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UTS- Final - Understanding the Self MIDTERM REVIEWER

Nursing (Chinese General Hospital Colleges)

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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF THE SELF 6 DOMAINS OF SELF CARE

SPIRITUAL DOMAIN
3 PARTS OF THE SELF PHYSICAL DOMAIN o Creates space to reflect on our own inner needs
MODULE 1 | INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE o Involves tending to the needs of the needs of the and our role or place within the world and the
1) THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES physical body in order to achieve or support universe – how we find hope, purpose and meaning
o Seek to understand the construct of the optimal functioning and avoid deterioration in life
WHO AM I? self from various disciplinal perspectives
(philosophy, sociology, psychology, sleep, proper nourishment, exercise & health care faith-based spirituality religious participation, prayer;
SELF-UNDERSTANDING anthropology), as well as the traditional secular/non-faith-based spiritual meditation, connecting
o Knowledge or understanding of one’s capabilities, division between the east and the west, to with nature
character, feelings or motivations, actions and answer the question <what is the self?= RELATIONAL DOMAIN
reactions o The efforts we make to maintain and enhance our
2) UNPACKING THE SELF interpersonal connections to others 6 AREAS OF SELF CARE
SELF-AWARENESS o Explores the various aspects that make up
o Ability to see yourself clearly and objectively the self, such as the physical, biological, social integration, social support, altruism, virtual social
through reflection and introspection sexual, spiritual, social, material, and digital networks, family and friends
aspects
SELF-CONCEPT
o The individual’s belief about 3) MANAGING AND CARING FOR THE SELF PROFESSIONAL DOMAIN
himself/herself (Baumeister, 1999) o Application of the concepts to managing o To manage or prevent work- related stress &
• Self-image – how you see yourself and taking care of oneself stressors, reduce the risk or mitigate the effects of
• Self-esteem – the extent to which you burnout and other workplace hazards and
increase work performance and satisfaction
value yourself SELF – CARE
• Ideal self – what you’d like to be for
yourself job stress, job engagement, secondary traumatic stress &
<The practice of taking action to preserve or improve one’s
compassion satisfaction
own health ... own being, and happiness, in particular
PERSONAL IDENTITY during periods of stress= (Oxford Living Dictionary)
o Questions of our existence
• Who are we? EMOTIONAL DOMAIN
It is about taking proactive steps to enhance resilience and
• Is there life after death? o Practices that are engaged in to safeguard against
overall well-being (Butler et. al., 2019)
o Values, life experiences, morals, self-norms, or address negative emotional experience as well
abilities as those intended to create or enhance positive
TWO (2) CENTRAL AIMS OF SELF-CARE:
emotional experience and well-being

1. To limit negative outcomes

identifying and replacing destructive ways of coping,
o to guard against, cope with, or reduce
reducing negative emotional experience, increasing well-
stress & related adverse consequences
being and happiness

2. To promote broad positive outcomes

o to maintain and enhance well-being and
PSYCHOLOGICAL DOMAIN
overall functioning
o Pursue and satisfy intellectual needs and
purposeful and reflective efforts to understand
and attend to the overall needs of the organism

intellectual pursuits & other enjoyable activities of the

mind, self-awareness mindful reflection on self

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WHAT DOES LITERATURE SAY ABOUT SELF-CARE? MODULE 2 | THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES : SOCRATES PLATO
PHILOSOPHY
The presence of families and significant others and their SOCRATES PLATO
belief in their ability to face challenges by having the WHO AM I?
positive mindset and strong faith in God made [them] Philosophical View of the Self Philosophical View of the Self
resilient and strong, and to rise above difficult situations WHO AM I? o An unexamined life is not worth living o The self is an immortal soul
(Arnado & Bayod, 2020) ✓ The quest of searching for our identity ends with
the emergence of philosophy Represented Self as... Represented Self as...
Spirituality allows [them] to find meaning in their ✓ The word philosophy was derived from the o Soul o Soul
experiences (Bayod, 2020) words philos and sophia, which mean love and
wisdom respectively Key Concepts Key Concepts
Spiritual self-care, as a form of self-care, helps them cope ✓ Philosophers provide never-ending questions to o Every human possesses an immortal soul that o Believes in the process of self-knowledge and the
with problems (Pour et. al., 2020) survives the physical body purification of the soul
provide answers to everything especially why we
exist
Good social relationships among family and friends had a
positive effect on psychological self-care, academic Reality consists of TWO (2) DICHOTOMOUS REALMS: THREE PARTS OF THE SOUL:
Greek philosophers SPA (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle)
performance, happiness and self-care behaviors (Auttama,
started finding answers about human existence 1. PHYSICAL REALM 1. REASON
et. al., 2021)
o changeable, transient and imperfect o the divine essence that enables us to
RESILIENCE o e.g., physical world where we live, think deeply, make wise choices and
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF THE SELF our body achieve a true understanding of
The philosophical view of the self may evolve over time, but eternal truths
The process of adapting well in the face of adversity,
we have to acknowledge this because it serves as a guide 2. IDEAL REALM
trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress
for future views of the self o unchanging, eternal and immortal 2. PHYSICAL APPETITE
o e.g., truth, goodness, beauty, and o includes our basic biological needs
<Bouncing back= experiences from the difficult soul such as hunger, thirst, and sexual
desire

o The soul strives for wisdom and perfection, with 3. SPIRIT OR PASSION
reason as a tool to achieve this exalted state o includes basic emotions such as love,
o Man must live an examined life and a life of anger, ambition, aggressiveness,
and empathy
purpose and value
o These elements are in a dynamic
relationship, sometimes in conflict
SOCRATIC METHOD (INTROSPECTION)
o carefully examining one’s thoughts and emotions
to gain self-knowledge
Reason is responsible to sort things out and restore
harmonious relationship with one another

In his Theory of Forms, there are TWO WORLDS:

1. WORLD OF FORMS (NON-PHYSICAL IDEAS) – soul
2. WORLD OF SENSE (REALITY)

Man should give more importance to the soul than the

body

Source of Happiness
Genuine happiness can only be achieved by people who
consistently make sure that their Reason is in control of
their Spirits and Appetites

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ARISTOTLE ST AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO RENE DESCARTES JOHN LOCKE

ARISTOTLE ST AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO RENE DESCARTES JOHN LOCKE

Philosophical View of the Self Philosophical View of the Self Philosophical View of the Self Philosophical View of the Self
- The soul is the essence of the self - The self has an immortal soul - I think, therefore I am - The self is consciousness

Represented Self as... Represented Self as... Represented Self as... Represented Self as...
- Soul - Immortal soul - Thinking self - Personal identity

Key Concepts Key Concepts Key Concepts Key Concepts

- Anything with life has a soul. The soul is the - Views body as the spouse of the soul to be - Father of Modern Philosophy - The human mind at birth is tabula rasa or blank
essence of the self complete - The act of thinking about the self -of being self slate
- Humans differ from other living things because of - Soul is an important element of man, it governs and conscious - is in itself proof that there is a self - The self or personal identity, is constructed
their capacity for rational thinking defines man primarily from sense experiences, which molds the
self throughout his life
In Confession, humankind is created in the image and
likeness of God TWO DIMENSIONS OF THE HUMAN SELF: Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences
THREE KINDS OF SOUL: - Everything created by God who is all good is good is the key to understanding self
- Self can be known only through knowing God 1. THE SELF AS A THINKING ENTITY
1. VEGETATIVE SOUL - Reflection, prayers and confession are significant in o non-material, immortal, conscious Knowledge is based on careful observation of experiences,
o includes the physical body that can knowing God being and independent of physical while reason helps in figuring out the significance of sense
grow laws experience and reach intelligent conclusion
Source of Happiness
2. SENTIENT SOUL 2. THE SELF AS A PHYSICAL BODY
- Knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that Source of Happiness
o includes sensual desires, feelings and o material, mortal and non-thinking
dwells within us -truth of knowing God entity, governed by physical laws - The essence of the self is its conscious awareness of
emotions
itself as thinking, reasoning and reflecting identity
3. RATIONAL SOUL
o what makes man human, including Soul and body are independent of one another
intellect that allows man to know and
understand things Source of Happiness
- A thinking entity that doubts, understands,
analyzes, questions and reasons is the essence of
human self
- Live a good, flourishing and fulfilling life (self-
actualization)
- Rational soul is characterized by moral virtues
such as justice and courage

Source of Happiness
- The pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life
that includes doing virtuous actions

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DAVID HUME IMMANUEL KENT GILBERT RYLE MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

DAVID HUME IMMANUEL KENT GILBERT RYLE Philosophical View of the Self
- The self is embodied subjectivity
Philosophical View of the Self Philosophical View of the Self Philosophical View of the Self
- There is no self - We construct the self - The self is the way people behave Represented Self as...
- <I=
Represented Self as... Represented Self as... Represented Self as...
- N/A - Consciousness - Bodily behavior Key Concepts
- All knowledge about self is based on phenomena of
Key Concepts Key Concepts Key Concepts experience
- What people experience is just a bundle or - The self is the one actively organizing and - The self is best understood as a pattern of - The <I= is a single integrated core identity, a
collection of different perceptions synthesizing all of our thoughts and perceptions behavior combination of mental, physical and emotional
- Transcendental deduction of categories constructs - I act therefore I am structures around the self
an orderly and objective world that is stable and - Mind and body are intrinsically linked in complex - Consciousness contains everything that we are
DISTINCT ENTITIES: can be investigated scientifically and intimate ways aware of
- It is above the sense of experience - The mind is the totality of human dispositions that - Perception is a conscious experience
1. Impressions - The self constructs its own reality is known through behaviors
o basic sensations of people’s - Reason, regulates the self by making experience - The mind comprises systems of thought, emotions Source of Happiness
experience unified, while rationality makes abstract ideas and actions - When people examine the self at a fundamental
o e.g., hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold, understandable level of direct human experience, people will
heat
Source of Happiness discover that the mind and body are unified, not
Source of Happiness - The mind can be understood through the separate.
2. Ideas
o thoughts and images from - The self constructs its own reality by actively behaviors
impressions creating a world that is familiar, predictable and
o The idea of personal identity is a most significantly, mine PAUL CHURCHLAND
result of imagination
PAUL CHURCHLAND
SIGMEUND FREUD
Source of Happiness Philosophical View of the Self
- The self is the totality of a person’s conscious life SIGMEUND FREUD - The self is the brain

Philosophical View of the Self Represented Self as...

- The self is multilayered - Brain

Represented Self as... Key Concepts

- Conscious, unconscious, and preconscious self - Eliminative materialism - the self is inseparable
from the brain and the physiology of the body
Key Concepts
THREE LAYERS: It is the physical brain that gives people the sense of self,
1. Conscious Self - reality principle not the mind because it does not exist and can’t be
2. Unconscious Self – pleasure principle experienced by senses
3. Preconscious Self – non-threatening
Source of Happiness
Source of Happiness - If the brain is gone, there is no self
- Preserve the equilibrium (balance)

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MODULE 3 | THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES : SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY SELF-SCHEMA THEORY THE LOOKING GLASS SELF THEORY
SOCIOLOGY This theory states that we compare ourselves to others. - This theory states that we create mental - <Tell me who your friends are, and I will tell you
structures that direct the self’s attention who you are,=
TWO DIRECTIONS OF COMPARISON: - The looking-glass self is the process by which
THE SELF 1. UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON Schema people evaluate themselves based on how others
o We compare ourselves to people who are - A cognitive and memory structure for organizing see them
THE SELF better than us the world
The self is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves. 2. DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON - <The architecture of personality=
- William Swann and Michael Buhrmester (2012) o We compare ourselves to people who are
call the self a <functional fiction= because it’s a worse than us
story with a purpose. HOW DO WE KNOW THE SELF IS SOCIAL?
- And even though it’s a made-up, pieced-together Guide to Social Comparison: WIDE
tale that has an audience of only one person, this ✓ W – Who SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY
solitary self is also a social self. o (To whom are we comparing ourselves) - Forming our self-concept based on observation of
our own behaviors in the social world
That’s because the plot of our self-story always involves ✓ I – Interpretation
family, friends, neighborhood, culture, and much more. o (Why did you choose that person?) SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY CONSTITUTION OF THE SELF
- Three simultaneous selves (actual self, ideal self, - Created by Gerry Lanuza
✓ D – Direction ought self) that we are trying to juggle to avoid - Highlights the importance of finding one’s
SELF-CONCEPT o (Why are you comparing?) mismatch of self-discrepancy authentic core in the process of understanding our
social self
SELF CONCEPT ✓ E – Esteem - The society does not dictate who you are because
The personal summary of who we believe we are; it is how o (Value to ourselves) you are the one who picks your identity
we answer the question, <Who am I?= It includes our
assessment of our positive and negative qualities, our Upward Downward
relationships to others, our beliefs, and opinions, and Comparison Comparison JEAN BAUDRILLARD (POSTMODERNISM THEORY)
more. Positive Effects Hope, inspiration Gratitude - People define themselves based on what they have
- <In the modern world, what something represents
THREE THEORIES: Negative Effects Dissatisfaction, envy Scorn has become more important than what it actually
1. Social Comparison Theory is.=
2. Social Identity Theory SELF-EXPANSION THEORY - Ex. New cellphone, earthly goods, things that we
3. Self-Schema Theory SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY acquire
- The idea that all of us have a basic motivation to
- This theory states that culture (including the people
grow, improve, and enhance our self-concept; we
around us) creates expectations about how the self
want to reach our greatest potential (Aron, Aron
should behave.
& Normal, 2001; Aron & Aron, 1996)
- One common way we attempt to <expand= our
✓ Personal Identity – personal characteristics that we
self-concept is through close social relationships.
know
✓ Social Identity – social characteristics
▪ Regional Self – based on where you
come from
▪ Cultural Self – you adapt the culture of
the place you are in
▪ Independent Self – ex. the western
culture
▪ Interdependent Self – ex. eastern
culture

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WHY DO WE PRESENT DIFFERENT SELVES IN DIFFERENT MODULE 4 | THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES : IDENTITY TOOLBOX PERSONAL NAMING
SITUATIONS? ANTHROPOLOGY ▪ A name is an important device to individualize a
▪ Social view of self person and legitimize him or her as a member of a
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT ANTHROPOLOGY ▪ Kinship social group such as a family.
- Self-Presentation – ways that we adjust < The science of humanity,= which studies human ▪ Gender ▪ Gives a sense of belongingness
information about the self to gain social influence beings in aspects ranging from the biology and ▪ Age
and approval evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the ▪ Language RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
features of society and culture that decisively ▪ Personal naming ▪ Religion plays an important role in the Filipino
SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ▪ Religious beliefs and practices understanding of the self, tracing its roots from the
distinguish humans from older animal species.
- We attempt to look like, act like other people and <Bahala na= concept.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
tolerate differences and diversity to fit in SOCIAL VIEW OF THE SELF ▪ Babae, bathala, at lalaki
▪ Egocentric Self – seen as autonomous and distinct
BANDWAGON EFFECT WHO AM I? individual (independent) CULTURE AND TRADITION
- A psychological phenomenon whereby people do ▪ Sociocentric Self – seen as contingent on a ▪ Festivals
something primarily because other people are WHO AM I? situation or social setting (interdependent) ▪ Superstitions/Pamahiin
doing it, regardless of their own beliefs, which Human experience is an interplay of nature or the genetic ▪ Philippine Arts and Literature
they may ignore or override. inheritance which sets the individual’s potentials, and KINSHIP
nurture referring sociocultural environment (Haviland, ▪ Family, in the Philippine culture, plays a big role in FILIPINO TRAITS AND VALUES
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY Prins, Walrath, & Mcbride, 2013). influencing our self-concept. ▪ <Kapwa= in the Filipino Psychology, is the
- A sociological term used to describe a prediction ▪ <Family ties are very strong in the Philippines and recognition of the shared identity, an inner self
that causes itself to become true - We are looking on how an individual is being traditionally greater emphasis has been put on the shared with others.
nurtured. family than individuals,= (Hayes, 2015) ▪ Kapwa to <pakikipagkapwa= has a pivotal role in
the FIlipino culture.
Culture GENDER
- Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, ▪ A growing number of young people are moving
art, morals, law, customs, and any other beyond the idea that we live in a world where TERMINOLOGIES
capabilities and habits acquired by a man as a sexuality and gender come in only two forms (Katy
member of society (Edward Taylor). Steinmetz, Times Magazine) Cultural Awareness
- understanding of the differences between
Identity Toolbox LANGUAGE themselves and people from other countries
- Refers to the features of a person’s identity that he ▪ Language is intrinsic to the expression of culture.
or other backgrounds, especially differences
or she chooses to emphasize in constructing a in attitudes and values
▪ As a means of communicating values, beliefs and
social self customs, it has an important social function and Ethic Identity
fosters feelings of group identity and solidarity. - pointing out the sameness (shared
▪ It is the means by which culture and its traditions characteristics) of the self with others (e.g.,
and shared values may be conveyed and language, cultural traditions, etc.)
preserved.
Cultural Assimilation
- involves taking on the traits of the dominant
culture to such a degree that the assimilating
group becomes socially indistinguishable
from other members of the society

Cultural Accommodation
- refers to the process by which individuals
may take on values and beliefs of the host
culture and accommodate them in the public
sphere, while maintaining the parent culture
in the private sphere.

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MODULE 5 : THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE : iisip ng tao sa pag- SIGMEUND FREUD : PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
PSYCHOLOGICAL intindi ng human brain Sigmund Freud is the major proponent of the
sa pagdefine ng
psychodynamic approach A person, while growing up, undergoes into psychosexual
behavior at
Tries to explain why we behave a certain way attitude ng tao
stages that focus on different parts of the body.
3 COMPONENTS OF THE MIND
Psychological Perspectives in Understanding Human Behavior Humanistic Focuses on the role of Abraham Maslow ORAL STAGE
motivation that drives Carl Rogers CONSCIOUS LEVEL (EGO) - Stimulates the mouth
Approach Key Concept(s) Proponent(s) human to grow, change - Mediator between the Superego and Id
Psychodynamic Emphasizes the role of Sigmund Freud and develop potential
- We only show the conscious level ANAL STAGE
the unconscious mind, Carl Jung
- Stimulates the anus
childhood/ past Erik Erikson • Mahalaga ang mga ito
experiences and sa development ng tao PRECONSCIOUS LEVEL (SUPEREGO)
interpersonal • There is something - Tells us the right things to do PHALLIC STAGE
relationships to explain that drives us to do - Morality principles (ideals, beliefs) - Stimulates the genitals
human behavior something - Children start to explore and become curious
UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL (ID)
• Binibigyang halaga
- Basic impulses (needs, desires, motivations, LATENCY STAGE
yung epekto ng
unconscious mind Biological drives) - Interaction with other people
Emphasizes the
at past experiences as - Pleasure-principle (anything that is pleasurable) - Losing focus on body parts
physical and
pag-intindi kung sino
biological bases of - This level gratifies our needs
ba ang isang tao GENITAL STAGE
behavior, such as genetic
• Associates the
influences, body systems - Curiosity in the use of genitals
childhood to a person
and brain damage that
affects personality
FIXATION
Cross-Cultural Understands - When a person does not address the psychosexual
Behavior across different stages, they will fix on the stage and will not be
Behavioral Focuses on observable Ivan Pavlov cultures
able to move on
behaviors as a response John B. Watson
Burrhus Frederic Evolutionary - Can undergo over-gratification or under-
to environmental factors Applies the basic
(stimuli) rather than on Skinner gratification
principles of
emphasizing internal Edward Lee
Thorndike evolution in
states explaining psychological
phenomena
• Should be
observable; focuses
on the individual’s
response to the
environment

Cognitive Focuses on mental Jean Piaget

processes like memory, Albert Bandura
thinking, problem solving, Wilhelm Wundt
language and decision-
making

• Highlighting na
mahalaga ang
nangyayaring function
or process sa pag-

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CARL JUNG : THEORY OF UNCONSCIOUS IVAN PAVLOV : CLASSICAL CONDITIONING JOHN WATSON: BEHAVIORISM

EGO IVAN LAVLOV JOHN WATSON

- Ego is what manifests our image - Learning through association - We cannot define a person based on what happens
- As people, if there are two stimuli introduced to on their mind; instead, we need to look at their
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS our organs that are associated with being good, it behavior
will produce a learning response. - Behavior is a manifestation.
- Information that you forgot but remember once in
a while
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
- A way of desensitizing our fears
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS - A person will be exposed of pictures of their fears,
ERIK ERIKSON: PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES - Information that we are not totally aware but gradually, you will realize that those are only
Unlike the Psychosexual Stages by Freud, this stage - Inherited from our genetics and ancestors pictures
focuses on the social stages. o Jungian Archetypes – different forms of
appearances that we show
SOCIAL STAGES ▪ Persona – a mask; we do not show
- Responsibilities and expectations that we should the unlikeable traits about
undergo and complete as we grow to gain our ourselves
egos direct. ▪ Anima/Animus – our gender
- Once the appropriate confidence level has been • Anima is the feminine side
achieved, your egos will strike (ego strength) of the male
• Animus is the masculine
side of the female
▪ Shadow – animalistic side; impulse BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER : OPERANT CONDITIONING
▪ Self – balances the three types;
what we really are BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER EDWARD LEE THORNDLIKE: LAW OF EFFECT
- We learn through the concept of reward and
punishment EDWARD LEE THORNDLIKE
- Rewards create positive reaction, whereas Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become
punishments create negative reaction more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable
Systems consequences become less likely
Concept Sub-types
of Psyche - You are most likely to do something when it has a
good effect
Represents the
conscious mind as it
comprises the
Ego thoughts, memories
and emotions a person
is aware of
Complex a collection
Personal Contains temporarily of thoughts, feelings
forgotten information and attitudes and
Uncon-
and repressed
memories
scious memories

JUNGIAN ARCHETYPES:
level of unconscious • Persona
shared with other • Anima/
Collective members of the human Animus
Uncon- species comprising • The Shadow
scious latent memories from • The Self
our ancestral and
evolutionary past

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JEAN PIAGET: SCHEMA ALBERT BANDURA : SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ABRAHAM MASLOW: HIERARCHY OF NEEDS MODULE 6 | THE WESTERN AND EASTERN CONCEPT OF
THE SELF
ABRAHAM MASLOW
JEAN PIAGET ALBERT BANDURA
It is the architect of the mind that organizes memories in Learning through observation; we behave through Humanistic Needs – this explains that we behave because WESTERN CONCEPT OF THE SELF
the mind so that the next time we experience a situation, observing other people’s actions we have a need
we will act accordingly to our past experience. - <Sa mata ng bata, lahat nagiging tama= Geertz (2008) defines the western concept of self as a
- Shaped like a pyramid <bounded, unique, more or less integrated motivational
ASSIMILATION - The level below consists of basic but most and cognitive universe, a dynamic center of awareness,
- Using an existing schema to deal with the new important needs and the upper level consists of emotion, judgment and action organized into a distinctive
object or situation. things that we don’t actually need whole and set contrastively both against other such wholes
- Ex. When going to a party, you will use the - When you fulfill all needs, you are a self-actualized and against its social and natural background.=
previous information you learned from the last person
party you went WESTERN SELF AS ANALYTIC
- The western way of thinking is analytic – deductive
EQUILIBRATION with emphasis on the causal links
- The balance of both assimilation and - i.e., the whole is understood when differentiated
accommodation into parts
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE HUMAN BEHAVIOR
DISEQUILIBRIUM WESTERN SELF AS MONOTHEISTIC
- When something you learned before does not - The belief in one Supreme Being coexisting with the
✓ Cognitive Factors (Personal Factors) – existing
work anymore universe condenses the supernatural and human
factors
capabilities into bipolarity of both qualities of
✓ Environmental Factors – what the society tells us CARL ROGERS : FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON
ACCOMMODATION existence.
what is right and what is not; the norms
- When you go to a new party and assimilation does
✓ Behavioral Factors – how we act and how we are CARL ROGERS
not work out, you will create new information and WESTERN SELF AS INDIVIDUALISTIC
rewarded/stimulated
create new information - The same concept as the self-actualized person of - Western individualism exhibits the coexistence of
Abraham Maslow favorable and unfavorable conditions inherent in
- We behave because we want to become fully personal freedom.
functioning - The right to individual freedom provides both
opportunities for self- fulfillment and or the
To meet our self-image and ideal self, there should be likelihood of experiencing alienation and
congruence (balance) frustration.
- Self-Image – what we show
- Ideal Self – what we want Western Self as Materialistic and Rationalistic
- The western way of thinking is focused on material
If the self-image and ideal self do not meet, there will be things and favors a rational empirical
incongruency - approach over magical and superstitious
3 FACTORS: explanations of immaterial things.
WILHELM WUNDT: INTROSPECTION I. Genuineness
II. Acceptance
WILHEN WUNDT III. Love
States that we can understand ourselves if we look on our
internal state (looking within)

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DAVID HO (1995) EASTERN CONCEPT OF THE SELF BUDDHISM CONFUCIANISM

- describes the western self as an individualistic self
In the East, philosophy and religion are twisted together. Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, is the founder The Confucius doctrines are found in the Analects or the
that is deeply aware of itself, its uniqueness, sense
of direction, purpose and volition. Thus, the major Eastern religions such as Hinduism, of Buddhism. Conversations of Confucius.
Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism are also the common - The root word of Buddhism is <budh= meaning - The core of Confucian thought is the Golden Rule or
FRANK JOHNSON (1985) representatives of eastern thought. <awake.= the principle of reciprocity:
- traces the earliest historical roots of the western - To be awake may imply that opening the eyes - <Do not do to others what you would not want
These eastern intellectual traditions differ greatly in would lead to understanding more about the self others to do to you.=
concept of the self to works on philosophy, almost
features and approaches to various issues about selfhood.
half a million years ago and world. - Thus, the basic virtue or proper conduct is knowing
For this reason, the eastern thought is described by Garcia
- by the middle and nineteenth century, psychology (2013) as pluralistic. According to Buddhism, every person has the seed of how to act in relation to others.
has provided answers to philosophical questions enlightenment, hence, the potential to be a Buddha. But
about the concepts of soul and mind Although these four systems of eastern thought differ in the seed should be nurtured (Mansukhani, 2013). THE MOST IMPORTANT OF RELATIONSHIPS ARE THE FIVE
their approaches about the concept of self, they share the CARDINAL RELATIONSHIPS:
Stage Period Historical Development same goal - to teach how to become a perfect person
1 Pre-Christian (Villaba, 1995). THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS ARE THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF (1) Between ruler and minister
time until There were philosophical and BUDDHISM: (2) between father and son
1850 theological attempts to characterize
(3) between husband and wife
the self through the concepts of soul (1) life is suffering
and mind with emphasis on (4) between brothers
THE SELF IN FOUR GREAT SYSTEMS OF EASTEN THOUGHT (2) suffering is caused by attachment to desires
conscious experience of the (5) between friends
individual, distinction between (3) suffering can be eliminated
physical and mental nature of (4) elimination of suffering is through the practice of Hence, the self is known as a relational self.
man and the causality of human
HINDUISM
the eightfold path
behavior The Hindu concept of self is based on Vedanta, a major The individual’s greatest mission of attaining self-realization
a. right view
school of Indian thought. where self-cultivation is instrumental. Self-cultivation could
b. right aspiration
2 1850-
- It has been stated that Brahman is an absolute be attained by knowing one’s role in society and act
1940 The establishment of experimental c. right speech
reality, and Atman as the soul or spirit is the true accordingly.
psychology in mid- 19 century led to d. right action
knowledge of self.
a change in emphasis from abstract e. right livelihood
- Vedanta characterizes human suffering as the
concepts of soul and mind to result of failure to realize the distinction between f. right effort
observable and measurable aspects the true self (permanent and unchanging) and the TAOISM
of human faculties g. right mindfulness
non- true self (impermanent and continuously
changing). h. right concentration. Taoism is a Chinese counterculture.
The concept of self re-emerged within
the social interactionist framework in The goal of the person is to have a knowledge of the true - Taoists reject the idea of a relational self.
reality, which is Brahman. But the realization of true In Buddhist philosophy, man is just a title for the
the early 1900s - To them, the self is an extension of the cosmos, not
selfhood will result in complete dissolution of individual summation of five parts:
identity (Ho, 1995). of social relationships.
3 1940- There is multidirectional and 1. matter
present continuous development of concept - The self is described as one of the limitless forms of
The Law of Karma is the most important doctrine of 2. sensation
of self Hinduism. the Tao.
3. perception
Sociological and psychological - All actions are subjected to karma. 4. mental constructs The Tao is commonly regarded as nature that is the
theories of self encompassing the - If you do good things, you will be rewarded. 5. consciousness. foundation of all that exists. It is not bounded by time and
three levels of self: inner self, - If you do bad things, you will be punished.
- Therefore, the individual is the only one space.
interpersonal self and social self
responsible for the consequences of his or her Man has no self or no-soul. There is nothing permanent
actions (Garcia, 2008). - The self is attained when the distinction between
Existentialists and phenomenologists but change. The ignorance of the impermanence of
<I= and <other= dissolves.
engaged in holistic approach Hindus also believe that Atman, the immortal soul, everything may lead to an illusion of selfhood.
integrating the three levels of self continues to be reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime until - The selfless person leads to a balanced life, in
it is freed from the cycle of rebirth and reaches a state of This primal ignorance will be the cause of life’s misery, harmony with both nature and society.
At present, there is a convergence in nirvana or non-birth. births and rebirths. The ideal is to experience nirvana, a - There should be unity and harmony among
the conceptualization of self
among various disciplines Karma does not end with the body's death. In the present state of transcendence devoid of self- reference, which opposing elements of the Yin and Yang
lifetime, people can change what they will become in can be achieved through meditation.
future lives.

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DICHOTOMY OF WESTERN AND EASTERN CONCEPTS OF

SELF
and self as object (both knower and
It is vitally important that both East and West appreciate (known) known)
each other’s attempts to understand the self. To do so can Theological
monotheistic polytheistic
only enrich both. Thus, Quito seeks to place western and view
eastern theories of the self into perspective by making Self actualization To achieve a balanced
some comparisons and contrast among them. Ideal through personal life and find one’s role
growth in

COMPARATIVE MATRIX OF WESTERN AND EASTERN Individualism Collectivism

APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
The self is a distinct The self is an
Dimension Western Thought Eastern Thought and autonomous integrated part of the
entity universe and the
There is a society
Frame of reference separation Independence and
between Religion and philosophy self- reliance are Interdependen ce and
philosophy and are intertwined core values connectedness are
religion/ core values
spirituality Prioritize personal
goals over group No distinctions
Examples of • Scholasticism goals between personal and
schools of • Rationalism • Hinduism Cultural group goals
thought/belief • Empiricism • Buddhism framework Characterized by
systems • Phenomenolo • Confucianism exchange Characterized
gy • Taoism Relationship by communal
relationship
Greek Triumvirate: Uniqueness, sense
• Socrates • Confucius of direction, Conformity
Notable philosophers • Plato • Lao Tzu purpose and and obedience are
• Aristotle • Siddharta volition are essential social
Rene Descartes Gautama the acknowledge behaviors
John Locke (Buddha) features of
the self Duty towards others
Has trusted are important
Has made use of intuition and is
Source of knowledge reason rather than Personal success is
often associated
faith to pursue important
with religious
wisdom beliefs
Modes of cognition
Analytic and
Synthetic and inductive
deductive

Emphasis Distinctions and Commonalities and

oppositions harmonies

View of the
universe and life
linear circular

View of self
egocentric sociocentric

Subject-object
distinction Duality of self as Simultaneously subject
subject (knower) and object

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