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Structural Systems in Architecture
Dr. Shankha Pratim Bhattacharya
Department of Architecture & Regional Planning
IIT KHARAGPUR
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Module 01: Statics and Structural Systems
Lecture 03 : Moment, Couple & Static Equilibrium
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 Moments and Couple
 Resultant of Force System

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 Resolving of Force System
 Equilibrium of Force System
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Learning Objective

• Conceptualization of Moment and Couple.

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• Outline the Resultant and Resolving Force System.
• Deduce the Equilibrium Condition of Force System.

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 Moment
Moment and Couple describes the cause and effect of rotation in force systems, in any rigid bodies.

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Moment of a force is a measure of the turning effect of a force.
The amount the moment is directly proportional to the magnitude of the force and the
perpendicular distance to the force from the point.
Moment of force is measured in Newton meters (Nm) in the SI unit system.
In physical sense, moment is often called “torque”.

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F
M=Fxd
d
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Moment of a force = Force × Perpendicular distance from the point to force
 Couple

Couple is a system of two forces which are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and have parallel lines
of action.

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Both forces create their own moment of force.
But the net moment of the couple is independent of the location of the point considered.
F
d1 d2
M1 = F x d1 M2 = F x d2

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F
M = (M1 + M2) = (F x d1)+(F x d2) = F x (d1+ d2) = F x D

Moment of a Couple = Magnitude of Force × Perpendicular Distance Between the Forces

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Difference Between Moment and Couple

Moment of force is the measure of A couple consists of two equal and opposite forces

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turning effect of a force about a point. acting with two different but parallel lines of
action. Each force has its own moment.

Moment of a force = Force × Perpendicular Moment of a Couple = Magnitude of Force ×

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distance from the point to force Perpendicular Distance Between the Forces

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Example:
F.Cos30 = 20 x 0.866 = 17.32N
17.32N

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30°
30° F=20N
F=20N
F.Sin30 = 20 x 0.5 = 10N
10N

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𝜃 = 30°

M = 10 N x 3m = 30Nm
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 Resultant of Force System
Coplanar - Collinear Forces

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Q = 2N P = 3N R = 5N
=

Q = -2N P = 3N R = 1N

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=
Q = 2N

=
N
P = 3N
P = 5N
 Resultant of Force System
Coplanar - Concurrent Forces

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Q Q
θ
P P

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Q R
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P
 Example:
P = 12N, Q = 20N, θ = 60°

𝑅= 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃

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𝑅= 122 + 202 + 2𝑋12𝑋20 cos 60
12N P R
28N
𝑅= 122 + 202 + 2𝑋12𝑋20𝑋0.5
θ
60° 𝑅 = 144 + 400 + 240

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Q 20N
𝑅 = 784
𝑅= 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 𝜃
N 𝑅 =28N
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R = (62 +82)1/2
P F1 = 6N R = 10 N

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Q F2 = 8N

𝑅= 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 + 2𝑃𝑄 cos 90

𝑅= 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
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Resultant Force: Law of Triangle

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P = R P

θ
θ

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Q Resultant Force is the Reverse Direction Q
Closing Triangle Side

P = P
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Q Q
 Resultant of Force System
Coplanar - Parallel Forces

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4N P Q 10N R = 14N
140 cm
4 XD1 = 10 X (140 – D1)
14 D1 = 1400

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R D1 = 100
D1 D2

P.D1 = Q.D2
R = (P+Q)
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 Resultant of Force System

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P Sinθ P P= 20N 17.32N

θ Θ = 60°

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P Cosθ 10N

P Cosθ = 20.Cos 60° = 20 X 0.5 = 10N

P Sinθ = 20.Sin 60° = 20 X 0.866 = 17.32N
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102 + 17.322 = 100 + 300 = 400 = 20
12N 12
8.5
10N Force Angle Horizontal Vertical 2.7 10
P θ P.Cosθ P.Sinθ
45° 15° 8.5 45° 15°

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10 15 9.7 2.6
60° 12 45 8.5 8.5 4.0 60° 9.7
8 60 4.0 6.9
8 6.9
8N
8.5 5.13
4.3
Horizontal Direction = (9.7 - 8.5 - 4.0) = -2.8

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2.7
Vertical Direction = (8.5 + 2.7 – 6.9) = +4.3
123°
8.5 α
4.0 9.7 𝑅 = 2.82 + 4.32 =5.13N 2.8

6.9 4.3
tan 𝛼 = = 1.53
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2.8
α = tan−1 1.53 = 57°
 Equilibrium of Force System
Let the Green object is in equilibrium under five forces and

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 The Sum of all Forces in Horizontal Direction
must be Zero, 𝐹𝑥 = 0

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to have the equilibrium in X-Axis

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The Sum of all Forces in Vertical Direction
must be Zero, 𝐹𝑦 = 0
to have the equilibrium in Y-Axis
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Example

T1

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T2

45° 30°

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200N
200N
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T1 T1 Sin 45° T1 Sin 45° = 0.707T1
T2
T2 Sin 30°

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T2 Sin 30°= 0.5T2
45° 30°
T1 Cos 45° T2 Cos 30°
T1 Cos 45° = 0.707T1 T2 Cos 30° = 0.866T2

200N
Equation of Equilibrium in X-Axis: 200N

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0.707 T1 = 0.866 T2
T1 = 1.225 T2

Equation of Equilibrium in Y-Axis:

0.707 T1 + 0.5 T2 = 200N
Solving:
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T1 = 179.3N, T2 = 146.4N
 ML = 6 kg-m MR = 10 kg-m
Equilibrium of Force System 2kg 2kg

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3m 5m
P1 ML = P1 X D1 MR = P2 X D2 P2
ML = 10kg-m MR = 5kg-m
2kg 1kg

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D1 D2

N 5m 5m
 About the Central Point
Anti-clock wise Moment: 2 X 5 = 10N-m
2N 5N Clock wise Moment: 5 X 5 = 25N-m
9N 1N

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Anti-clock wise Moment: 9 X 2 = 18N-m
5m 5m
Clock wise Moment: 1 X 3 = 3N-m
2m 3m

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The Sum of all Moments at any given
ML = 10 + 18 = 28 N-m MR = 25 + 3 = 28 N-m point must be Zero,
to have the equilibrium about the given
point
𝑀=0
Equilibrium
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ML = MR
 D
P1 P 1 X d1 RP XXdd2 P2
2 2
R X d1
P1 X D P2 X D

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A C B
R
d1 d2

𝐹𝑦 =0 𝑅 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2

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Taking Moment about A, MA= 0
Rd1 = P2D
Taking Moment about B, MB= 0
Rd2 = P1D
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Taking Moment about C, MC= 0
P1d1 = P2d2
 P Q
S

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d1 d2
P QY Q
Px
S
PY
Qx
PY QY
d1 d2

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S

d1 d2 Px RX Qx

D RY
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d1 d2
 RY
R
RX θ

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D

R= 𝑅𝑋 2 + 𝑅𝑌 2

P Q
S R

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θ
𝑅𝑋
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅𝑌
d1 d2

D
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 Reinforced Concrete Design By Pillai & Menon, Tata McGraw Hill Publisher
 Basic Structures for Engineers and Architects By Philip Garrison, Blackwell Publisher

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 Understanding Structures: An Introduction to Structural Analysis By Meta A. Sozen & T. Ichinose, CRC Press

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Moment and Couple are the two important products of force system associated with distance and condition
of object support.

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Resultant of forces and the resolving a force into two specific orthogonal directions are essentially required
for analysis of the system of force acting on any object.
The three equations of static equilibrium holds the key for analysis of any structure.
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Next Lecture:
Module 01: Statics and Structural Systems
Lecture 04 : Structural Supports and Reactions
 Home Work
1. Find the Resultant for the concurrent force system shown in the figure below.
Also find the direction of the resultant force w.r.t. X-axis

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6N

Θ=120°
12N

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2. A metallic rod OA (inclined at 60° with horizontal) of length Q = ? at 30cm from O A
100cm is pinned at O. Find the moment that generate at O due
to the vertically downward 5N force at A. To keep the metallic
rod at static condition a vertical upward force Q is applied at B. B 5N
If OB is 30cm. Estimate the force Q.
O 𝜃 = 60°
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 Home Work
3. A weight equivalent to 100N is supported by two ropes AB & AC. The rope AB is inclined at 45° with horizontal.
Find the force generated in both the ropes ( AB & AC) if the horizontal inclination ( i.e. θ) of AC is:

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(i) 0°, ii) 30°, (iii)45°, (iv) 60° & (v) 90°

B C

45° θ

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A

100N
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Draw the Graphs for the changing forces in AB & AC due to the change of the angle θ
 End of Lecture 03

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