CSEC ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MAY 2024 PAPER 2

SECTION I

ALGEBRA, SEQUENCES AND SERIES

ALL working must be clearly shown.

1. (a) (i) Determine the other linear factors of the polynomial 3x3 + 8 x 2 - 20 x - 16,
given that x - 2 is a factor.

SOLUTION:
Data: x - 2 is a factor of 3x3 + 8 x 2 - 20 x - 16
Required to determine: The other linear factors of 3x3 + 8 x 2 - 20 x - 16
Solution:
3 x 2 + 14 x + 8
x - 2 3 x3 + 8 x 2 - 20 x - 16
- 3x3 - 6 x 2
14 x 2 - 20 x
- 14 x 2 - 28 x
8 x - 16
- 8 x - 16
0

3x2 + 14 x + 8 = ( 3x + 2)( x + 4)

Hence, the other linear factors are ( 3x + 2 ) and ( x + 4 ).

(ii) Hence, simplify the multiplication

3x3 + 8x 2 - 10 x - 16 x + 2
´
x2 - 4 x+4

SOLUTION:
3x3 + 8x 2 - 10 x - 16 x + 2
Required to simplify: ´
x2 - 4 x+4
Solution:
x2 - 4 = ( x ) - ( 2)
2 2
(Difference of 2 squares)
= ( x - 2 )( x + 2 )

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 3x3 + 8 x 2 - 10 x - 16 x + 2 ( x - 2 ) ( 3x + 2 ) ( x + 4 ) x + 2
So, ´ = ´
x2 - 4 x+4 ( x - 2) ( x + 2) x+4
= 3x + 2

(b) The equation kx 2 + x - 15 = 10 has roots a and b , where k Î W .

(i) Determine expressions for

• a +b
• ab

SOLUTION:
Data: The equation kx 2 + x - 15 = 10 has roots a and b , where k Î W .
Required to determine: Expressions for a + b and ab
Solution:
-b
If a and b are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then a + b = and
a
c
ab = .
a

Hence, in the given equation, kx 2 + x - 15 = 10

⟹ 𝑘𝑥 ! + 𝑥 − 15 − 10 = 0

⟹ 𝑘𝑥 ! + 𝑥 − 25 = 0

−1
𝛼+𝛽 =
𝑘

−25
𝛼𝛽 =
4

61
(ii) Given that a 2 + b 2 = , use the expression in (b) (i) to determine the
4
value of k.

SOLUTION:
61
Data: a 2 + b 2 =
4
Required to determine: The value of k
Solution:

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 𝛼 ! + 𝛽 ! = (𝛼 + 𝛽)! − 2𝛼𝛽
61 1 ! 25
∴ = 3− 4 − 2 3− 4
4 𝑘 𝑘
61 1 50
= !+
4 𝑘 𝑘

(× 4𝑘 ! )

61𝑘 ! = 4 + 200𝑘
61𝑘 ! − 200𝑘 − 4 = 0

−(−200) ± 7(−200)! − 4(61)(−4)

𝑘=
2(61)
200 ± √39024
=
122
200 ± 12√271
=
122

200 + 12√271 200 − 12√271

𝑘= or
122 122

= 3.26 𝑜𝑟 0.02

According to the data k Î W and so an error lies in the question and NOT in the
solution

(c) For the quadratic function g ( x ) = -5x2 - 4 x + 2 , determine the value of the
maximum point and the range using the method of completing the square, or
otherwise.

SOLUTION:
Data: g ( x ) = -5x2 - 4 x + 2
Required to determine: The value of the maximum point and the range of g ( x ).
Solution:
𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − (5𝑥 ! + 4𝑥)
4
= 2 − 5 3𝑥 ! + 𝑥4
5
2 !
= ∗ −5 3𝑥 + 4
5

4 4
𝑔(𝑥) = ∗ −5 3𝑥 ! + 𝑥 + 4
5 25

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 "
g(x)= ∗ −5𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 − #
" "
g(x) =−5𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 − # +2 #
"
So, * = 2 #
4 2 !
∴ 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 5 3𝑥 + 4
5 5
↓
≥ 0∀𝑥

2
4 æ 2ö
\ g ( x )maximum = 2 and this occurs when ç x + ÷ = 0
5 è 5ø
!
i.e when 𝑥 = − "

Hence, the maximum point is æç - , 2 ö÷

2 4
è 5 5ø
"
and the range is 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 2 #.

Alternative Method:
Coefficient of x 2 = - vein a quadratic function, so g ( x ) has a maximum point.
- ( -4 )
Axis of symmetry is x =
2 ( -5 )
2
x=-
5
This is the x-coordinate of the maximum point.

2
æ 2ö æ 2ö æ 2ö
g ç - ÷ = -5 ç - ÷ - 4 ç - ÷ + 2
è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø
4
=2
5
Hence, the maximum point is æç - , 2 ö÷
2 4
è 5 5ø
"
and the range is 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 2 #.

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 Alternative Method:
g ( x ) = -5 x 2 - 4 x + 2
g ¢ ( x ) = -5 ( 2 x ) - 4 (1) + 0
= -10 x - 4

Let g¢ ( x ) = 0
10 x - 4 = 0
2
x=-
5

g ¢¢ ( x ) = -10
2
\ g ( x ) has a maximum value at x = - since g ¢¢ ( x ) < 0.
5
2
æ 2ö æ 2ö æ 2ö
g ç - ÷ = -5 ç - ÷ - 4 ç - ÷ + 2
è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø
4
=2
5
Hence, the maximum point is æç - , 2 ö÷
2 4
è 5 5ø
"
and the range is 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 2 #.

2. (a) Write the expression 2log3 x + 2 - log3 y as a single term.

SOLUTION:
Required to write: 2log3 x + 2 - log3 y as a single term
Solution:
2 log $ 𝑥 + 2 − log $ 𝑦 = 2 log $ 𝑥 + 2 log $ 3 − log $ 𝑦
= log $ 𝑥 ! + log $ 3! − log $ 𝑦
= log $ 9 × 𝑥 ! − log $ 𝑦
9𝑥 !
= log $ J K
𝑦

(b) (i) By using logarithms, express the relationship V = 7 ´ 5t in linear form.

SOLUTION:
Required to express: V = 7 ´ 5t in linear form

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 Solution:
V = 7 ´ 5t
Take lg :
lg V = lg ( 7 ´ 5t )
lg V = lg 7 + lg 5t
lg V = lg 7 + t lg 5
lg V = t lg 5 + lg 7 which is in the linear form
(lg V and t are variables and lg 5 and lg 7 are constants).

(ii) Hence, state the value of the gradient of the line which represents the
relationship in (b) (i).

SOLUTION:
Required to state: The value of the gradient of the line which represents
the relationship in (b) (i).
Solution:
Recall when y = mx + c , where m and c are constants and x and y are
variables, m = gradient and c = the intercept on the vertical axis

lg V = t lg 5 + lg 7
lg V = ( lg 5) t + lg 7
This is of the form y = mx + c , where m = lg 5 is the gradient.

1+ 2
(c) Rationalise the denominator of the expression .
3- 2

SOLUTION:
1+ 2
Required to Rationalise: The denominator in the expression
3- 2
Solution:
To rationalise the denominator, we multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
This gives
1+ 2 1+ 2 3 + 2
= ´
3- 2 3- 2 3+ 2
3+3 2 + 2 + 2
=
9-3 2 +3 2 -2
5+ 4 2
=
7

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 4
(d) Evaluate å5
i=0
i-2
.

SOLUTION:
4
Required to evaluate: å5
i=0
i-2

Solution:
The sum of 5i - 2 from i = 0 to i = 4 inclusive is
4

å5
i=0
i-2
= 5- 2 + 5-1 + 50 + 51 + 52

1 1
= + + 1 + 5 + 25
25 5
6
= 26
25

(e) Determine whether the following the sequence is divergent or convergent. Justify
your response.

2 4 8
1, - , , - ,...
3 9 27

SOLUTION:
2 4 8
Required to determine: Whether the sequence 1, - , , - ,... is
3 9 27
divergent or convergent.
Solution:
1
2 2
1´ -
=-
3 3
2 2 4
- ´- =
3 3 9
4 2 8
´- = -
9 3 27
%!
The n th term of the series can be expressed in the form arn, where a = 1 and r = $
The series is a geometric progression with the first term a = 1 and common ratio
2
r=- ,
3
We notice that r < 1.

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 a
Hence, S¥ =
1- r
1
=
æ 2ö
1- ç - ÷
è 3ø
1
= that
5
3
3
=
5
3
\The sequence converges to a limit of .
5

This means that the more terms we add, the closer and closer the sum
3
approaches .
5

SECTION II

COORDINATE GEOMETRY, VECTORS AND TRIGONOMETRY

ALL working must be clearly shown.

3. (a) Determine the points of intersection of the circle x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 6 y + 8 = 0 and the

line y = x - 6.

SOLUTION:
Required to determine: The points of intersection of the circle
x 2 + y 2 - 4 x + 6 y + 8 = 0 and the line y = x - 6
Solution:
Let y = x-6 …Œ
And x + y - 4 x + 6 y + 8 = 0
2 2
…

Substitute Œ into :

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 x2 + ( x - 6) - 4x + 6 ( x - 6) + 8 = 0
2

x 2 + x 2 - 12 x + 36 - 4 x + 6 x - 36 + 8 = 0
2 x 2 - 10 x + 8 = 0
x2 - 5x + 4 = 0
( x - 1)( x - 4 ) = 0
\x =1 and x=4

When x = 1 y = 1- 6
y = -5

When x = 4 y = 4-6
= -2

\The points of intersection of the line and the circle are (1, - 5) and ( 4, - 2 ).

(b) (i) Given the coordinates of the points A and B are ( 7, - 3) and ( 2, 1)
respectively, state the position vectors corresponding to the points A and B
in the form xi + yj.

SOLUTION:
Data: The coordinates of the points A and B are ( 7, - 3) and ( 2, 1)
Required to state: The position vectors corresponding to the points A and
B in the form xi + yj.
Solution:
A = ( 7, - 3)

OA = 7i - 3j which is of the form xi + yj, where x = 7 and y = -3.

B = ( 2, 1)

OB = 2i + j, which is of the form xi + yj, where x = 2 and y = 1.

(ii) Determine AB .

SOLUTION:

Required to determine: AB
Solution:

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   
AB = AO + OB
= - ( 7i - 3j) + 2i + j
= -5i + 4j is of the form xi + yj, x = -5 and y = 4.

(iii) Calculate the value of the scalar product OA . OB .

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The value OA . OB
Calculation:
 
OA . OB = ( 7i - 3 j ) . ( 2i + j )
= ( 7 ´ 2 ) + ( -3 ´1)
= 14 - 3
= 11

(c) (i) Using the letters p, q or r, write an expression for EACH of the following
trigonometric ratios.

sin q

cos q

SOLUTION:
Data: Diagram of a right-angled triangle with the sides labelled p, q and r
and one interior angle q .
Required to write: An expression for sin q and cos q , in terms of p, q
and r
Solution:
opp adj
sin q = cos q =
hyp hyp
p r
= =
q q

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 (ii) Using your answers in (c) (i), determine the value of sin 2 q + cos 2 q .
Recall that sin 2 q = ( sin q )2.

SOLUTION:
Data: sin 2 q = ( sin q )2
Required to determine: The value of sin 2 q + cos 2 q
Solution:
2 2
æ pö ær ö
sin q + cos q = ç ÷ + ç ÷
2 2

è q ø èqø
p2 r 2
= 2 + 2
q q
p2 + r 2
=
q2
Recall: p 2 + r 2 = q 2 (Pythagoras’ Theorem)
&!
So, sin! θ + cos ! θ = &! = 1

1 1
(d) Prove the identity tan A + = .
tan A sin A cos A

SOLUTION:
1 1
Required to prove: tan A + =
tan A sin A cos A
Proof:
Consider the L.H.S.:
sin A
and recall: tan A =
cos A
1 sin A 1
tan A + = +
tan A cos A sin A
cos A
sin A cos A
= +
cos A sin A

=
( sin A)( sin A) + ( cos A)( cos A)
cos A sin A
sin A + cos 2 A
2
=
cos A sin A
!
Recall: sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1the LHS reduces to = RHS
"#$ %&'(" %
' '
Hence LHS = RHS and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + ()* + = ,-* + ./, + Q.E.D.

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 SECTION III

INTRODUCTORY CALCULUS

ALL working must be clearly shown.

4. (a) (i) Use the definition of the derivative as a limit to find f ¢ ( x ) for the
function f ( x ) = x2 - 3.

SOLUTION:
Data: f ( x ) = x2 - 3
Required to find: f ¢ ( x ) using the definition of the derivative as a limit
Solution:

f ¢ ( x ) = lim
{( x + h ) - 3} - ( x - 3)
2 2

h®0 ( x + h) - x
x 2 + 2hx + h 2 - 3 - x 2 + 3
=
h
2hx + h 2
=
h
= 2x + h
!
𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥 + 0
ℎ→1
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥

(ii) Hence, determine the value of f ¢¢ ( 5) .

SOLUTION:
Required to determine: The value of f ¢¢ ( 5) .
Solution:
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥, f ¢¢ ( x ) = 2, which is a constant.
Hence, f ¢¢ ( 5) is not feasible.

sin x dy 1
(b) Given that y = , show that = .
cos x dx cos 2 x

SOLUTION:
sin x
Data: y =
cos x
dy 1
Required To Show: =
dx cos 2 x

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 Proof:
sin x u du
y= is of the form , where u = sin x , = cos x
cos x v dx
dv
and v = cos x , = - sin x
dx

du dv
v -u
dy
= dx 2 dx (Quotient law)
dx v

=
( cos x )( cos x ) - ( sin x )( - sin x )
( cos x )
2

cos 2 x + sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x
Recall: sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
dy 1
=
dx cos 2 x
Q.E.D.

( )
4
(c) The equation of a curve is given by y = 5 x 2 - 7 . Determine the equation of the
gradient of the curve.

SOLUTION:
( )
4
Data: The curve has equation y = 5 x 2 - 7
Required to determine: The equation of the gradient of the curve
Solution:
y = (5x2 - 7 )
4

Let t = 5 x 2 - 7 Þ \ y = t4
dt dy
dx
(
= 5 2 x2 - 1 ) dt
= 4t 4 - 1
= 10x = 4t 3

dy dy dt
= ´ (Chain rule)
dx dt dx
= 4t 3 ´10 x
= 40 x ( 5 x 2 - 7 )
3

dy
= 40 x ( 5 x 2 - 7 ) .
3
Hence, the gradient function of the curve is
dx

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5. (a) The region enclosed between the curve y = x 2 + 1, the x-axis, the y – axis and
the line x = 2 is rotated about the x–axis through an angle of 360°.

Calculate the volume of the solid of revolution that is formed.

SOLUTION:
Data: The region enclosed between the curve y = x 2 + 1, the x–axis, the y – axis
and the line x = 2 is rotated about the x – axis through an angle of 360°.
Required to calculate: The volume of the solid of revolution formed
Calculation:

2
Volume of the solid generated = p ò 0
y 2 dx

(x + 1) dx
2 2
=pò 2
0

(x + 2 x 2 + 1) dx
2
=pò 4
0
2
é x5 2 x3 ù
=p ê + + x + C ú , where C is a constant
ë5 3 û0
é æ ( 2 ) 5 2 ( 2 )3 ö ù
= p êç + + 2 ÷ - ( 0)ú
êëçè 5 3 ÷
ø úû
11
= 13 p units3
15

(b) As a particle moves along a straight line, its displacement is measured from a
fixed point, O, on the line. At time t seconds, the acceleration, a, is given by
a = 24t - 14 .

(i) Find the expression for the velocity, v, of the particle, given that when
t = 1, v = 3 ms-1.

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 SOLUTION:
Data: The displacement of a particle is measured from a fixed point, O, as
it moves along a straight line. Its acceleration is, a = 24t - 14 after t
seconds.
Required to find: An expression for the velocity, v, of the particle given
that t = 1, v = 3 ms-1
Solution:
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
= b(24𝑡 − 14) 𝑑𝑡
24𝑡 !
𝑣= − 14𝑡 + 𝐶, where 𝐶 is 𝑎 constant
2
!
𝑣 = 12𝑡 − 14𝑡 + 𝐶

When t = 1, v = 3 ms-1:
\ 3 = 12 (1) - 14 (1) + C
2

3 = -2 + C
C =5

Hence, v = 12t 2 - 14t + 5.

(ii) Using your answer in (b) (i), find an expression for the displacement, s, of
the particle, given that when t = 1, s = 10 m.

SOLUTION:
Required to find: An expression for the displacement, s, of the particle,
given that when t = 1, s = 10 m
Solution:
s = ò v dt
= ò (12t 2 - 14t + 5 ) dt
12t 3 14t 2
= - + 5t + K , where K is a constant
3 2
s = 4t 3 - 7t 2 + 5t + K

When t = 1, s = 10 m:
\10 = 4 (1) - 7 (1) + 5 (1) + K
3 2

K =8

Hence, s = 4t 3 - 7t 2 + 5t + 8.

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 (c) The gradient function of the curve C is given by 7 - 2x . If the curve passes
through the point ( 3, 8 ), find the equation of the curve.

SOLUTION:
dy
Data: For a curve, C, that passes through the point ( 3, 8 ), = 7 - 2x
dx
Required to find: The equation of the curve
Solution:
dy
Let the gradient function be .
dx
dy
\Equation of the curve is y = ò dx
dx
y = ò ( 7 - 2 x ) dx
2 x2
y = 7x - + C , where C is a constant
2
y = 7 x - x2 + C

( 3, 8) lies on the curve.

\ 8 = 7 ( 3) - ( 3) + C
2

8 = 21 - 9 + C
C = -4

\The equation of the curve is y = 7 x - x 2 - 4.

SECTION IV

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

ALL working must be clearly shown.

6. (a) The heights of 35 children at a nursery were recorded to the nearest centimetre.
The data is shown below.

61 118 79 90 83 70 80
95 75 76 92 62 115 79
71 103 109 84 65 86 92
111 78 94 74 99 81 108
108 67 109 92 79 116 62

(i) Display the data shown on a stem-and-leaf diagram.

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 SOLUTION:
Data: Raw data showing the heights of 35 children at a nursery, recorded
to the nearest centimetre
Required to display: The data on a stem-and-leaf diagram
Solution:
Organising the data in ascending order:
61 62 62 65 67
70 71 74 75 76 78 79 79 79
80 81 83 84 86
90 92 92 92 94 95 99
103 108 108 109 109 111 115 116 118

The completed stem-and-leaf looks like:

Stem Leaf
6 1 2 2 5 7
7 0 1 4 5 6 8 9 9 9
8 0 1 3 4 6
9 0 2 2 2 4 5 9
10 3 8 8 9 9
11 1 5 6 8

Key:
Stem = 10's
Leaf = 1's
Example: 6|8 = 68

(ii) From the stem-and-leaf diagram in (a) (i), determine the value of the

• median

SOLUTION:
Required to determine: The value of the median
Solution:
The middle value of 35, which is the 18th value, is the median.

Stem Leaf
6 1 2 2 5 7
7 0 1 4 5 6 8 9 9 9
8 0 1 3 4 6
9 0 2 2 2 4 5 9
10 3 8 8 9 9
11 1 5 6 8

\Median = 84

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 • lower quartile

SOLUTION:
Required to determine: The value of the lower quartile
Solution:
The middle of the first 17 values is the 9th value.

Stem Leaf
6 1 2 2 5 7
7 0 1 4 5 6 8 9 9 9
8 0 1 3 4 6
9 0 2 2 2 4 5 9
10 3 8 8 9 9
11 1 5 6 8

\ Lower quartile = 75

• upper quartile.

SOLUTION:
Required to determine: The value of the upper quartile
Solution:

The middle value for the 19th to the 35th value is the 27th value.

Stem Leaf
6 1 2 2 5 7
7 0 1 4 5 6 8 9 9 9
8 0 1 3 4 6
9 0 2 2 2 4 5 9
10 3 8 8 9 9
11 1 5 6 8

\ Upper quartile = 103

(iii) At another nearby nursery, the heights of children of the same age were
recorded. The median height was 79 cm and the interquartile range was 24
cm.

Compare the characteristics of the two groups of children at the two

nurseries and describe ONE distinct observation about the distributions.

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 SOLUTION:
Data: At another nearby nursery, the heights of children of the same age
were recorded. The median height was 79 cm and the interquartile range
was 24 cm.
Required to compare: The characteristics of the two groups of children
and describe one distinct observation about the distributions.
Solution:
From (a), the median = 84 and the interquartile range = 103 - 75
= 28
Consider the groups as Group A and Group B.

Group A Group B
Median 84 79
I.Q.R. 28 24

Group A has a greater interquartile range than Group B. This indicates that
the data in group A has a greater spread than the data in Group B.

When the medians are compared, the data indicates that the median of
Group A is greater than the median of Group B. This implies:
In Group A, 50% of the students have heights greater than 84 cm
while 50% of the students have heights lower than 84 cm.

In Group B, 50% of the students have heights greater than 79 cm

while 50% of the students have heights lower than 79 cm.

We can therefore conclude that the children in Group A are taller when
compared to the children in Group B.

(b) (i) A bag contains 6 red marbles and 5 black marbles. During 2 rounds of a
marble game, a student is required to randomly draw 1 marble without
replacement for each round. Construct a probability tree diagram to
represent this information.

SOLUTION:
Data: A bag contains 6 red marbles and 5 black marbles. During 2 rounds
of a marble game, a student is required to randomly draw 1 marble without
replacement for each round.
Required to construct: A probability tree diagram to represent this
information
Solution:
Let R represent the event of choosing a red marble
Let B represent the event of choosing a black marble

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 (ii) Using your answer in (b) (i), find the probability that the marbles drawn
are ALL the SAME colour.

SOLUTION:
Required to find: The probability that the marbles drawn are all the same
colour
Solution:
𝑃(same colour) = 𝑃(𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅) or 𝑃(𝐵 and 𝐵)
= 𝑃((𝑅 ∩ 𝑅) ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐵))
6 5 5 4
= 3 × 4+3 × 4
11 10 11 10
30 + 20
=
110
50
=
110
5
=
11

(c) Given two events, A and B, P ( A È B ) = 0.7, P ( A) = 0.3 and P ( B¢) = 0.6.

(i) Calculate P ( A Ç B )

SOLUTION:
Data: Two events A and B are such that P ( A È B ) = 0.7, P ( A) = 0.3 and
P ( B¢) = 0.6.

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 Required to calculate: P ( A Ç B )
Calculation:
If P ( B¢) = 0.6, then P ( B ) = 1 - 0.6
= 0.4

P ( A È B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )
\ 0.7 = 0.3 + 0.4 - P ( A Ç B )
P ( A Ç B) = 0

\A and B are disjoint sets and P ( A Ç B ) = 0.

(ii) What is the relationship between Events A and B?

SOLUTION:
Required To State: The relationship between Events A and B
Solution:
P ( A È B ) = P ( A) + P ( B )
0.7 = 0.3 + 0.4

Hence, A and B are mutually exclusive events.

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