Brotherhood Montesorri Center

(2008-2010)

Padre Garcia Central School

(2010-2016)

Personal Background

Age: 19

Sex: Male
Date of Birth: September 12, 2003

Nationality: Filipino

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name: Teodoro N. Coronel

Mother’s Name: Helen D. Coronel

Character Reference

Rhona Adajar

Research Adviser

Batangas State University

I hereby certify that all of the above information is true and correct to the extent of

my knowledge and ability.

HAZEL ROI D. CORONEL

Researcher