ELL363: Power Engineering-II

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

Department of Electrical Engineering

November 16, 2024

Anmol Agrawal - 2021EE30789

Nandini Singh – 2021EE30747
Kinshukh Bansal - 2021EE30701
Shubham Kumar - 2020EE30627
Note: Answer Key is attached at the end, along with appropriate solution.
SECTION A – Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1. In Power Systems, it is often required to know the system states and
parameters. We deploy measurement devices to gather data about the system and use
algorithms which attempt to deduce the state of the system. Select the option(s) that
correctly rank the algorithms according to the mentioned metric:

(a) Accuracy: Fast Decoupled State Estimation > DC Power Flow > Weighted Least Square
Estimation > AC Power Flow
(b) Accuracy: Weighted Least Square Estimation > AC Power Flow > Fast Decoupled State
Estimation > DC Power Flow
(c) Speed: DC Power Flow > Fast Decoupled State Estimation > AC Power Flow > Weighted
Least Square Estimation
(d) Speed: Fast Decoupled State Estimation > DC Power Flow > Weighted Least Square
Estimation > AC Power Flow

Question 2. Which of the following constraints is unique to the Unit Commitment

problem compared to the Economic Dispatch problem?
(a) Power balance constraint
(b) Generator capacity limits
(c) Minimum up-time and minimum down-time constraints
(d) Transmission line limits
SECTION B – Short Answer Questions
Question 3. Match the following SCOPF (Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow)
terms with their descriptions:

Column A Column B

1 Contingency Analysis A Ensures stability under line outages or generator

failures.

2 Security Constraints B Limits imposed to maintain operational reliability.

3 Base Case Operation C System conditions without any contingencies or

disturbances.

4 Optimization D Typically, higher due to conservative generation

Algorithms schedules.

5 Operational Costs E Methods like Interior Point and Linear Programming

used to solve SCOPF

Question 4. Fill in the blanks about the primary role of Automatic Generation Control
(AGC) in a multi-area power system:
a. AGC ensures that the ___________ is restored to its nominal value (e.g.,___________)
after any disturbance or load change.
b. AGC adjusts the power exchange between interconnected areas to match the
____________________________, ensuring that each area compensates for its own load
changes.
c. It redistributes the generation among units within an area to minimize _______
while maintaining system reliability.
SECTION C – Analytical Question
Question 5. A power system has two generators supplying a total load demand of PD =
400 MW. The cost functions of the two generators are:

• Generator 1:

• Generator 2:

The transmission loss is given by the quadratic loss formula:

Determine the optimal power generation P1 and P2 to minimize the total generation cost
while meeting the load demand and accounting for transmission losses.

Bonus Question. Consider a two-bus system:

Draw the PV curve for this system. Analyse the curve and consider how load increase
affects the system.
ANSWER KEY (Proceed with Caution)

Solution 1.
Answer: B and C (multiple correct)
Explanation: Weighted Least Square Estimation takes into account all the
measurements and the trustworthiness of the measurement devices. AC Power Flow
solution takes into account the nonlinear power flow equations with some of the
system measurements to give information about the state of the system. Fast
Decoupled State Estimation is approximation of AC Power solution and DC Power Flow
is further approximation of the Power Flow equation. As we keep taking
approximations we trade accuracy for speed. Also, accuracy of the algorithm increases
when we take more measurements into account (see Weighted Least Square
Estimation vs AC Power Flow).

Solution 2.
Answer: C
Explanation: The minimum up-time and minimum down-time constraints are unique
to the Unit Commitment problem, as they involve decisions about whether to start or
shut down generating units, something Economic Dispatch does not address.

Solution 3.
Answer: 1-C, 2-B, 3-A, 4-E, 5-D
Explanation: Self-explanatory

Contingency Analysis Ensures stability under line outages or generator

failures.

Security Constraints Limits imposed to maintain operational reliability.

Base Case Operation System conditions without any contingencies or

disturbances.
 Optimization Methods like Interior Point and Linear Programming
Algorithms used to solve SCOPF

Operational Costs Typically, higher due to conservative generation

schedules.

Solution 4.
Answer: The primary role of AGC in a multi-area power system is to:
a. AGC ensures that the frequency is restored to its nominal value (e.g., 50 Hz) after
any disturbance or load change.
b. AGC adjusts the power exchange between interconnected areas to match the
scheduled tie-line flow, ensuring that each area compensates for its own load
changes.
c. It redistributes the generation among units within an area to minimize cost
while maintaining system reliability.
By continuously monitoring frequency and tie-line power, AGC adjusts generator
outputs to meet these objectives
Explanation: Self-explanatory.

Solution 5.

Answer:

• Generator 1:

P1 ≈ 194.76MW

• Generator 2:

P2 ≈ 211.57MW

The minimum total generation cost is approximately 13,522.89 units.

Step-by-Step Solution

Step 1: Formulate the Power Balance Constraint

The total power generated must equal the load demand plus transmission losses:
P1 + P2 = PD + PL
Substituting the expression for PL:

Step 2: Set Up the Lagrangian Function

To minimize the total cost C = C1(P1) +C2(P2) subject to the power balance constraint, we
use the method of Lagrange multipliers:

Step 3: Calculate Partial Derivatives

Compute the partial derivatives of L with respect to P1, P2, and λ:

1. Derivative with respect to P1:

Compute :

So:
0.04P1 + 30 − λ(1 − 0.0001P1) = 0 (Equation 1)

2. Derivative with respect to P2:

Compute :

So:
0.08P2 + 20 − λ(1 − 0.0002P2) = 0 (Equation 2)

3. Derivative with respect to λ:

 Simplify:
=0 (Equation 3)
Step 4: Solve for λ from Equations 1 and 2

From Equation 1:

From Equation 2:

Set the expressions for λ equal to each other:

(Equation 4)

Step 5: Express P1 and P2 in Terms of λ

From Equation 1:
0.04P1 + 30 − λ(1 − 0.0001P1) = 0
Simplify:
0.04P1 + 30 − λ + 0.0001λP1 = 0
Group like terms:
(0.04 + 0.0001λ)P1 + (30 − λ) = 0

Solve for P1:

(Equation 5)

Similarly, from Equation 2:

(Equation 6)
Step 6: Substitute P1 and P2 into Equation 3

Substitute Equations 5 and 6 into Equation 3:

This equation involves only λ and can be solved numerically.

Step 7: Numerical Solution for λ, P1, and P2

Due to the complexity, we will use an iterative numerical method (e.g., Newton-Raphson)
or computational tools to find the value of λ. For illustration, let’s assume the solution
yields:

• Optimal λ: Approximately 38.545

Using this λ, compute P1 and P2:

From Equation 5:
76MW

From Equation 6:
57MW

Step 8: Verify the Power Balance Constraint

Compute the total generated power and transmission losses:

1. Total Generation:

P1 + P2 = 194.76 + 211.57 = 406.33MW

2. Transmission Losses:

PL = 0.00005 × (194.76)2 + 0.0001 × (211.57)2

Calculate:
PL = 0.00005 × 37,902.98 + 0.0001 × 44,765.86 ≈ 1.895 + 4.477 = 6.372MW

3. Net Power Supplied to Load:

Pnet = P1 + P2 − PL = 406.33 − 6.372 ≈ 399.96MW

4. Check Against Load Demand:

 Pnet ≈ PD = 400MW

The slight discrepancy is due to rounding errors, and the solution satisfies the power
balance constraint.
Step 9: Calculate the Minimum Generation Cost

Compute the cost for each generator:

1. Cost for Generator 1:

C1 = 0.02 × (194.76)2 + 30 × 194.76 + 500

Calculate:
C1 = 0.02×37,902.98+5,842.80+500 ≈ 758.06+5,842.80+500 = 7,100.86units

2. Cost for Generator 2:

C2 = 0.04 × (211.57)2 + 20 × 211.57 + 400

Calculate:
C2 = 0.04×44,765.86+4,231.40+400 ≈ 1,790.63+4,231.40+400 = 6,422.03units

3. Total Cost:

Ctotal = C1 + C2 = 7,100.86 + 6,422.03 = 13,522.89units

Final Answer
The optimal power generation to minimize the total cost while meeting the load demand

and accounting for transmission losses is:

• Generator 1:

P1 ≈ 194.76MW

• Generator 2:

P2 ≈ 211.57MW

The minimum total generation cost is approximately 13,522.89 units.

Conclusion
By applying the method of Lagrange multipliers and solving the resulting equations
numerically, we determined the optimal power dispatch for the two generators. This
solution minimizes the total generation cost while satisfying the load demand and
accounting for transmission losses.
Solution 6 (Bonus Question)