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Structural Systems in Architecture
Dr. Shankha Pratim Bhattacharya
Department of Architecture & Regional Planning
IIT KHARAGPUR
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Module 01: Statics and Structural Systems
Lecture 01 : Introduction to Structures
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 Course Outline
 Course Key Features & Learning Objective

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 Definition of Structure & Structural System
 Types of Structural System
 Objectives of Structural Engineering
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Learning Objective

• Course Overview.

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• Basic understanding of Structural System.
• To understand the Requirement of the Structure in Building.

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 Course Outline
Module 1:
Statics and Structural Systems

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Structure and its classification, Force system, Supports, Reaction, Loading.

Module 2:
Strength of Materials
Theory of Elasticity, Material Properties, Shear and Bending Moments,

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Module 3:
Structural Mechanics
Stress due to Bending and Shear, Theory of Column

Module 4:
Frame Structure Analysis and Design
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Deflection of beam, Analysis of structural elements and frame. The application of different
types of structural frame in Architecture. Design principles of RCC structures.
 Course Outline
Module 5:
Truss and Space Frame

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Structural Concept, Types of truss, Analysis of truss Application and Advantages of truss and space frames.
Module 6:
Arch, Shell and Dome
Structural Concept, Types, Application and Advantages, Case Study.
Module 7:

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Tensile and Plate Structures
Structural Development and Concept, Types of tensile and plate, Application and Advantages of
tensile and plate structures.
Module 8:
Special Structures
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Pneumatic Structures, Tensegrity, Temporary Structures and Structures for Cost Effective
Technology, Building Foundation, High-rise Structural Systems.
 Key Features

The course is specially designed for the students of Architecture for developing the structural

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concept without difficulty.

The lectures will explain structural concepts clearly, using real-life examples and illustrations.

The course demonstration and structural theories will be discussed in conceptual way with
minimum mathematical computation.

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The prime focus will be to understand the structural system, its advantages and application in
Architectural Design.
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 Course Learning Objective

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• Clarify the fundamentals of structural engineering.
• Correlate the structural theories with structural behaviour.
• Analyse and design basic structural elements.
• Compare and evaluate the various structural systems.

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• Apply the appropriate structural system in various Design Studio exercises.
• Perform well in the competitive examinations and job interviews.
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 Definition of Structure

The structure of a building (or other object) is the part which is responsible for maintaining

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the shape of the building under the action of the gravitational & environmental loads.

It is important that the structure as a whole (or any part of it) does not fall down, break or deform to
an unacceptable degree when subjected to such forces or loads.

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It should safely transmit the resulting forces to the supporting ground.

It should maintain the integrity and serviceability of the built form.

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 Definition of Structural System

Any structure is made up of STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS and NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

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Beams, Columns, Slab, Trusses
Partition wall, False ceilings, Windows, Doors, Parapet

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The STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, put together, constitute the STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
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Buildings

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https://www.arch2o.com/the-
beauty-of-architectural-structures/
https://pixabay.com/photos/tower-
building-structure-tall/
Towers & Bridges

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N Picture Sources:
https://www.financialexpress.com/vidyas
agar-setu/
https://www.123rf.com/photo
https://www.britannica.com/technology/
Structural Element Geometry and Orientation

Wall Thin – Thick

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Beam Grid, Dimension
Column Linear - Curvilinear
Link Inclined
Plate Triangular, Square ..

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Membrane Parabolic
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Structural Configuration / System

 Structural Configuration / System
Nature of Loading Support System
Structural Material
Concentrated Simply

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Brick
Heavy Moment Cantilever
RCC
Wind Continuous
Steel
Seismic Flexible
Ductile, Brittle

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Stable, Shear, Bending, Buckling, Deflection, Crack
 Structural Behaviour

Architectural Function Construction Technology

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Serviceability Durability

Economy Aesthetics

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Structural System
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Types of Structural System

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Frames

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Trusses
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Photo Source:
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/r
oofing-steel-truss-structure/
https://gharpedia.com/blog/what-is-a-
reinforced-concrete-framed-structure/
Types of Structural System

Space Frame

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N Photo Source:
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki
/Concrete_frame
http://www.polarkon.com.tr/en/space-
frame-structures/
Types of Structural System

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Arch

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N Vault

Photo Source:
https://fabricarchitect.com
https://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/
Types of Structural System

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Shell Structure

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Photo Source:
http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-
construction/
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
Types of Structural System

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Dome

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Photo Source:
https://worldarchitecture.org/articles/
https://steemit.com/esteem/
Types of Structural System

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Tensile

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Photo Source:
https://theconstructor.org/
http://www.globaltensilestructure.com/
Types of Structural System

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Plate

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Photo Source:
https://in.pinterest.com/
 Objectives of Structural Engineering

Safety

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Strength to resist the various stresses induced in different structural elements.

Sufficient margins of safety to have an acceptable low risk of collapse under possible overloads during its designed life.

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Photo Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication
/229318
 Objectives of Structural Engineering

Stability

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To prevent overturning, sliding, or buckling of the structure, or parts of it, under action of different loads.

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Photo Source:
https://apps.peer.berkeley.edu/publications
 Objectives of Structural Engineering

Serviceability

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To ensure satisfactory performance under service load conditions and to contain deflections, crack-width, story
drift, vibration within the acceptable limit.

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Photo Source:
http://oregoncidc.blogspot.com
 Objectives of Structural Engineering

Durability

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Providing impermeability, corrosion resistance, control of creep and shrinkage, by using high performance materials.
The materials used must be resistant to corrosion, spalling (pieces falling off), chemical attack, rot or insect attack.

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Photo Source:
https://www.deccanchronicle.com
 Objectives of Structural Engineering

Economy

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Efficiency and economy of structures are important parts of structural engineering.
Many buildings have been built under strict financial constraints.
The need for selecting an efficient structural system is essential to keep the cost of project under control.

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Ease of maintenance
Fire resistance N
 Objectives of Structural Engineering
Aesthetics
Structural systems and structural components designed by the engineer plays a major role in the aesthetic

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appearance of structures.
The visual appearance of buildings mainly depends on the conceptual composition of three dimensional forms.
A well composed form provides a unique and easy structural solution.

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Photo Source:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/
https://www.planetware.com/
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It is indeed a challenge, and a responsibility for the structural designer to design a structure that is not
only appropriate for the architectural purpose, but also strikes the right balance between safety and
economy.

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 About the Course

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8-Weeks Programme
PPTs and Lecture Handouts

Home Work Sheet

Assignments

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Discuss through Forum

End Semester Examination

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 Reinforced Concrete Design By Pillai & Menon, Tata McGraw Hill Publisher
 Basic Structures for Engineers and Architects By Philip Garrison, Blackwell Publisher

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NPTEL 8-Week course for “Structural Systems in Architecture” is introduced.

An overview of structure and Structural System is discussed.

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Objectives of Structural Engineering are also stated.

Next Lecture:
Module 01: Statics and Structural Systems
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Lecture 02 : Force System
 End of Lecture 01

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