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Unit: Biological Systems Chapter: 8 Topic: An Introduction to Metabolism

Learning Goal(s):
2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of
free energy.

Podcast(s):

Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:

& Key Terms In My Own Words (“How will I remember each term?”)
Include Images and Hyperlinks
Concept 8.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
Key Vocabulary
Metabolic pathway
Catabolic pathways
Anabolic pathways
Kinetic energy
Thermal energy
Potential energy
Chemical energy
Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
Define metabolism.

There are two types of reactions in

metabolic pathways: anabolic and
catabolic.
a. Which reactions release energy?
b. Which reactions consume
energy?
c. Which reactions build up larger
molecules?
d. Which reactions break down
molecules?
e. Which reactions are considered
“uphill”?
f. What type of reaction is
photosynthesis?
g. What type of reaction is cellular
respiration?
h. Which reactions require enzymes
to catalyze reactions?
Contrast kinetic energy with
potential energy.

Which type of energy does water

behind a dam have? A mole of
glucose?
Concept 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously

Key Vocabulary
Free energy

Exergonic reaction

Endergonic reaction

What is free energy? What is its

symbol?
For an exergonic reaction, is ΔG
negative or positive?
Is cellular respiration an endergonic
or an exergonic reaction? What is
ΔG for this reaction?
Is photosynthesis endergonic or
exergonic? What is the energy
source that drives it?
To summarize, if energy is released,
ΔG must be what?
Concept 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

Key Vocabulary

Energy coupling

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

Phosphorylated

List the three main kinds of work

that a cell does. Give an example of
each.
 Here is a molecule of ATP. Label it. Use an arrow to show which bond is likely to break.

a. By what process will that bond break?

b. Explain the name ATP by listing all the molecules that make it up.
When the terminal phosphate bond
is broken, a molecule of
inorganic phosphate P i is
formed, and energy is
___________________?
For this reaction: ATP 􀃆ADP + Pi,
ΔG =
_________________________
_
Is this reaction endergonic or
exergonic?
What is energy coupling?
In many cellular reactions, a
phosphate group is transferred from
ATP to some other molecule in
order to make the second molecule
less stable. The second molecule is
said to be _________________.
Look for this amazing bit of trivia:
If you could not regenerate ATP by
phosphorylating ADP, how much
ATP would you need to consume
each day?
 Concept 8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers

Key Vocabulary
Enzyme
Catalyst
Substrate
Enzyme-substrate complex

Active site
Induced fit
Cofactors
Coenzyme
Competitive inhibitors
Noncompetitive inhibitors
What is a catalyst?

What is activation energy (EA)?

On the graph, label the x-axis “Progress of the reaction” and the y-axis “Free Energy.” Label EA on this sketch, both with
and without enzyme.

a. What effect does an enzyme have on EA?

b. Label ΔG. Is it positive or negative?
c. How is ΔG affected by the enzyme?
Label this figure while you define each of the following terms:
enzyme
substrate
active site
products

What is meant by induced fit? How

is it shown in this figure?
Explain how protein structure is
involved in enzyme specificity.
Enzymes use a variety of
mechanisms to lower activation
energy. Describe four of these
mechanisms.
Many factors can affect the rate of
enzyme action. Explain each factor
listed here.
a. initial concentration of substrate
b. pH
c. temperature
Recall that enzymes are globular
proteins. Why can extremes of pH
or very high temperatures affect
enzyme activity?
Name a human enzyme that
functions well in pH 2. Where is it
found?
Distinguish between cofactors and
coenzymes. Give examples of each.
Compare and contrast competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Label each type of inhibitor in this figure.

Concept 8.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism

Key Vocabulary
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Feedback inhibition
What is allosteric regulation?
How is it somewhat like
noncompetitive inhibition? How might
it be different?
Explain the difference between an
allosteric activator and an allosteric
inhibitor.
Although it is not an enzyme,
hemoglobin shows cooperativity in
binding O2. Explain how hemoglobin
works at the gills of a fish.
Study this figure from your book (Figure 8.22).
a. What is the substrate molecule to initiate this metabolic pathway?
b. What is the inhibitor molecule?
c. What type of inhibitor is it?
d. When does it have the most significant regulatory effect?
e. What is this type of metabolic control called?
 Complete Concept Checks 8.1-8.5

* Go to www.campbellbiology.com and complete online assignments

Concept Check 8.1

1. How does the second law of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane?
2. Describe the forms of energy found in an apple as it grows on a tree, then falls and is digested by someone
who eats it.
3. If you place a teaspoon of sugar in the bottom of a glass of water, it will dissolve completely over time. Left
longer, eventually the water will disappear and the sugar crystals will reappear. Explain these observations
in terms of entropy.
Concept Check 7.2:
1. Cellular respirations uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases CO2 and
water, which have low levels of free energy. Is respiration spontaneous or not? Is it exergonic or
endergonic? What happens to the energy released from glucose?
2. A key process in metabolism is the transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane to create a
concentration gradient. Other processes can result in an equal concentration of hydrogen ions on each side.
Which arrangement of hydrogen ions allows the H+ to perform work in this system?
3. At nighttime celebrations, revealers can sometimes be seen wearing glow-in-the-dark necklaces. The
necklaces start glowing once they are “activated,” which usually involves snapping the necklace in a way
that allows two chemicals to react and emit light in the form of “chemiluminescence.” Is the chemical
reaction exergonic or endergonic? Explain your answer.
Concept Check 8.3:
1. In most cases, how does ATP transfer energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions in the cell?
2. Which of the following combinations has more free energy: glutamic acid + ammonia + ATP, or glutamine
+ ADP+ Pi? Explain your answer.
Concept Check 8.4:
1. Many spontaneous reactions occur very slowly. Why don’t all spontaneous reactions occur instantly?
2. Why do enzymes act only on very specific substrates?
3. Malonate is an inhibitor of the enzymes succinate dehydrogenase. How would you determine whether
malonate is a competitive or noncompetitive inhibitor?
Concept Check 8.5:
1. How can an activator and an inhibitor have different effects on an allosterically regulated enzyme?
2. Imagine you are a pharmacological researcher who wants to design a drug that inhibits a particular enzyme.
Upon reading the scientific literature, you find that the enzyme’s active site is similar to that of several other
enzyme’s active site is similar to that of several other enzymes. What might be the best approach to developing
you inhibitor drug?
Summary, Reflection, Analysis

Summarize: in your own words the highlight of this section

Reflect: How did you relate to the topic personally? In other words, how might understanding this topic help you make personal decisions
?

Analyze: Before completing the notes rate yourself using a scale from 1 – 4. Explain. After you complete your notes, rate yourself again.
Which words, topics or concepts were challenging for you to learn. How will you remember them?
General Rubric for Monitoring Student Understanding
Pre Post Scale

I understand ........... enough to teach.

4 (Expert Teacher - Wow!!)

I understand ............ enough to use.

3 (Skilled & Independent!)
I understand part of ............, but
2 (Need some help please!)
not............. .
I do not have an understanding (S.O.S. - I’m lost; will come for
1
of................. . tutoring.)
Resource Titles
Podcast(s)
Bozeman: Enzymes
Gibbs Free Energy
Brightstorm Tutorial: Enzymes
Animations
Enzymes Function
Enzymedica: Enzyme Basics
McGraw Hill: Enzyme Function

Additional Resources
Links to additional practice found through Digital Resources:
www.biology.com www.explorelearning.com www.quizlet.com
Open Notes: Use this section to take any additional notes or answer additional questions
presented in the learning activity.