SYLLABUS

The following topics/subtopics should be taught and assessed to develop LOs in cognitive domain for
achieving the COs to attain the identified competency.
Unit Outcomes (UOs)
Topics and Sub-
Unit (in cognitive domain)
topics
Writing Skills Speaking Skills
Unit – I 1a. Use relevant articles in 1g. Formulate grammat- Articles : Definite and
Applied constructing sentences. ically correct sen- Indefinite.
Gramma 1b. Apply prepositions to tences for the speci- Prepositions : Usage
r construct fied situation.
Conjunctions: Coordinating
meaningfulentences. 1h. Use relevant Prepo- and SubSubordinatingypes
1c. Identify conjunctions to sitions for the situa- tion of sentences : Imperat
connect phrases and mentioned. Exclamatory, Interrogative.
clauses in the specified 1i Apply relevant con- Tenses – Present Tense
sentences. junctions to use idi- (Simple, Con- tinious,
1d. Use correct form of omatic language for the Perfect) Past Tense
tenses in given given situation. (Simple continuous,
situation. 1j. Apply the relevant voice Perfect) – Future Tense
1e. Change the active and in formal (Simple).
passive voice from the communication for the Active and Passive Voice.
specified passage/list. given passage.
Direct and Indirect Speech.
1f. Change the narration for 1k. Use relevant narra- tions
the given situation. for the given situation.

Unit – II 2a. Answer the given 2e. Pronounce the Seen Passages From
Compre- questions of the words correctly in the Msbte Work Book
hension specified passage. given passage. Importance of Com-
2b. Formulate sentences 2f. Give oral instruc- tions prehension
using the given new with correct Unseen Passages
words. pronunciation and Interpretation Of Passages
2c. Use correct syntax to intonation for the given in Written And Spoken
construct meaningful situation. Form.
sentences for the given 2g. Answer the questions
situation. orally on the given
2d. Answer the ques- tions unseen pas- sage with
on the given unseen correct pronunciation.
passage.
Unit – III 3

Paragraph a. Differentiate the given 3d. Summarise the giv- en

and Dia- types of para- graphs paragraph with correct Types of Paragraph
logue with justification. pronouncia- tion and
i. Technical
Writ- ing 3b. Formulate a para- graph intonation.
in words with 3e. Take part in debates ii. Descriptive
synchronized sen- tence with correct pro- iii. Narrative
structure on the given nounciation, into a- tion iv. Compare and Contrast
situation/topic. and using ver- bal and
Dialogue Writing
3c. Explain the theme on the non-verbal gestures on
given paragraph the given themes. i. Greetings
precisely. ii. Development of
Dialogue
iii. Closing Sen-
tence
Unit-IV 4a. Remove the spelling 4e. Speak in specified Rules of Spelling
Vocabular errors in the given formal situations with Words Often
y Building sentences correct pro- nounciation. Con- fused
/paragraph. 4f. Speak in specified Collocations
4b. Use relevant words to informal situations with
Idioms
correctly express for the correct pro- nounciation.
given themes/situation. 4g. Speak sentences using
4c. Use the collocations relevant collo- cations.
correctly.
4d. Construct sentences
using given idioms.

Unit –V 5a. Develop a welcome 5e. Introduce oneself with Importance of Public
Speeches speech on the given correct pro- Speaking
theme/situation. nounciation, intona- Characteristics of
5b. Develop a farewell tion and using ver- bal Good Speech
speech for the given and non-verbal gestures. Welcome Speech
theme/situation. 5f. Give extempore
Farewell Speech.
5c. Formulate a speech for talks with correct
pronounciation, in- Introducing a Guest
introducing a guest in
the given situation. tonation and using Vote of Thanks.
5d. Develop a vote of thanks verbal and non- verbal
for the given situation. gestures for the
given
theme/situation.
 Suggested Specification Table for Question Paper Design:

Distribution of Theory Marks

Unit Teaching
No. Unit Title Hours R U A Total
Level Level Level Marks
I Applied Grammar 12 02 04 08 14
II Comprehension 20 05 06 13 24
Paragraph and Dia-
III 06 02 04 06 12
logue Writing
IV Vocabulary Building 06 02 04 06 12
V Speeches 04 02 02 04 08
Total 48 13 20 37 70

Legends:

R=Remember, U=Understand, A=Apply and above (Bloom’s Revised taxonomy)

Note:
This specification table provides general guidelines to assist student for their learning and to teachers
to teach and assess students with respect to attainment of UOs. The actual distribution of marks at
different taxonomy levels (of R, U and A) in the question paper may vary from above ta- ble.
 Applied Grammar
Unit

1.1 Articles

Name of the Topic Hours Marks

PART I - Application of Grammar 12 24

 Specific Objective:
Apply grammatical rules to form correct sentences.
 Contents:
 Articles: Appropriate use of definite and indefinite Articles
 Prepositions: To use correct Prepositions as per context
 Conjunctions: Coordinating and subordinating Conjunctions
 Tenses: Correct usages of past, present and future tenses
 Active and Passive voice: Use of Active and Passive voice
 Direct and Indirect sentences: Conversion of direct into indirect sentence
and vice versa

Articles
 Introduction- The English language has three articles a, an, the. They are used only before nouns,
particularly before common nouns or collective nouns. In English language articles are also known as
determiners. A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to limit its meaning.
There are two types of articles in English.
1) Indefinite Article 2) Definite Article
 Definitions-
1) Indefinite Article- A determiner that indicates nonspecific reference is called indefinite article. ‘A’
and ‘an’ are indefinite articles.
e.g. 1. One morning, a student visited my house.
Here ‘a student’ means not a particular student.
2. A student should respect his teacher.
Here ‘a student’ represents whole class.
3. A Daniel comes to judgment.
In this sentence ‘A Daniel’ stands for a very wise man.
Indefinite articles are used to convert a proper noun into a common noun.
2) Definite Article- A determiner that indicates specific reference is called definite article. ‘The’ is
definite article.
e.g.: We like the fellow.
Here the word ‘fellow’ is particular in the context.
 Rules for indefinite articles ‘a’ and ‘an’-
1) Use ‘a’ with nouns starting with a consonant (letters that are not vowels), ‘an’ with nouns stating
with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u).
2) Article ‘a’ is used when noun begins with a consonant e.g. “a city”, “a factory”, “a hotel”.
3) Article ‘an’ is used when noun begins with vowel (a, e, i, o, u)
4) The correct choice of the “articles” ‘a’ and ‘an’ depends on the initial sound of a word,
not on the initial letter, of the word that they precede.
The letter a should be used before all words beginning with a consonant sound except silent
h (an honor) and before words beginning with vowels that represent combined consonant and
vowel sounds (university, unit).
Examples:
A boy, a European, a picture, a store, a table, a bottle, a window, a phone, a hyphen, and a
one-horse town
● The indefinite articles are used-
1) To refer to a particular member of a group or class.
e.g.- a boy, an apple, a car, an orange, a house, an opera
2) With names of job
e.g.- i) John is a doctor.
ii) Soham is training to be an engineer.
iii) He wants to be a doctor.
3) With nationalities and religions:
i) John is an Englishman.
ii) Kate is a Catholic.
4) With musical instruments:
e.g. Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived.
Note- To describe the activity we say “He plays the violin.”
5) With names of days:
e.g. I was born on a Monday.
6) With singular nouns, after the words ‘what’ and ‘such’.
e.g. What a shame! She’s such a beautiful girl.
● ‘The’ definite article is used-
1) When we speak of a particular person or the one already referred to.
e.g.- i) The book we want is not available.
ii) Let me go to the club.
2) When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class.
e.g.- The horse is a useful animal.
The word ‘horse’ in the above sentence represents the whole class of horses.
Note- When the two nouns ‘Man’ and ‘Woman’ used in the general sense to denote the whole
class do not take any article.
 e.g.- Man is an intelligent being.
3) With the name of gulfs, mountains, seas, oceans, groups of islands and mountain ranges.
e.g.- The Indian Ocean, the Himalayas, the Laccadive Islands, the Ganges
4) Before the name of certain books.
e.g.- The Ramayana, the Vedas
5) Before nouns which are the names of the things unique of their kind.
e.g.- The sun, the sky, the moon, and the earth
6) With superlatives.
e.g.- This is the best book I have ever read.
7) Before musical instruments.
e.g.- She can play the flute.
8) Before an adjective when the noun is understood.
e.g.- The rich are never with us.
● Omission of Articles
No article is used-
1) No article is used before a noun when it is used in its widest sense.
e.g.- Man is mortal.
2) Before material nouns.
e.g.- i) Silver is a precious metal.
ii) Tea is grown in India.
3) Before proper nouns.
e.g.- i) Kolkata is a big city.
ii) Mumbai is the Capital of Maharashtra.
Note- Article ‘the’ is used before a proper noun when it is used in the sense of common
nouns.
e.g.- Mumbai is the Manchester of our country.
4) Before abstract nouns used in the general sense.
e.g.- Honesty is the best policy.
5) Before languages
e.g.- i) He is studying English.
ii) We speak Marathi.
6) Before names of relations, like mother, father, uncle, aunt and also cook and nurse.
e.g.- i) Father has come.
ii) Mother wants to see him.
7) Before a position that is normally healed by one person only at one time.
e.g.- i) He is elected president of the Council.
 ii) Mr. Patil became principal of the college in 1994.
Assignment
 Insert the proper articles in the following sentences.
1) This is______________ historic event.
2) ____________ apple_____________ day, keeps___________ doctor away.
3) ______________ penny saved is_____________ penny gained.
4) Nile is__________ longest river in____________ world.
5) In__________ park I saw_____________ one eyed beggar.
6) He reads____________ Bible every day.
7) Frank is____________ American but Robinson is_____________ European.
8) I can not remember_____________ story which is told.
9) He showed_____________ courage worthy of______________ older man.
10) She is_____________ artist married to____________ European Engineer.

Sample Exercises of Text Book :

Complete the following sentences by using the suitable articles ‘a,’ or ‘an’ and ‘the’:
1. Ram goes to a temple every day.
2. I bought a new mobile.
3. Goa is a paradise for all hippies.
4. (No article) man is the highest form of creation.
5. Please open t h e window.
6. Gramophone is t h e devise for recording and reproducing sound and music.
7. An inspector of the prison was hated by the prisoners.
8. Suresh is a good painter.
9. Most of t h e people in this village are honest.
10. What a beautiful person she is!
11. Arjun returned after a n hour.
12.Which is the longest river in India?
13. An umbrella is a useful thing during rainy season.
14. Not everyone gets an opportunity to become famous.
15.Life is like a concert to me.
16. The Science of life is not as complicated as rocket science.
17. My friend is an M.A. in Sanskrit.
18. The time flies as fast as an eagle.
19. Sanskrit is a difficult language.
20. He is an efficient employee.

1.2 Prepositions

Introduction-
 Preposition is a word (one of the parts of speech and a member of a closed word class) which
shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
e.g. - 1) There is no money in the pocket.
2) Reema is going by train.
3) Amit is very happy with you.
In the first sentence in shows the relation between money and pocket. Both are nouns. In the second
sentence by shows the relation between going (Verb) and train (noun). In the last sentence with
shows the relation between happy (Adjective) and you (pronoun). In, by and with are examples of
Prepositions.
Prepositions usually precede the words they control or govern. However it may be placed at the end
of a sentence when its object is relative pronoun and interrogative pronoun.
* The Preposition is placed at the end, when its object is the Relative Pronoun.
e.g.
1. There is the pen that you were looking, for,
(In this sentence ‘that’ is the relative pronoun.)
2. This is a song that I am very fond of.

* The preposition is usually placed at the end, when its object is an Interrogative Pronoun.
e.g.
1. What have you been dreaming of?
2. Where he came from?

* The Preposition is placed at the end, when its object is Relative Pronoun, understood and not
stated.
e.g.
1. There is the girl you were speaking of.
2. That is the author I was referring to.
 List of most common prepositions-
about,above,across,after,against,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between
,beyond,but,by,despite,down,during,except,for,from,in,inside,into,like,near,of,off,on,out,outside,over
,past,since,through,throughout,till,to,toward,under,undearneath,until,up,upon,with,within,and
without.

Assignment
 Use correct prepositions in the following sentences.
1) She flung herself___________ the thief.
2) The birds were sitting__________ the window.
3) I work hard___________ my family.
4) He puts the things___________ her bag.
5) Ramayan is written__________ Valmiki.
6) She was standing____________ the window when I saw her.
7) You pass much flat country___________ the way.
8) The clock fell_________ the wall.
9) The house was made___________ glass.
10) You can see both these wonders fairly comfortably___________ two days.

 Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions

1) I recall a joke shared___________ him. (with, to)
2) The first mangoes have just appeared___________ the tree. (on, in)
3) Payal was staring________ the cobra. (at, to)
4) They return___________ their original place during the spring. (at, to)
5) My sister and I would sit___________ the balcony. (on, at)
6) I have been waiting here__________ a long time. (since, for)
7) The cat sat_________ the mat. (in, on)
8) The train went_________ the tunnel. (from, through)
9) She woke up__________ the night. (on, in)
10) We are having a party__________ 7th September. (at, on)

 The underlined prepositions are not correct. Rewrite the following sentences using
correct prepositions:
1. Education is a means for an end.
Ans.: Education is a means to an end.

2. Reenu has a great admiration of Wax Museum.

Ans.: Reenu has a great admiration for Wax Museum.

3. It is not good to be ashamed for one's work.

Ans.: It is not good to be ashamed at one's
work.

4. Rajat spoke to me at the mobile.

Ans: Rajat spoke with me at the mobile.

5. This machine has not been in use from 2000.

Ans.: This machine has not been in use Since 2000.

6. The factories in Pune remain closed for Thursdays.

Ans.: The factories in Pune remain closed
onThursdays.

7. I shall send you this CD latest on 10 February.

Ans.: I shall send you this CD latest b_y 10 February.

8. What are you looking for so fixedly?

Ans.: What are you looking @ so
fixedly?
9. The farmers are tired from work.
 Ans.: The farmers are tired of work.

10. Kunal is guilty for rudeness.

Ans.: Kunal is guilty of
rudeness.

11. Kaveri is afraid with a dog.

Ans.: Kaveri is afraid of a dog.

12. People cannot abide to the new rules.

Ans.: People cannot abide by the new rules.

13. We have to listen fo what our parents say.

Ans.: We have to listen to what our parents
say.

14. There is no exception of this rule.

Ans: There is no exception to this rule.
15. Tarun has an ambition to higher position.
Ans.: Tarun has an ambition for higher position.

16. Our College is situated of Shivaji Road.

Ans.: Our college is situated at Shivaji Road.

17. I am younger from my brother.

Ans.: I am younger than my brother.

18. The cashier was not on the counter.

Ans.: The cashier was not at the counter.

19. Prince fell in the well.

Ans.: Prince fell into the well.

1. 2. 2 Exercises from the Book

Select correct prepositions to be filled in the given passage from the fist given here:
(from, to, in, at, around, near, since)
Ans.:
Small river flows from the heart of Kashi. From one end to the other of the city, there are
four Bridges around it. Near the bridge, there is a swimming pool, where children get training in
May and June. The new trainees are generally seen practicing near the river bank. They are not
allowed to go {g a certain point. Beside the bridge, there are small boats anchored and one can
enjoy boating at a very nominal payment.

1. 2. 3 Exercise
Select correct prepositions to be filled in the given passage from the list given here: (since, to, from,
through, on, for)
Ans. :
Mr. Srivastava received a letter from his daughter who had been living in Chennai since
 many years. Now she was coming home through air from Chennai. Everybody except Mrs.
Srivastava was standing outside to receive their daughter. The girl had brought many presents
for her brother, mother and father. The family kept on chatting till midnight and went to bed
very late.

1.3 Conjunctions

 Definition- A conjunction is a word that connects phrases, words, or clauses. Conjunctions are often
used as transitions. Conjunctions are used to make the sentence more compact and also used as a
sentence connectors.

e.g.
1. He was slow but he was sure.
2. Run fast or you will miss the train.

In the above examples the words ‘but’ and ‘or’ are called conjunctions because they join the two
sentences and clauses.We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.

Form
Conjunctions have three basic forms:

 Single Word
for example: and, but, because, although

 Compound (often ending with as or that)

for example: provided that, as long as, in order that

 Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)

for example: so...that

Function
Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":

 Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The
two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
- Jack and Jill went up the hill.
- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.

 Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for
example:
- I went swimming although it was cold.

Position
  Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.

 Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.

Coordinating Conjunctions

The short, simple conjunctions are called "coordinating conjunctions":

 and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent

clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction shows that the
elements it joins are similar in importance and structure:

Look at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown
in square brackets [ ]:

 I like [tea] and [coffee].

 [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.

When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a

comma before the conjunction:

 I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university.

However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really
essential:

 She is kind so she helps people.

When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional:

 He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum.

 He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.

 List of most common Coordinating Conjunctions.

and,or,so,therefore,consequently,yet,but,still,nevertheless,accordingly,for,however.

Subordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions join a principle clause to a subordinate clause or they join two sentences where one
of the sentences is depended on other.

For example
Unless you try hard you will not succeed.

Though he is poor he is honest.

  List of most common Subordinating conjunctions
As, if, as though, where, wherever, because, since, as now, now that, seeing that, so that, in order that, least,
so………. that, such………. That, if, unless, as long as, in case, although, though, even if, in spite of
the fact that, however, than, such as, as, as soon as, since, when, whenever, while, before, after, till,
until.

Select correct coordinating conjunctions to be filleJ in the given passage from the list given
here: (and, or, but, so, nor, yet, still, therefore).
a) It was raining heavily so we cancelled our trip to Goa.
b) Teachers and parents shape the lives of children.
c) Walking is a very good exercise yet many people don’t go for it.
d) You can eat your cake with a spoon …or…. a fork.
e) His two favourite sports are Football and Tennis.
f) I wanted to go to the beach but Mary refused.
g) She is a vegetarian, therefore she doesn’t eat any meat.
h) Jennifer doesn’t like to swim but she enjoys cycling.
a) if my parents allow then I’ll decide to come with you.
b) Dr. Kalam was not only a scientist but also an author of many famous books.
c) The management will decide either to install this machine or not.
d) Ritu is as tall as intelligent than Deepa.
e) whether you finish your work or leave your job.
f) Your company offers neither a good salary nor an opportunity to grow.

 Use suitable conjunctions in the following sentences.

1) The bell rang_____________ the pupils entered the class.
2) Seeta is clever____________ poor.
3) She must weep__________ she will die.
4) He did wrong___________ he was punished.
5) Ram_________ Laxman were brothers.
6) Gia was rich________ he was selfish.
7) They must work__________ they will starve.
8) ___________ he blamed me yet I support him.
9) You are punished____________ you have misbehaved.
10) He waited_________ the train arrived.
11) Catch him __________ you can.
12) I will be unhappy_________ you do that.
 1.4 Types of Sentences

1.4.1 Exercise :

Sample Exercises: Convert the following sentences into Assertive sentence.

a) How kind of him to help the poor man!
Ans.: It is very kind of him to help the poor man.
b) Give me a cup of tea.
Ans.: You give me a cup of tea.
c) Are they wise enough to submit the proposal?
Ans.: They are wise enough to submit the proposal.
d) What a pleasant surprise!
Ans.: It is a very pleasant surprise.
e) Does the manager discuss all the issues with you?
Ans.: The manager discusses all the issues with you.

Sample Exercises: Convert the following imperative sentences to assertive.

a) Please be quiet in the library. Ans.:
You should be quiet in the library.
b) Close the door.
Ans.: You should close the door.
c) Don't be so rude to him.
Ans.: You should not be rude to him.
d) Go to office and start the work.
Ans.: You should go to office and start the work

Sample Exercises: Convert the following assertive sentences into imperative.

a) You have to attend the seminar.
Ans.: Attend the seminar.
b) You must keep quiet.
Ans.: Keep quiet.
You don't go there. Ans.: Don't go there

a) You should come on time. Ans.:

Come on time.
You must complete the assigned work in time. Ans.: Complete the assigned work in time

Sample Exercises: Transform the following interrogative sentences to assertive.

a) Did you pay the bill?
Ans.: You paid the bill.
b) Are you ready to leave?
Ans.: You are ready to leave.
c) Are they not sure to lose the matter?
Ans.: They are not sure to lose the matter.
d) Who doesn’t know him?
Ans.: Everybody knows him.

Sample Exercises: Convert the following assertive sentences to interrogative.

e) He will never learn manner.
Ans.: Will he ever learn manner?
f) The workers are not going on strike.
Ans.: Are the workers going on strike?
g) The production unit was equipped with latest machineries.
Ans.: Wasn’t the production unit equipped with latest machineries?
h) The guest arrived late for the function.
Ans.: Didn’t the guest arrive late for the function?
i) Ananya doesn’t refuse to talk with her friends.
Ans.: Does Ananya refuse to talk with her friends?

1.4.4 Exercise:
Sample Exercise: Transform the following exclamatory sentences to assertive.
a) How big that mango tree is!
Ans.: That mango tree is very big.
b) What a beautiful picture it is!
Ans.: It is a very beautiful picture.
c) Hurrah! We have won the match.
Ans.: It is joyful that we have won the match.
d) If only I were a king!
Ans.: I wish I were a king.

Sample Exercise: Convert the following assertive sentences into exclamatory.

a) It is very fine weather today.
Ans.: How fine weather it is today!
b) It is a joyful that I won a lottery.
Ans.: Hurrah! I won a lottery.
c) It is sad that I could not qualify the competition.
Ans.: Alas! I could not qualify the competition.
d) He is a very noble man.
Ans.: What a noble man he is!
e) You seem to be much upset.
Ans.: How upset you seem to be!
 Tenses
Tenses denote time of action. Very simply speaking, past is what happened yesterday; present is what
happens today; and future is what will happen tomorrow.

Time can be divided into three types. The word ‘tense’ is derived form Latin word ‘tempus’ which means
‘time’. Hence time is tense.

1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense\

1. Present Tense

A verb that refers to present time is said to be in the Present Tense.

Eg. He plays cricket.

2. Past Tense

A verb that refers to past time is said to be in the Past Tense.

Eg. He left the college.

3. Future Tense

A verb that refers to future time is said to be in the Future Tense.

Eg. He will write an article.
In English grammar, past, present and future have been further divided as follows:

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Simple Simple Simple

Continuous/Progressive Continuous/Progressive Continuous/Progressive

Perfect Perfect Perfect

Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous

The tenses are directly related to verbs. The verb is used in various forms like base form (present form),
past form, past participle form and progressive form.
 Tense Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
Present S + V1+O S + am/is/are + V + ing+O S + has/have + V3 (P.P.)+O S + has/have + been + V
ing+O
I/We – V1 I - am I/We/They– have
He/She/It – V1+s/es He/ She/It – is He/She/It– has I/We/They – have been
We/They – are He/She/It – has been

Example : Example: Example: Example:

He receives an They are receiving an award. He has received an award. He has been receiving a
award. award.
Past S + V2+O S + was/were + V + ing+O S + had + V3 (P.P.)+O S + had + been + V + ing+O
Singular – was
Plural – were

Example: Example: Example: Example:

He received an They were receiving an award. He had received an award. He had received an award.
award.
Future S + shall/will + S + shall/will + be +V + ing+O S + shall/will + have + V3 S + shall/will + have + been
V1+O (P.P.)+O V + ing+O
I/We –shall/will + be I/We –shall/will + have I/We –shall/will have been
I/We –shall/will He/She/It/They– will + be He/She/It/They – will + have He/She/It/They – will hav
He/She/It/They – been
will Example:
Example: He will have received an Example:
He will be receiving an award. award. He will have been receiving a
Example: award.
He will receive an
award.

S – Subject; V1 – Present Form; V2 – Past Form; V3 – Past Participle Form

PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present Tense
Form: Subject + V1
e.g.
1. They get up early in the morning.
2. He reads the newspaper everyday.
3. We go to college regularly.
In simple present tense, when the subject is singular, always add the letter –s or –es to the verb except- I

He
She
It -s or –es to Verb
Singular Noun

I
We
They Base Verb (V1)
Plural Noun
The Use of Simple Present Tense:

1. To express habitual action

e.g.
1. We attend all the practical session regularly.
2. I go to gym everyday.

2. To express a universal truth

e.g.
1. The sun rises in the east.
2. Light is faster than sound.

3. For dramatic narration, broadcasting, commentaries, expressing a planned series of actions in the
future
e.g.
1. The P.M. arrives at 10 am the day after tomorrow.

2. Present Continuous/Progressive Tense

Form: Subject + am/is/are + V1 + ing
e.g.
1. He is sleeping.
2. The boy is waiting for father.
3. The mobile is ringing loudly.

I am

He
She
It is
Singular Noun

We
You
They are
Plural noun

The Use of Present Continuous Tense:

1. To express an in progress at the time of speaking
e.g.
1. I am reading the newspaper.
2. They are playing cricket match.
2. To express continuous action but not taking place at the time of speaking
e.g.
1. I am reading Hamlet of Shakespeare.
2. He is preparing for competitive exams.
 3. To express one’s immediate plan
e.g.
1. I am visiting Mumbai next week.
2. They are leaving for America tomorrow.

3. Perfect Present Tense

Form: Subject + has/have + V3 (Past Participle)
1. They have developed software.
2. He has left for foreign tour.

He
She
It has
Singular Noun

I
We
You have
They
Plural noun

The Use of Present Perfect Tense:

1. To express recent completed action where time is not given and not definite.
e.g.
1. I have watched a movie.
2. The teacher has given an assignment.
2. To express a recently completed action with just
e.g.
1. She has just gone out.
2. The train has just left.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Form: Subject + has/have + been + Verb + ing
e.g.
1. He has been living in Mumbai since 2010.
2. They have been investigating the murder case for 2 years.
The Use of Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
 To show an action this began at some time in the past and is still continuing in the present
e.g.
1. I have been studying for competitive exams since 2011.
2. Ketaki has been working in BPO call center for 5 years.
(Since – denotes particular point of time
For – denotes a period of time)

PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past Tense
 Form: Subject + Verb 2
1. He saw an elephant.
2. Tendulkar scored a century.

The Use of Simple Past Tense:

1. To express an action completed in the past
e.g.
1. He left the college last year.
2. India won the world cup last year.
2. To express a past habit
e.g.
1. Shyam used to smoke.
2. I walked for an hour during those days.
2. Past Continuous Tense:
Form: Subject + was/were + V + ing
e.g.
1. He was writing a novel.
2. People were watching a tennis match.

I
He
She was
It
Singular Noun

We
You
They were
Plural noun

The use of Past Continuous Tense:

To denote an action going on at time in the past
e.g.
1. Mr. Sharma was travelling to Delhi.
2. He was playing cards, when I saw him.
3. Past Perfect Tense:
Form: Subject + had + Verb (Past Participle)
e.g.
1. I had visited Mumbai.
2. Mrs. Ahuja had written a novel.
The use of Past Perfect Tense:
The Past Perfect Tense shows an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
e.g.
1. I had received serious injury when I was in seventh standard.
 2. When I reached the station, the train had departed.
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
Form: Subject + had + been + Verb + ing
1. John had been waiting for his father since morning.
2. Kedar had been searching a new job for 2 years.
The use of Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
The past perfect continuous is used for an action that bgan before a certain point in the past
and continued up to that time.
e.g.
1. When Rani came to meet me in December 2001, I had already been waiting her for two
years.
2. They had been building the building since 2005.
FUTURE TENSE
1. Simple Future tense:
Form: Subject + shall/will + Verb
1. He will get good marks.
2. Rakesh will take admission in a reputed college.

He
She
It
They will
You
Singular Noun
Plural Noun

I shall/will
We

The use of Simple Future Tense

To express actions in the future
e.g.
1. He will come tomorrow.
2. They will arrive soon.
2. Future Continuous tense:
Form: Subject + shall/will + be + V+ ing
e.g.
1. He will be conducting a lecture tomorrow.
2. Sohan will be playing cricket here this evening.
The use of Future Continuous Tense:
To express an action that will be going on in future time
1. Sonakshi will be singing a song by this time tomorrow.
2. He will be staying here till Sunday.
3. Future Perfect tense:
Form: Subject + shall/will + have + V3 (Past Participle)
 e.g.
1. Sachin will have broken the record of highest individual runs in ODIs.
2. He will have reached America.
The use of Future Perfect Tense:
To express an action to be completed in the future
e.g.
1. They will have built the bridge by March next year.
2. Before you go to see him, he will have left the place.
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
Form: Subject + shall/will + have + been + V + ing
e.g.
1. Pinku will have been watching a movie for 2 hrs.
2. I will have been travelling to England for 4 hrs.
The use of Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
To show an action that will start in the future and will continue in the future
1. By the next week, I will have been doing this job for six weeks.
2. When he gets his degree, he will have been studying in Cambridge for four years.

Use appropriate form of verb in the following sentences.

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present progressive)
1. Look! Sarika (go) to the movies.
Look! Sarika is going to the movies.
2. On her right hand, Sara (carry) her handbag.
On her right hand, Sara is carrying her handbag.
3. The handbag (be) very beautiful.
The handbag is very beautiful.
4. Ketaki usually (put) on black shoes but now she (wear) white trainers.
Ketaki usually puts on black shoes but now she is wearing white trainers.
5. And look, she (take) an umbrella because it (rain).
And look, she is taking an umbrella because it is raining
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect)
1. When he (wake up), his mother (already /prepare) breakfast
When he woke up, his mother had already prepared breakfast
2. We (go) to Pune because our friends (invite) us
We went to Pune because our friends had invited us
3. He (hear) the news, (go) to the telephone and (call) a friend.
He heard the news, went to the telephone and called a friend.
4. When she (start) learning English she (already /learn) Hindi.
When she started learning English she had already learned Hindi.
5. John (already / type) three pages when her computer (crash).
John had already typed three pages when her computer crashed.
6. By the time the doctor (arrive) at the house the patient (die).
By the time the doctor arrived at the house the patient had died.
7. Before that day we (never / think) of traveling to Delhi.
Before that day we had never thought of traveling to Delhi.
8. I (know) him a long time before I (meet) his family.
I had known him a long time before I met his family.
9. They (not / know) where to meet because nobody (tell) them.
They did not know where to meet because nobody had told them.
10. It (be) cloudy for days before it (begin) to rain.
It had been cloudy for days before it began to rain.
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect).
1. I (just / finish) my homework.
I have just finished my homework.
2. Sujata (already / write) five letters.
Sujata has already written five letters.
3. Ramesh (move) to his home town in 1994.
Ramesh moved to his home town in 1994.
4. My friend (be) in Canada two years ago.
My friend was in Canada two years ago.
5. I (not / be) to Canada so far.
I have not been to Canada so far.
6. But I (already / travel) to Mumbai a couple of times.
But I have already traveled to Mumbai a couple of times.
7. Last week, Parvati and Shankar (go) to the cinema.
Last week, Parvati and Shankar went to the cinema.
8. I can't take any pictures because I (not /buy) a new film yet.
I can't take any pictures because I have not bought a new film yet.
9. (They / spend) their holidays in Goa last summer?
Did they spend their holidays in Goa last summer?
10. (You / ever / see) a whale?
Have you ever seen a whale?
Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).
1. The receptionist (welcome) the guests and (ask) them to fill in the form.
The receptionist welcomed the guests and asked them to fill in the form.
2. The car (break) down and we (have) to walk home.
The car broke down and we had to walk home.
3. My father (come) in, (look) and (tell) me to tidy up my room.
 My father came in, looked and told me to tidy up my room.
4. While one group (prepare) dinner the others (collect) wood for the campfire.
While one group was preparing dinner the others were collecting wood for the campfire.
5. While the parents (have) breakfast the children (run) about.
While the parents were having breakfast the children were running about.
6. Madhura (turn) off the light and (go) to bed.
Madhura turned off the light and went to bed.
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple future or future perfect)
1. Tomorrow I think I (start) my new project.
Tomorrow I think I will start my new project.
2. I (finish) it by the end of this month.
I will have finished it by the end of this month.
3. The teacher (probably/assign) a test to his students next Monday.
The teacher will probably assign a test to his students next Monday.
4. He (correct) it by the end of next week.
He will have corrected it by the end of next week.
5. My friend (certainly/get) a good mark.
My friend will certainly get a good mark.
6. By 9 o'clock, we (finish) our homework.
By 9 o'clock, we will have finished our homework.
7. They (leave) the classroom by the end of the hour.
They will have left the classroom by the end of the hour.
8. I think I (start) my trip tomorrow.
I think I will start my trip tomorrow.

Fill in each of the blanks with the correct form of the tenses.

1. The emergency meeting _______ a while ago. ( end )

2. The pupil unintentionally _______ the window pane. ( break )
3. When the telephone rang, no one _______ in the house. ( to be )
4. The error in the notice _______ already. ( correct )
5. If you had called, we _______ readily. ( respond )
6. We _______ the good news last night. ( receive )
7. How I wish I _______ the champion. ( to be )
8. Mohan _______ the riddle for the past hour before he decided to give up. ( solve )
9. Seema ______ karate class every Saturday. ( attend )
10. The market ______ usually noisy in the morning. ( to be )
 11. The delivery man ______ the parcel already. ( delivery )
12. The athletes ______ for Canada tomorrow. ( leave )
13. Hema ______ her room for the past hour. ( paint )
14. Ram ______ badminton since primary school. ( play )
15. The meeting ______ due to lack of quorum. ( postpone )
16. You are late. The bus ______ already. ( leave )
17. Suresh______ the seminar next month. ( conduct )
18. Mr. Chavan ______ in the marathon this coming month. ( participate )
19. The accountant ______ until 10.00 p.m. ( work )
20. When I am free, I ______ out a plan for the project. ( draft )
21. If you are not honest, no one ______ you anymore. ( trust )
22. We ______ roast duck for dinner when you come back. ( have )

CHANGE THE VOICE

A relation between a subject and the rest of sentence is called as voice.
 Active Voice:
When the verb speaks about its subject as acting, it is called as the Active voice.
In Active Voice, importance is given to Subject.
e.g.

1. He + presents + a paper.
Subject + Verb + Object

2. Akash typed a letter on computer.

 Passive Voice:
When the verb speaks about its subject of being acted upon or having done something to it, it is called
as the Passive Voice.
In Passive Voice, importance is given to Object.
e.g.

1. A paper + is + presented + by + him.

Object + ‘be’ form + Verb (PP) + by + Subject

3. A letter was typed on computer by Akash.

Rules of changing the voice:

1. The object in active voice is changed into Subject in the passive voice.
2. The subject of active voice is changed into object in the passive preceding ‘by. (often object is
omitted)
3. After subject, use proper form of ‘be’ according to tense of the sentence.
Tense Voice Present Past Future

S + V1+ O S + V2+ O S + shall/will + V1+ O

Active
He delivers a speech. He delivered a speech. He will deliver a speech.
Simple O +was/were +V3 +by + O +shall/will +be +V3 +by +
O + am/is/are +V3 +by + S
Passiv S S
A speech is delivered by
e A speech was delivered A speech will be delivered
him.
by him. by him.
S + was/were +V + ing + S + shall/will + be +V + ing
S + am/is/are +V + ing + O O +O
Active
He is delivering a speech He was delivering a He will be delivering a
Continuo speech speech
us O + am/is/are +being +V3 O + was/were +being
Passiv +by +S. +V3 +by +S.
Can not be converted
e A speech is being delivered A speech was being
by him delivered by him
S + had + V3 + O S + shall/will +have + V3 +
S + has/have + V3 + O
Active He had delivered a O
He has delivered a speech
speech He had delivered a speech
Perfect O + has/have +been + V3 O + had +been + V3 +by O + shall/will +have +been +
Passiv +by +S. +S. V3 +by +S.
e A speech has been delivered A speech had been A speech will have been
by him. delivered by him. delivered by him.
S + has/have + been + V + S + had + been + V + ing S + shall/will +have + been +
ing + O +O V + ing + O
Active
He has been delivering a He had been delivering a He had been delivering a
Perfect speech. speech. speech.
Continuo
us
Passiv
Can not be converted Can not be converted Can not be converted
e

Examples for present tense

1. We need water. (Active)
Water is needed (by us). (Passive)
2. They admire Monika. (Active)
Monika is admired (by them). (Passive)
3. We educate our children. (Active)
Our children are educated (by us). (Passive)
4. They built this house last year. (Active)
This house was built last year (by them). (Passive)
5. They will forget this case. (Active)
This case will be forgotten (by them). (Passive)
6. Someone has split the oil. (Active)
The oil has been split (by someone). (Passive)
7. I have pushed the cupboard into the corner. (Active)
The cupboard has been pushed into the corner (by me). (Passive)
8. He wants you to give up. (Active)
You are wanted to give up (by him). (Passive)
 9. The police officer is questioning the bad boys. (Active)
The bad boys are being questioned by the police officer. (Passive)
10. The men are cutting down the trees. (Active)
The trees are being cut down by the men. (Passive)

Examples for Past Tense

11. We requested the police to find the girl. (Active)
The police were requested to find the girl (by us). (Passive)
12. They signed the agreement. (Active)
The agreement was signed by them. (Passive)
13. Lightning struck the tree last week. (Active)
The tree was struck by lightning last week. (Passive)
14. The bad news shocked me yesterday. (Active)
I was shocked by the bad news yesterday. (Passive)
15. Santosh took my picture. (Active)
My picture was taken by Santosh. (Passive)
16. I told him to come back the next day. (Active)
He was told to come back the next day. (Passive)
17. Rahul told me that somebody had hit him. (Active)
Rahul told me that he had been hit by someone. (Passive)
18. Somebody had hurt the woman when she reported to the police. (Active)
The woman had been hurt by someone when she reported to the police. (Passive)

Examples for Future Tense

19. I will clean the house. (Active)
The house will be cleaned by me. (Passive)
20. The team will celebrate their victory tomorrow. (active)
The victory will be celebrated by the team tomorrow. (Passive)
21. We shall serve dinner to the guests. (Active)
Dinner will be served to the guests (by us). (Passive)
22. We will send you your examination results. (Active)
You will be sent your examination results by us. (Passive)
23. They will advise me. (Active)
I shall be advised by them. (Passive)
24. We shall make a decision. (Active)
A decision will be made by us. (Passive)
25. Our company will employ twenty new men next month. (Active)
Twenty new men will be employed by our company next month. (Passive)
26. At ten o’clock we shall have checked the machines. (Active)
At ten o’clock the machines will have been checked. (Passive)
27. We shall have finished this programmer in a few days. (Active)
This programmer will have been finished in a few days. (Passive)
28. By the end of the day you will have done the exercise. (Active)
The exercise will have been done by the end of the day. (Passive)
29. Tomorrow Paul will have fed the rabbits by six o’clock. (Active)
Tomorrow the rabbits will have been fed by six o’clock. (Passive)
30. I shall have woken Sushant by midnight. (Active)
Sushant will have been woken up by midnight. (Passive)\
Imperative and Interrogative Sentences:
When an imperative command is to be transformed, the form will be:

Let + Subject + be + Past Participle

e.g.
1. Hang him.
Let him be hanged.
2. Give order.
Let the order be given.
3. Open the door.
Let the door be opened.
4. Complete the work.
Let the worked be completed.
5. Turn off the television.
Let the poor be helped.
6. Revise your book.
Let your book be revised.
7. Clean your room.
Let your room be cleaned.
8. Work hard. (No object)
You are advised to work hard.
9. Get out. (No object)
You are ordered to get out.
10. Please lend me some money.
You are requested to lend me some money.
11. Kindly do this work.
You are requested to do this work.
12. Get me a glass of water.
You are ordered to get me a glass of water.

Interrogative Sentences

Form: Q.word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Past Participle

e.g.
1. Who is knocking at the door? (Active)
By whom the door is being knocked at? (Passive)
2. Who is calling me? (Active)
By whom am I being called? (Passive)
3. Who invited you? (Active)
By whom are you invited? (Passive)
4. Who made this? (Active)
By whom is this made? (Passive)
5. Who broke the glass? (Active)
By whom was the glass broken? (Passive)
6. Who killed the snake? (Active)
By whom was the snake killed? (Passive)
Passive voice for Present/Future Modals
“CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO”
 The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.
 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.
 To change sentences having present/future modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb “be” is added
after modal in sentence.
Examples:

Modals Active Voice Passive Voice

Can She can play a violin. A violin can be played by her.
Can she play a violin? Can a violin be played by her?
May I may buy the computer. The computer may be bought by me.
I may not buy the computer. The computer may not be bought by me.
May I buy the computer? May the computer be bought by me?
Might Guests might play chess. Chess might be played by guests.
Guests might not play chess. Chess might not be played guests.
Should Students should study all lessons. All lessons should be studied by students.
Students should not study all lessons. All lessons should not be studied by students.
Should students study all lessons? Should all lessons be studied by students?
Must You must learn the test-taking strategies. Test-taking strategies must be learnt by you.
You must not learn the test-taking strategies. Test-taking strategies must not be learned by you.
Ought To They ought to take the examination. The examination ought to be taken by them.

Passive voice for Past Modals

“MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE”
 The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.
 3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.
 To change sentences having past modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb “been” is added after
modal in sentence.
Examples:
Modals Active Voice Passive Voice
May Have You may have availed the opportunity. The opportunity may have been availed by you.
You may not have availed the opportunity. The opportunity may not have been availed by you.
Might Have He might have eaten meal. Meal might have been eaten by him.
He might not have eaten meal. Meal might not have been eaten by him.
Should Have You should have studied the book. The book should have been studied by you.
You should not have studied the book. The book should have not been studied by you.
Must Have He must have started job. Job must have been started by you.
He must not have started job. Job must not have been started by you.
Ought To Have You ought to have helped him. He ought to have been helped by you.

Exercise:
Change the sentences below to the passive voice.
1. Children cannot open these bottles easily.
2. The government built a road.
3. Mr. Rohit broke the antique.
4. When she arrived, the changes amazed her.
5. The party will celebrate his retirement.
 6. His professors were discussing his oral exam right in front of him.
7. My son ate all the homemade cookies.
8. Corrosion had damaged the hull of the ship.
Change the sentences below to the active voice.
9. The statue is being visited by hundreds of tourists every year.
10. My books were stolen by someone yesterday.
11. These books had been left in the classroom by a careless student.
12. The house had been broken into by someone while the owners were on vacation.
13. A woman was being carried downstairs by a very strong firefighter.
14. The streets around the fire had been blocked off by the police.
My car is in the garage being fixed by a dubious mechanic

Sample Exercise: Change the voice.

1. I sent the report yesterday.
Ans.: The report was sent yesterday by me.
2. The restaurant was renovated by me in 2004.
Ans.: I renovated the restaurant in 2004.
3. The girls were singing songs when I went into the hall. Ans.:
Songs were being sung by the girl when I went into the hall.
4. By whom was she taught French?
Ans.: Who taught her French?
5. Let the door be shut.
Ans.: Shut the doorGrammar is taught to
us by Prof. Gokhale. Ans.: Prof.
Gokhale teaches us Grammar.
6. The publisher had printed the book.
Ans.: The book had been printed by the publisher.
7. He will be forgiven by the teacher.
Ans.: The Teacher will forgive him.
8. The fire destroyed the whole forest.
Ans.: The whole forest was destroyed by the fire.
9. The two ministers are signing the treaty.
Ans.: The treaty is being signed by the two ministers.
10. Marry generously donated money to the homeless shelter.
Ans.: Money was donated generously to the homeless shelter by Marry.
11. Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the sale.
Ans.: Two dozen cupcakes will be baked for the sale by Susan.
12. Who ate the last cookie?
Ans.: By whom was the last cookie eaten?
13. Will your brother pay your fees today?
Ans.: Will your fees be paid today by your brother?
14. The director will give you instructions.
Ans.: Instructions will be given to you by the director. OR
You will be given instructions by the director.
15. Who did this?
Ans.: By whom was this done?
 16. Let this post be advertised.
Ans.: Advertise this post.
17. The kangaroo carried her baby in her pouch.
Ans.: Her baby was carried by the Kangaroo in her pouch.
18. The robber has been caught by the police.
Ans.: The police have caught the robber

1.8 Direct and Indirect Speech

1. Direct Speech
Direct speech, also known as quoted speech, is used when you quote exactly what someone has
said. What a person has said should appear within quotation marks (“ ”) and should be word for
word.
Example:
Sachin said, “I want to go to bed.”
2. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech, also called reported speech, does not use quotation marks to enclose what
someone said. It does not have to be word for word.
Example:
Sachin said that he wanted to go to bed.
Rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech……..
1. Change the tense accordingly
2. Change Pronoun
3. Change Modal
4. Change in adverbs of nearness
Tense Change: The verb tense needs to be changed when you report someone’s sayings.
 If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future tense (e.g., say, will say) there is no
change in the tense of the verb in the indirect speech.
Sachin says, “I eat a mango”. (D.S.)
Sachin says that he eats a mango. (I.S.)
 If reporting verb is in the past tense the tense of the verbs in the reported speech or
indirect speech must be generally changed.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present simple Past simple
John said, “I write a letter”. John said that he wrote a letter.
Present continuous Past continuous
John said, “I am playing the piano.” John said that he was playing the piano.
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple
 John said, “I have lived in Mumbai since John said that he had lived in Mumbai since
2000.” 2000.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
John said, “I have been learning English forJohn said that he had been learning English for
six months.” six months.
Past simple Past perfect
John said, “I went Nashik two days ago.” John said that he had gone to Nashik two days
ago.
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
John said, “I was dancing.” John said that he had been dancing.
Past perfect Past perfect
John said, “I had finished my homework when NO CHANGE: John said that he had finished
he arrived.” his homework when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
John said, “I had been dancing for five NO CHANGE: John said that he had been
minutes.” dancing for five minutes.

Pronoun Change: The pronoun often changes in indirect speech.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I He/She
We They
You They/he/she
My His/her
Our Their
Your Their/his/her

Example:
1. Aryan said, “I want to go to bed.” (D.S.)
Aryan said that he wanted to go to bed. (I.S.)
2. John said, “I am completing my homework.” (D.S.)
John said that he was completing his homework. (I.S.)

Modal Change: Modal verbs may also change.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

will would
He said, “I will go to Mumbai.” He said that he would go to Mumbai.
can could
He said, “I can go to Mumbai.” He said that he could go to Mumbai.
shall should
He said, “I shall go to Mumbai.” He said that he should go to Mumbai.
may might
 He said, “I may go to Mumbai.” He said that he might go to Mumbai.
must had to
He said, “I must go to Mumbai.” He said that he had to go to Mumbai.

Note: There is no change when could, would, ought to, should and might are used in direct
speech.

The adverbs of nearness should be put into those of distance.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

now then
here there
this that
these those
ago before
thus so
today that day
tonight that night
the day before (or)
yesterday
the previous day
the day before yesterday two days before
the next day (or)
tomorrow
the following day
last week the week before
next week the week after

Statement (or) Assertive Sentence

Rules:
 Remove the quotation marks in the statement
 Use the conjunction ‘that’
 Change the reporting verb ‘say to’ into ‘tell’
 Change the reporting verb ‘said to’ into ‘told’
Note:
 He said that (correct)
 He told me that (correct)
 He told that (Incorrect)
Examples:
1. Kedar said, “I will work hard to get first class” (D.S.)
Kedar said he would work hard to get first class. (I.S.)
2. Shruti said to Jay “You can do this work” (D.S.)
Shruti told Jay that he could do that work. (I.S.)
3. He says, “I am glad to be here this evening”(D.S.)
He says that he is glad to be there that evening. (I.S.)
Imperative Sentence (Order or Request)
Rules :
 Remove the quotation mark in an Imperative sentence.
  Use ‘to’ if it is an affirmative sentence. (without don‘t)
 Use ‘not to’ if the sentence begins with Don‘t.
 Don‘t use ‘that’
 Omit the word ‘please’. Use the word ‘request’ instead of ‘say’.
 If the direct speech contains a request or a command, the reporting verb (say, said)
change to tell, request, order, command, ask, advise, etc. in its correct tense.
Examples:
1. “Don‘t talk in the class” said the teacher to the boys. (D.S.)
The teacher advised the boys not to talk in the class. (I.S.)
2. “Please give me something to eat. I am hungry” the old man said to them. (D.S.)
The old man requested them to give him something to eat and said that he was hungry
(I.S.)
3. “Be careful” said he to her. (D.S.)
He ordered her to be careful. (I.S.)
4. “Bring me a cup of tea” said Neha to Ashok. (D.S.)
Neha asked Ashok to bring her a cup of tea. (I.S.)
Interrogative Sentence (Questions)
Rules :
 Remove the quotation marks and question mark in the interrogative sentence.
 Use ‘if’ or ‘whether’ if the sentence inside the quotation marks begins with a helping
verb (Auxiliary verb).
 Use the given interrogative word (what, when, where, why, who, whom, whose, which,
now etc.) if it does not begin with the helping verb.
 Don‘t use ‘that’
 Changing the reporting verb (say, said) into ‘ask’ or ‘enquire’ in its correct tense.
 Omit helping verb like ‘do, does, and did’. But don’t omit them when they are with ‘not’.
1. I said to my friend “Won’t you help me to carry this box?”(D.S.)
I asked my friend if he would not help me to carry that box. (I.S.)
2. Mohan said to Sohan, “Why didn’t you attend the meeting yesterday”? (D.S.)
Mohan asked Sohan why he had not attended the meeting the day before. (I.S.)
3. Natasha said to Bipasha “How often do you go to the theatre?” (D.S.)
Natasha asked Bipasha how often she went to the theatre. (I.S.)
4. Sharmila said to Urmila, “Do you like mangoes?” (D.S.)
Sharmila asked Urmila if she liked mangoes. (I.S.)
Exclamatory Sentence
Rules:
 Change the exclamatory sentence into statement or Assertive
 Remove the quotation marks and exclamatory mark.
 Use the conjunction ‘that’
 Omit the interjections such as ‘Oh, O, Alas, how, what, hurrah.’
 Add the word ‘very’ to the adjective or adverb if necessary.
 If the verb is not given, use ‘Be’ form verb (is, was, are, were, am) in its correct tense
according to the subject.
 Change the reporting verb (say, said) to ‘exclaim joyfully’
 Use ‘exclaim’ sorrowfully for sorrowful incidents.
1. “O, what a beautiful flower that is!” said she. (D.S.)
She exclaimed joyfully that that was a very beautiful flower. (I.S.)
 2. “What a horrible sight!” we all exclaimed. (D.S.)
We all exclaimed that it was a very horrible sight. (I.S.)
3. “Alas! I have broken my brother’s watch” said he.
He exclaimed sorrowfully that he had broken his brothers watch. (I.S.)
4. “How beautiful she is!” said Nandu. (D.S.)
Nandu exclaimed joyfully that she was very beautiful. (I.S.)
Some more examples:
1. David said, “There is an excellent band playing later on.” (D.S.)
David said that there was an excellent band playing later on. (I.S.)
2. Ram said, “I saw Sita at the bank on Monday.” (D.S.)
Ram said that he had seen Sita at the bank on Monday. (I.S.)
3. The driver said, "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights." (D.S.)
The driver said that he was going to turn right at the traffic lights. (I.S.)
4. Jamini said, "I've returned the dictionary to the library".(D.S.)
Jamini said that she had returned the dictionary to the library. (I.S.)
5. The doctor said, "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive." (D.S.)
The doctor said that he would send me/us the results as soon as they arrived. (I.S.)
6. Komal said, "Will you come to my party on Saturday?" (D.S.)
Komal asked (me) if I would come to her party on Saturday. (I.S.)
7. The shopkeeper said, "Are you looking for something special?" (D.S.)
The shopkeeper asked if I was looking for something special. (I.S.)
8. Gopal said, "I play tennis every Saturday."
Gopal said that he played tennis every Saturday. (I.S.)
9. Sonali said,"I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help.”
Sonali said she would lend me her grammar book if I thought it would help. (I.S.)
10. Monika said, “I will go to the cinema this weekend.”
Monika said that she would go to the cinema that weekend.
11. John said, “I have stayed here for a long time.”
John said that he had stayed there for a long time.
12. John asked Monika, “How long have you lived here?”
John asked Monika how long she had lived there.
13. She said, “I have worked here since I left my last job.”
She told me that she had worked there since she left her last job.
14. Monika asked John, “Why do you want to stay in Mumbai.”
Monika asked John why he wanted to stay in Mumbai.
15. The teacher said, “Man is a social animal”.
The teacher said that man is a social animal.
Exercise
Change the following sentences from direct speech to reported speech:
1. The master told his servant, “Do as you are told?”
2. Bulbul said, “Can I borrow your dictionary?”
3. He said to me, “What are you doing?”
4. The old woman said, “May god bless you.”
5. He said to him, “I am very busy now.”
 6. "I have broken the window," he admitted.
7. “He was thinking of buying a new car," she said.
8. "I will come on Sunday," he reminded me.
9. "Will you make coffee?" he said.
10. George told me, "Don't park in my place."
11. Julie: "He moved a year ago."
12. Mary: "Greg came yesterday."
13. "We want these flowers," they said.
14. He said, “I am happy.”
15. She said, “I am washing my clothes.”
16. I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007.”
17. He said, “I will study the book.”
18. He said, “I will have finished the work.”
19. He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock.”
20. They said, “We were enjoying the weather.”
Change the following sentences from indirect speech to direct speech:
1. He says that he writes a letter.
2. The judge ordered the witness to tell the truth.
3. She told me that I was a liar.
4. She said that they were lazy.
5. The boy exclaimed that he was very happy.

Exercise :
1. She said to me, “What do you want now?”
Ans.: She asked me what I wanted then.
2. I said to him, “Are you going for the party?”
Ans.: I asked him if he was going for the party.
3. The monitor said, “Sir, some students were making noise yesterday.”
Ans.: The monitor told Sir that some students had been making noise the previous day.
Or
The monitor told sir that some students we making nose the day before.
4. The servant says, “The master is not at home.”
Ans.: The servant says that the master is not at home.
5. Anju said, “I wrote a letter.”
Ans.: Anju said that she had written a letter.
6. The Prime Minister said, “India became independent in 1947.”
Ans.: The Prime Minister said that India had become independent in 1947.
7. He said to the policemen, “Please save me.”
Ans.: He begged policemen to save him.
8. The old man said to her, “Obey your elders.”
Ans.: The old man advised her to obey her elders.
9. The girl said, “Hurrah! I have won a gold medal.”
Ans.: The girl exclaimed with joy that she had won a gold medal.
10. Raju said, “Gautam must go tomorrow”.
Ans.: Raju said that Gautam must go the next day.
11. He said, “I have passed the physical test.”
Ans.: He said that he had passed the physical test.
12. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.
Ans.: She ordered boys not to play on the grass.
13. "You should revise your lessons," he said to me.
Ans.: He told me that I should revise my lessons.
14. "I shall appreciate it," he said.
Ans.: He said that he should appreciate that.
15. Emma said "People in Africa are starving."
Ans.: Emma said that people in Africa was starving.
16. "I brought you this book," she said to him
Ans.: She told him that she had brought him that book.
17. Param said to me, "He moved a year ago."
Ans.: Param told me that he had moved a year before.
18. He said to me "I have not done it today."
Ans.: He told me that he had not done it that day.
19. She said to him, “I don’t believe you”.
Ans.: She told him that she didn’t believe him.
Unit 2 Comprehension

Read the following passage and answer the given questions: ( W-17 )

Every baby's face is different from every other's, in the same in the same way, every baby's pattern of
development is different. One may be very advanced in his general bodily strength and coordination, an
early sitter, stander, walker – a sort of infant athlete. And yet he may be slow in doing careful, skilful
things with his fingers, in talking. Even a baby who is an athlete in rolling over, standing and crawling
may turn out to be slow to learn to walk. A baby who's advanced in his physical activities may be very
slow to learn to walk. A baby who's advanced in his physical activities may be very slow in his teething
and vice versa. A child who turns out later to be smart in his school work may have been so slow in the
beginning to talk that his parents were afraid that he was dull; and a child who has just an ordinary
amount of brains is sometimes a very early taker

1) Which baby is called 'an infant athlete'?

Ans: A baby who is very advanced in his general bodily strength and coordination like an early sitter,
stander and walker is called as 'an infant athlete'.
2) 'Every baby's pattern of development is different'. Explain.
Ans: Every baby's pattern of development is different. Some babies may be very advanced in his general
bodily strength and coordination but they may be slow in doing careful, skillful things with his fingers, in
talking. On the other hand, a child who is smart in his school work may have been so slow in the
beginning to talk that his parents were afraid that he was dull; and a child who has just an ordinary
amount of brains is sometimes a very early taker. Thus, some babies develop fast on the other hand some
develop very slow.
3 Explain the contrast of an advanced baby and the same one turned into a dull baby.
Ans: An advanced baby has general bodily strength and coordination who is an early sitter, stander,
walker; yet he may be slow in doing careful, skillful things with his fingers, in talking. He may be fast in
rolling over, standing and crawling but he may turn out to be slow to learn to walk. An advanced baby
may be very fast in his physical activities but he may be very slow to learn to walk and very slow in his
teething and vice versa.
4)Write down the pair of contrasts explained in the paragraph.
Ans: Pair of contrasts explained in the paragraph are as follow: 1. An advanced baby may be very in his
general bodily strength and coordination who is an early sitter, stander, and walker. And yet he may be
slow in doing careful, skillful things with his fingers, in talking. 2. An athlete baby who is fast in rolling
over, standing and crawling may turn out to be slow to learn to walk. 3. A baby who is advanced in his
physical activities may be very slow to learn to walk. 4. A baby who is advanced in his physical activities
may be very slow in his teething and vice versa. 5. A child who turns out later to be smart in his school
work may have been so slow in the beginning to talk that his parents were afraid that he was dull. 6. A
child who has just an ordinary number of brains is sometimes a very early taker. (Note: Any two correct
pairs of contrast should be assessed.)
W-19 : Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier were papermakers, but they had been interested in flying for
many years. One night in 1782, Joseph noticed something that gave him an idea. He was sitting in front
of fire when he saw some small pieces of scorched paper carried up the chimney. Soon afterwards the
brothers made an experiment. They lit a fire under a small silk bag which was opened at the bottom. At
once the bag rose to the ceiling. After this, they made many more experiments, both indoor and in the
open air. Then they built a huge balloon of linen and paper. On June 5th, 1783 they sent this balloon up
in the village of Annonay, where they lived. The first ascent in England was made on September 15th ,
1784 by Vincent Lunardi, an Italian who was living in England. Lunardi took off in a hydrogen balloon
from a field in London, taking with him a Pigeon, a cat and a dog. He had to come down to leave the cat
which was suffering from the cold, but afterwards flew on to Standon in Hertfordshire

1 ) State the interest of Stephen and Joseph.

Ans: The interest of Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier was flying

2) Mention the incident which gave Joseph an idea.

Ans: One night in 1782, Joseph was sitting in front of fire when he saw some small pieces of scorched
paper carried up the chimney. This incident gave Joseph an idea

3) Explain the experiment made by the brothers after getting idea.

Ans: The brothers lit a fire under a small silk bag which was opened at the bottom. At once the bag rose
to the ceiling

4) Describe the ascent by Lunardi.

Ans: On September 15th, 1784, Vincent Lunardi took off in a hydrogen balloon from a field in London,
taking with him a Pigeon, a cat and a dog. He had to come down to leave the cat which was suffering
from the cold, but afterwards he flew on to Standon in Hertfordshire.

5) Write the word from the passage which means-

(a) baked - scorched (b) rise – ascent
S-19
Read the following passage and answer the given questions: Our forests are important source of natural
wealth covering one fifth of the country's land area. They supply the timber for the railways, house
building and furniture making. They also supply the fuel for cooking and bamboo for paper making.
Medicinal herbs also come from the forests. In the olden days our wise men and philosophers had their
"Ashrams' in the forests. These Ashrams were centers of knowledge and learning. Unfortunately, forests
were ruthlessly cut down in the past few years. While the forests are disappearing the demand for timber
is growing. We must therefore protect and develop our forests. "Vana Mahotsav" is a most important
step in this direction. It is observed for a week in July every year. During this week lakhs of saplings are
planted throughout the country. This is being done to restore our fast-disappearing forests.

Questions:
1) What do forests supply for paper making?
Ans: Forests supply bamboo for paper making.
2)What was the purpose of Ashrams?
Ans: The purpose of Ashrams was to provide knowledge and learning.
3). Why is Vana Mahotsav observed? How is it observed?
Ans: Vana Mahotsav is observed in order to protect, develop and restore our fast-disappearing forests.
Vana Mahotsav is observed for a week in July, when lakhs of saplings are planted throughout the
country.
4)What would you do to restore forests?
Ans: I would do following things to restore forests: 1. I would plant trees. 2. I would motivate others to
plant trees. 3. I would take care of existing trees. (Note: Points may vary. Any two correct points should
be given marks.)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
W- 18
Read the following passage and answer the given questions:

We left Dehradun early in the learning and stopped by for breakfast at Mussouri. From Mussouri the
picturesque road heads north to Yamuna bridge, then to Barkot, where one road branches to Gangotri.
The road winds along the Yamuna River through luxurious dense green vegetation to Hanumanchatti, the
end of motorable road. The remaining journey has to be undertaken on foot or pony. Yamunotri is only 13
km from Hanumanchatti. But it is better to proceed another 6 km and have the night halt at
Janakibaichatti. The journey to Yamunotri is simply breathtaking. High snowcovered peaks all around,
glaciers, streams and waterfalls, vibrant green foliage and the pristine air are a sheer delight to tired city
lungs. Yamunotri, 3322 metres above sea level, is located on the western bank of the great peak of
Banderpunch (monkey's tail) which is 6315 metres high.

Questions:
1. State the reason of taking halt at Mussouri.
Ans: The reason of taking halt at Mussouri was taking breakfast there.
2. Mention the reason to undertake remaining journey to Yamunotri on foot or pony.
 Ans: The road that winds along the Yamuna River through dense green vegetation to
Hanumanchatti was the end of motorable road. This is the reason for undertaking
remaining journey to Yamunotri on foot or pony
3. Explain why the journey to Yamunotri is simply breathtaking
. Ans: High snowcovered peaks all around, glaciers, streams and waterfalls, vibrant green
foliage and the pristine air are a sheer delight to tired city lungs. So the journey to
Yamunotri is simply breathtaking.
4. Describe the location of Yamunotri.
Ans: Yamunotri is13 km from Hanuman Hatti. It is 3322 meters above sea level and
located on the western bank of the great peak of Bander punch (monkey's tail) which is
6315 metres high.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

S-18
Read the following passage and answer the given questions:
Since football is the most popular game in the world, the best football player is Pele. He
was born on October 23, 1940 in Brazil. He was a Negro, who had earned the name of
'Black Diamond of Football'. He used to play Soccer-barefoot in the street with a football
made from cotton cloth. Once he stole peanuts from a goods train and bought a leather
football after selling them. Pele became a famous football player under the coaching of
Waldima Brito, the famous football instructor. He took part in the world football
competition of 1962, 1966 and 1970. He scored 1216 goals in 1254 matches. It was a
world record for a single football player.

Questions :

1.When was Pele born ?

Ans: Pele was born on October 23, 1940.

2.Who was Pele's instructor ?

Ans: Pele's instructor was Waldima Brito, the famous football instructor

3.Which game do you like the most ? Why ?

Ans: I like cricket because it‟s very interesting game and I know almost all the rules of
this game. Besides, playing cricket is a good exercise that keeps me healthy. (Note:
Content/detail may vary.)

4. Find out from the passage, the opposite of the following words :
(1) Purchase - sell (2) Worst – best
 SEEN PASSAGES

SHIVA’S BLESSING
by Aditya Sharma

Difficult Words:
i) Desperation (Noun): dejection, depression
E.g. The feeling of desperation and helplessness was common to most of the refugees.
ii) Prompted (Verb): assist (a person speaking) by suggesting something
E.g. Curiosity prompted her to ask a few questions.
iii) Reckoned (Noun): expected, considered
E.g. Zoologists usually reckon but an hundred and seventy species in all.
iv) Sparsely (Adv.): sporadically, thinly
v) Clientele (Noun): the clients or customers
vi) Mock (Verb): practicing
vii) Excursion (Noun): a short trip or outing to some place
E.g. In Kashmir, Sam’s father took him on an excursion to a rose garden.
viii) Comprehend (Verb): Perceive, Understand the nature or meaning of
ix) Convocation (Noun): assembly, a group of people gathered in answer to a summons
x) Substantially (Adv.): of ample or considerable amount, quantity or size
xi) Ask for (Phr. Verb): to request
xii) Catered (Verb): provide or supply
xiii) Struck off (Verb): removed, cancelled
xiv) Taken aback (Phr. Verb): surprised, disconcerted
xv) Rebuke (Verb): express sharp, stern disapproval of, reprove
xvi) E-commerce (Noun): business that is transacted by transferring data electronically,
especially over internet
xvii) Tempted (Verb): to attract, allure, appeal strongly to

Answer the following sample questions.

i) Write the meaning of the word: desperation
 dejection, depression
ii) write the full form of the abbreviation: IIM
 Indian Institute of Management
iii) Change the sentence into indirect speech:
Shiva’s mother told Shiva firmly, “Enjoy yourself only when you can afford it.”
 Shiva’s mother warned Shiva to enjoy himself only when he could afford it.
iv) Change the sentence into indirect speech:
Shiva’s father asked, “What’s the salary of your new job Shiva?”
 Shiva’s father asked Shiva what the salary of his new job was.
Answer the following in three to four sentences (any FIVE)
Describe the preparation stage of Shiva for IIM examination.
Ans: On Krishna’s suggestions, Shiva began preparing for IIM's common admissions test (CAT). On
Krishna's suggestion, Shiva enrolled in a CAT coaching class. However, after attending a few lectures,
Shiva realized that he didn't have time to attend the lectures. So he kept taking their notes and old CAT
question papers to study at home. Krishna also prepared him for mock interviews and group discussions.
Shiva kept himself updated with current affairs by regularly watching the news and reading. Finally, he
got offers from six IIMs. Taking a student loan, Shiva joined IIM Calcutta in 2013.

State any four qualities of Shiva that have inspired you. (S19)
Ans: Shiva’s qualities that have inspired me are his intelligence, hardworking nature, dedication,
obedience and being a visionary

*Describe the family condition of Shiva Kumar during his childhood and school life. (W18)
Ans. The family condition of Shiva Kumar during his childhood and school life was not financially well
off. His father was an out-of-work lorry driver who did not have Rs.15,000 to pay Shiva’s annual fees.
Shiva’s mother sold her jewellery for his admission in Maruthi Vidyalaya, an ICSE School. Shiva and his
elder sister Yogeshwari used to sell the garlands at traffic signals and other places after their school.
Shiva used to sell the newspapers. Despite all this hard work, money was insufficient for the family.

* State the hardships taken by Shiva's family to overcome the difficult times. ( W 17)
Ans: Shiva’s father Nagendra bought flowers that his wife strung into garlands. Then Shiva and his elder
sister Yogeshwari sold the garlands at traffic signals and other places after their school. Apart from this,
Shiva also sold newspapers. In this way, they were earning their living.

Answer the following in 3 to 4 sentences.

v) Express your views/ ideas on: Helping the needy people
Ans.: Your little help to a needy person can change someone’s life completely. It can give him equal
opportunities that of a rich person. This help also gives wings to their dreams. When the biggest
hurdle of the path is removed, the needy person takes every effort to fulfill his dream.
vi) Express your views/ ideas on: Gratitude for help received from someone
Ans.: When you receive a help from someone, it’s your honesty to give your best to keep up the promise
you have made to that person. You can express your gratitude by telling him a thanks, presenting him a
gift or carrying on the legacy of help to the next generation

Answer the following in 4 to 5 sentences.

vii) State any four qualities of Shiva that has inspired you.
Ans.:
1. Shiva’s hardwork in his studies made him a successful country manager at Sri Lanka
branch. He achieved this feat not just by sitting at one place, but by taking lots of efforts.
At the very early age he started doing odd jobs of selling newspapers, garlands and
washing cars.
2. He was a sincere and trustworthy person. That’s why Krishna Vedavyasa believed in him
 and became ready to pay his school fees every year.
3. He is a helpful boy; he helps weak students in some lessons in class. He also helps his
family to uplift the finances.
4. Shiva is also a good skillful entrepreneur, because he makes a good newspaper selling
business and expands it gradually. He also works at an electronics shop and, later on,
repairing computer. Despite getting a reputable job in a multinational company, he
decides to start his own business.
x) Describe the help given by Krishna Vedavyasa.
Ans.: Krishna Vedavyasa plays an essential role in Shiva’s success journey. It was Krishna who
realized Shiva’s potential and provided help for paying his school fees every year.
Krishna encouraged Shiva to believe in himself and stay focused with the target. Krishna
invited Shiva to come over his place and prepare for mock-interview and group
discussion. At every juncture of life, Krishna gave him a moral support. Though he was a
practical man, he treated Shiva as his own child. Shiva kept his words and made this
achievement for Krishna.
xi) Explain the statement on six sentences: ‘I want to multiply the blessings I have
received.’
Ans.: Shiva knew that he could achieve this success just because of the presence of the
nobleman like Krishna Vedavyasa in his life. Krishna helped Shiva for paying his school
and coaching class fees and also he provided him great moral support to pass one of the
toughest exams (CAT) in the world. Shiva thought if he also joins in Krishna’s
humanitarian work, there can be many poor and needy children who will get benefitted
and get a chance to study further. Shiva wanted to spread awareness of this great work
among many people. Trully, It’s the nobleman Krishna’s blessings that provided Shiva a
platform to soar up high and fulfill his dreams.
xii) State your short term and long term goals in six sentences.
Ans.:
My short term goals:
1) I want to pass Diploma Engineering in First class with distinction.
2) I want to learn speaking fluent English.
3) I want to win maximum prizes in Paper Presentation competition.
My long term goals:
1) I want to become a successful Computer Engineer.
2) I want to start my own software company in Nashik.
3) I want to help the poor and needy people.
 2.2. GRIND
Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the dictionary
i) Grind : A tedious task, hard monotonous routine work,
ii) Adversity : hardship, bad luck
iii) Dominant : powerful, controlling, ruling
iv) Gambled : take a chance on winning, take risk in the hope of a favorable
outcome.
v) Renowned : widely known, famous
vi) Penniless : broke, without any money
vii) Accomplished : highly skilled, proficient
viii) Legendary : having unimaginable greatness, outstanding, eminent
ix) Legends : A person having extraordinary accomplishment/qualities
x) Uncertainty : uneasiness, changeableness, leaning into pain

Answer the following sample questions

i) Write the meaning of the word: Grind
Ans.: Grind means a tedious task or hard work/labour
ii) Write the meaning of the word: Prodigy
Ans.: Prodigy means extremely talented person especially a child or intelligent young person.

 State the qualities of Lionel Messi which inspired you. ( W19)

Ans: Qualities of Lionel Messi that inspired me are as below: 1. Hard work/Attitude of Grind 2.
Patience/his statement that it took him 19 years to become an overnight success 3. Determination/the fact
that he believes in practice and he is strong minded person. 4. Sacrifice for success

 Describe the preparation stage of Cristiano Ronaldo. ( W 18)

Ans. Cristiano Ronaldo used to practice daily from morning to night. Ronaldo had to go away
from his family for better training. He was depressed and home sick. He used to call home and
cry daily. He wanted to quit but his determination was stronger than his self-doubt. He focused all
his energy in improving his game. Cristiano Ronaldo got selected for Portugal's most famous club
"Sporting Lisbon".
 What does Mohammad Ali think about 'success' ? ( W 18)
Ans: Boxing legend Mohammad Ali says that, “ I don’t count my sit ups. I only start counting
when it starts to pain. That is what really counts”. He thinks that there is no easy success and the
famous overnight success does not exist.

Answer the following in 3 to 4 sentences

iii. Explain the term: Comfort Zone.
Ans.:
1. Comfort zone is a place, situation, or level where someone feels safe and at ease.
2. In this zone a person is in control of environment and experiences low level of stress.
3. There is a little or no scope for uncertainty in comfort zone.
4. Legends embrace all kinds of uncertainty and difficulties at any given point of time; they
don’t choose according to their comfort zone.
5. One must expand comfort zone by constantly stepping out of them as comfort zonekills
productivity.
iv. Explain the term: Grind Mindset.
Ans.:
1. Every successful person has gone through the negative thinking process that forced them
to give up.
2. But in order to become great, one needs practice Grind Mindset day in and day out.
3. Grind mindset is pushing yourself forward even if your body is tired and can’t do
anymore.
4. When a person has desire to achieve a goal, he or she go back to work in spite of
negative mind- set that is grind.
5. Thus Grind Mindset is the commitment to practice, preparation and put in extra efforts
that it takes to accomplish your dream.

Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences :

v. Express your views on: Christiano Ronaldo.
(S19)Ans.:
1. Christiano Ronaldo the true legend who refuses to give up to adversity and rises above it
as the real Madrid Star and football legend.
2. Though he was born and brought up in a very poor family, his determination, devotion
and sacrifice was larger than any adversity and negative mindset.
3. He practiced regularly and focused all his energy in improving his game and himself as
well.
4. He was so determined that he went on playing the match even if he received the
messages about his father’s death.
5. Christiano Ronaldo truly displayed grind mindset and inspires us to dream big and
believe in our capacities, work hard and give 100% every time.

vi. Express your views /ideas on: Easy Success.

Ans.:
1. As quoted by Argentina Star Lionel Messi “It took me 19 years to become an overnight
success”. Let’s be honest to say that the path to success is full of adversity and time
consuming.
2. Every successful people had to gone through failures and hardships. They pushed
themselves forward, sacrificed day in and day out to achieve success.
3. Everyone is unique in this world but your talent can take you only to a certain level. In
order to be successful you put in the extra effort; that is you must ‘Grind’. That is why it
is called skill.
4. This process can take hours and hours, years and years. Surely it is not going to be easy.
Even ‘Prodigy’ need to practice to hone their skill.
5. Many legends showed us that we must take chance, risk everything to accomplish success
as there is no such a thing called ‘Easy Success’.
6. The road to success is a lonely road; learn to walk alone on hard road till the goal is not
reached.

vii. State any four qualities of Lionell Messi that has inspired you.
Ans.:
1. Lionel Messi, the only man to win four times World Player of the year and as an
individual goal scorer than almost every player who came before him.
2. The following qualities of Lionell Messi inspired me:
a) Fight for your dream: This is the best quality of Footballing God that inspired me a lot.
Messi never gave up he always fight hard for his dream till the end.
b) Sacrifices and Hard work: Messi works very hard and practice a lot day in and day out.
Messi always wanted to play professional football so he made lots of sacrifices to achieve
his goal.
c) Grind Mindset: he shows grind mind set while preparing for his game. He always put in
the extra effort in order to grow fast. He experienced a lot of adversity in his life, but he
always moved forward with positive attitude.
d) Intelligence: more than any other of his numerous qualities, Messi is unique for his blend
of intelligence and perceptiveness as both a creator and scorer of goals.
e) Patience: This quality of Messi shows that success takes time. Success is a long term
process and it is no something that you can achieve overnight. Stop looking for shortcuts
the journey may not be easy but the reward will be worth it.

viii. Describe the preparation stage of Ronaldo, the football legend.

Ans.:
1. Christiano Ronaldo the true legend who refuses to give up to adversity and rises above it
as the real Madrid Star and football legend.
2. In the preparation stage Ronnie used to practice daily from morning to night.
3. When he had to relocate himself away from his family for better training, he became
depressed and home sick.
4. He had difficulty in making friends, he used to call home and cry daily.
5. He wanted to quit but his determination was longer than his self-doubt and focused all his
energy in improving his game and improving as a person.
6. finally he got selected for Portugal's most famous club "Sporting Lisbon" and even got
selected for the top 11 in the Euro 2004 squad for Portugal.

ix. Explain the given statement in your own words:

‘Having a dream is only half a battle won’.
Ans.:
1. “DREAM... because dreams do come true" is repeatedly said by every legend whohas
etched his or her name in the history of time.
2. But having dream is only half a battle won.
3. The next half is the most important and crucial one; that is 'radical action'.
 4. Though the road to success is hard, we have to get up, take action, grind and never give
up.
5. As Mahatria says, "It takes what it takes to become what you want to become".
6. The only way is to work your way up one step at a time; there is no other way. We must
get out of our comfort zone and take actions.

x. Describe the initial struggle of Walter Edward Dandy, an American neurosurgeon.

Ans.:
1. Walter Edward Dandy an American neurosurgeon was the first person to perform surgery
in the brain.
2. No one at that time thought this surgery would be possible but Walter Dandy had a
dream, dream of giving people a second chance to live and he was willing to start, so he
went ahead with the surgery.
3. his first 13 patients died, he went through all the blames, criticisms and his own self-
doubt but Walter was a strongminded person; in spite of the failures and ridicule, he went
ahead with his attempt to find acure and finally he succeed.
4. Now he is proudly known as ‘one of the three founding fathers of Neurosurgery'.
5. So the legend is the one who refuses to give up to adversity and rises above it.

xi. Summarize the success story of legend who inspired you.

Ans.:
1. “My ambition is always to get better and better” Lionel Messi
2. Lionel Andres Messi popularly known as Messi, is a renowned and one of the greatest
soccer players of our time. He plays the forward position for FC Barcelona and Argentina
national team.
3. Messi was born in the year 1987, June 24 at Rosario, central Argentina. He was born into
the family of Mr. Jorge Messi and Mrs. Celia Maria Cuccittin. Messi wasn’t born with a
golden spoon in his mouth. He was from a poor family but he was destined for greatness.
4. Messi’s father: Mr. Jorge Messi, was a factory steel worker while his Mother: Mrs. Maria
Cuccittin, worked as a part time cleaner. Despite their financial challenges, Mr. Jorge
Messi was determined to bring out the best in his children.
5. Messi started playing ball for Grandoli: a local football team club.
6. At the age of 11, Messi encountered one of his greatest life-challenges; he was diagnosed
with a growth hormone deficiency which restricted his growth.
7. Lionel Messi was always shorter than his teammates and opponents, but instead
of making it an excuse or feel self-pity, he used it to give him that extra boost of drive.
8. He has the privilege to support Argentine children diagnosed with medical conditions by
offering treatment in Spain and covering the transport, hospital, and recuperation costs.
Messi had the right perspective as he used his adversity as a means of motivation that
ignited his success. “You have to fight to reach your dream. You have to sacrifice and
work hard for it.

Write about your career dreams.

Ans.: Everyone has big dreams and high hopes, so do I.
1. My dream is to become a civil engineer.
2. Right from my childhood I have enjoyed crafting and building things.
3. As engineers are the real creators of things and they convert imagination into reality, this career
 would provide me space for using my imagination and creation.
4. Many renowned engineers’ stories inspire me to take up this career and I would like to do
something extraordinary in civil engineering career.
5. I know having a dream is only half a battle won; I have to put in the extra efforts i.e. I must grind.

2.3 JRD TATA

Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the dictionary.
i) Philanthropist : a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by the
generous donation of money to good causes.
ii) Patron : a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, or
cause.
iii) Conglomerate : a large corporation formed by the merging of separate and diverse
firms.
iv) Pomposity : self-importance.
v) Flourish : develops rapidly and successfully.
vi) Entrepreneurs : a person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks
in the hope of profit.
vii) Suppressing : prevent the development, action/ forcibly put an end to.
viii) Strait-jacketed : impose severely restrictive/bann measures on (a person or activity).
ix) Vigorously : in a way that involves physical strength, effort, or energy; strenuously.
x) Subsidiaries : a company controlled by a holding company.

Short Answer Questions :

i) Write the meaning of the word: hostility : unfriendliness, bitterness, Unkindness,
hatred
ii) State the date and place of birth of JRD Tata. : JRD Tata was born in Paris on July 29,
1904.
iii) Insert suitable prepositions in the blanks:
As an industrialist, JRD Tata is credited with placing the Tata Group on the international
map.
iv) Insert suitable articles in the blanks:
Tata Steel became one of the earliest companies in India to have a dedicated human resources
department
Answer the following in three to four sentences (any FIVE)

Explain the concept of 'Leadership', according to JRD TATA. (W-19)

Ans: According to JRD Tata, leadership means motivating others. Main responsibility of a leader is to
inspire respect. A leader has to lead human beings with affection. Being a great leader himself, Tata
spotted talent easily. And once he was confident that a manager would perform, he gave him a long hope.
Tata says that as a chairman, his main responsibility is to inspire respect. A great leader has to deal with
individuals and bring out the best in everyone.

*Name the scientists and lawyers who flourished under the leadership of JRD Tata. (S-19)
Ans: The scientists of international repute such as Homi Bhabha and leading lawyers such as J. D. Choksi
and Nani Palkhivala flourished under JRD Tata’s environment.

*State the views of JRD Tata about a leader. (W18)

Ans. According to JRD Tata, leadership meant motivating others. So leader should motivate others. To be
a leader, one has to get to lead human beings with affection. The leader should identify talent easily. And
once he/she is confident that a manager would perform, he/she should give the manager a long hope.

 State the names of the entrepreneurs developed under the guidance of JRD Tata. ( W 17)
Ans: The entrepreneurs developed under the guidance of JRD Tata are Sir Homi Mody, Sir
Ardeshir Dalal, Sir Jehangir Ghandy, Russi Mody, Sumant Moolgaokar and Darbari Seth
Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences :
v. Express the views of JRD TATA about a leader.
Ans.:
1. A good leader inspires/motivates others.
2. He inspires respect.
3. He should take into account everyone’s view. It does not mean that he does not disagree
with certain points. He has his own views and ideas.
4. He has to adapt himself to his subordinates. He has to find out the best in each person.
1. He must know how to deal with or adjust with people according to their ways and
characteristics.
2. Sometime he has to suppress himself. It is painful but necessary. To be a leader you have
got to lead human beings with affection (love).
3. He had managerial skills of dealing with individual men heading different enterprises.

vi. Express your views/ideas on: JRD Tata.

1. JRD Tata was born in Paris on July 29, 1904.
2. He is a well-known industrialist and philanthropist.( a person who works for society )
3. JRD was elected as the Chairman of Tata & Sons in 1938.
4. He received the Padma Vibhushan in 1955.
5. He was also awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1992.
6. He was a patron on the sciences and arts. He had a passion for literature, fast cars,skiing,
and flying.
7. Under his leadership, the Tata asset climbed from Rs. 62 crore to 10,000 crore.
8. He was also a man of great sensitivity and was pained by the poverty he saw around
 him. In his life time, he had taken efforts to reduce the poverty.
9. He had started Asia’s first cancer hospital known as the Tata Memorial Centre for
Cancer, Research and Treatment at Mumbai in 1941.

vii. State any four diversified areas in which the Tata group entered in the last half of
the 20th century.
Ans.:
1. During the last half of the twentieth century Tata entered several new businesses.
2. Many of them were unconventional.
3. Tata group produced vast range of products -- from airlines to hotels, trucks to
locomotives, soda ash and other heavy chemicals to pharmaceuticals and financial
services, tea and air conditioning to lipsticks and cologne.

viii.Name the scientists, lawyers and economists who flourished under the leadership of
JRD Tata.
Ans.: Due to supportive environment of JRD Tata scientists of international repute such as
Homi Bhabha, leading lawyers such as J D Choksi and Nani Palkhivala, and economists
such as John Matthai, A D Shroff, D R Pendse and Freddie Mehta could flourish.

ix. Summarize the contribution of JRD Tata as a philanthropist.

Ans.:
1) Philanthropist is a person who starts business not just for money. He works for society.
He is not a greedy person. JRD was also a man of great sensitivity and was pained by the
poverty he saw around him and he worked hard to reduce the poverty.
2) He wanted India to be a happy country and did all he could to make it so.
3) He was a patron of the sciences and the arts. He motivated budding scientists and artists
of India.
4) He focused on labour policy and treated workers as human beings and not as a machine.
He had a Human Resource Department in his company to look after the workers’
problems.
5) He had started Asia’s first cancer hospital known as the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer,
Research and Treatment at Mumbai in 1941. He donated lot of money to poor people for
the treatment of cancer.
6) He donated lot of money to social cause through Tata Charitable Trust

x. Describe the role of JRD Tata as a leader and motivator.

Ans.: The role of JRD Tata as a leader and motivator is given
below:
1. He motivated his directors to do the best.
2. He was supportive. He took into consideration everyone’s view but he had his own
views on certain points.
3. Because of his nature, he was called as Chairmen’s chairman.
4. He adopted a management by consensus style.
5. He had managerial skills of dealing with individual men heading different enterprises.
6. He was keen to find out the best in each person.
7. He could deal with or adjust with people according to their ways and characteristics.
 8. In his fifty years business span, he handled top hundred directors and got on with all of
them.
9. He handled manpower with love and affection.
10. He spotted and nurtured human talent. He motivated them to work.
11. The supportive environment in the company created famous businessman, scientists and
economists.

xi. Elaborate the statement: ‘The Tata group is India’s biggest business empire.’
Ans.:
1. Tata group was established in 1859.
2. The Tata Group was already India's biggest business conglomerate when Tata became its
fourth chairman in 1938. He was then just 34 years old. Under his leadership, the Tata
assets climbed from Rs. 62 crore (Rs. 620 million) in 1939 to over Rs. 10,000 crore (Rs
100 billion) in 1990.
3. During the last half of the twentieth century Tata entered several new businesses
4. Tata group produced a vast range of products - from airlines to hotels, trucks to
locomotives, soda ash and other heavy chemicals to pharmaceuticals and financial
services, tea and air conditioning to lipsticks and cologne.
5. One of Tata's earliest achievements was to cajole (convince) ten rival cement companies
to merge (collaborate) and form the Associated Cement Companies, run by the Tata’s.
6. JRD strengthened existing businesses such as steel, power and hotels.
7. JRD Tata is credited with placing the Tata Group on the international map. As an aviator
and pioneer flier, he brought commercial aviation to India.
xii. State and explain any six qualities of a successful entrepreneur.
Ans.: Here are six qualities of a successful entrepreneur you should ideally possess to start and run your
own business
1. Motivation :Entrepreneurs are enthusiastic, optimistic and future-oriented.
2. Creativity : Successful entrepreneurs have the creative capacity to recognize and pursue
opportunities
3. Risk Taker : Launching any entrepreneurial venture is risky. You can also test your concept on a
small scale.
4. Vision : One of your responsibilities as founder and head of your company is deciding where
your business should go
5. Knowledge-seeker : Anticipate and use knowledge, Write and share ideas, prioritise, get
outside inputs, create a clear roadmap for changes
6. Confidence :Self-awareness, conviction in ability to succeed, action-oriented, pro-active.
A MESSIAH FOR THE ABANDONED SICK
by Soutik Biswas

Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the
dictionary.
i) Damp : the walls of hospital wards were moistures that exerts discouragement.
ii) Grubby : Ward was dirty and grimy
iii) Gurneys : Stinking atmosphere
iv) Fetid : Stinking atmosphere
v) Amputate : Someone who had a limb removed by amputation
vi) Appalling : terrified, fearful
vii) Wolfing : Wild animal hunting
viii) Scalded : Injured or pained
ix) Samaritan : Genuinely charitable person

Answer the following sample questions.

i) Write the meaning of the word: Underprivileged.
Ans.: deprived of some basic needs
ii) Write out the meaning of the word: Abandoned.
Ans.: rejected by family or society
iii. Change the voice: He picks up some money to pay for medicines.
Ans.: Some money is picked up by him to pay for medicine.
iv. Change into indirect speech: "Can you find me a job?" he asks.
Ans.: He asked if he could find job for him.

*State any three adjectives to describe the condition of patients in the abandoned ward in Patna. (S-
19)
Ans: The adjectives to describe the condition of patients in the abandoned ward in Patna are as below:
1. Abandoned 2. Lawaris 3. Sick 4. Underprivileged
  Mention any two positive points of Gurmeet Singh's personality. ( W 17)
Ans: Positive points of Gurmeet Singh's personality are as follow: 1. Love and affection for the
abandoned patients 2. Dedication towards rendering his services to the patients 3. Generous and
kind hearted man in giving them food every day 4. Regularity in service to the patients 5. Humble
/ modest Person

Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences

v. Express your views/ideas on: Service to humanity is service to Almighty.
Ans.:
1. ‘Service to humanity is service to Almighty’.
2. Around us there are so many poor who need dignity some care. Most of them are
deprived of food, shelter, cloths and medical treatments.
3. When they need hospitality they are left to their fate. When poor are sent to hospital in
some case of suffering from diseases and when they recover they are either sent to rehab
homes or returned to the streets people.
4. Those who are well established should contribute to social activities and help to improve
the wrenched life. Conditions of the poor worshipping Godin temples is not the true
service to Almighty but to help humanity in any form is real service to Almighty.
vi) State any three words/adjectives to describe the patients in the Abandoned ward in
patna.
Ans.:
1. Limbs amputated
2. Bed ragged-woman with wild hair
3. Leg in traction
4. Broken femur
5. An amputee

vii) State any four personality traits of Gurmeet Singh that has impressed you.
Ans.: Four personality traits of Gurmeet Singh that has impressed me are :
1. Entrance of Gurmeet Singh to abandoned ward brings frisson excitement among
patients. Their weary faces light up and break in to smile
2. A very table Messiah of foul kingdom of disease and disability.
3. Sing cannot abandon the abandoned.
4. The unfailing devotion to his patients matched by his unchanging routine.
5. Intuitive willingness to sacrifice his earnings for patients’ medicines and food.
6. Caring for poor.

viii) Describe in four sentences the condition of hospital wards in Patna.

Ans.: Hospital wards conditions can be described as:
1. Hospital wards are damped and grubby facility with lime-green walls and stained tile
floors.
2. A fetid smell of urine and stale food fills the air.
3. Rats slink out of a defunct fire place and scurry for food.
4. The place has the appalling moniker of the ward for lawaris or the abandoned.
5. There is a stream of pale blood and urine flowing on the floor under the bed.
 ix. Summarize the contribution of Gurmeet Singh as a philanthropist.
Ans.: Gurmeet Singh contributed to minimize pains of patients by his services of
providing food, medicines and taking care of ill-fatted poor homeless persons. He was
kind hearted human being his entry in the wards brought excitement among patients.
Their weary faces light up and broke in to smile. Singh has been visiting the abandoned
patients’ wards every night with food and medicines. He has not been on vacation past
thirteen years. His unchanging routine showed his unfailing devotion to his patients. He
brought eateries like roties, vegetables, salad, eggs and curd to feed to his patients. He
enquired about the patient’s condition and played with them. He paid for the more
expensive medicines, tests, scans, and chemotherapy for cancer patients also donated a lot
of blood to needy patient. Tonight he served the Manu like hot roties vegetables curd and
sweet.
x. Describe the role of Gurmeet Singh as a nurse, doctor, provider and kin.
Ans.: As a true human being and service provider to humanity he played multilayer roles with
his patients. He feed his patients with roties, vegetables, salad, eggs and curd like a nurse.
As a doctor, he warmly asked about the conditions of patients. He goes through patients’
prescriptions and pays for medicines, tests, scans and cancer treatments also donated a lot
of blood to needy patient. He plays at once with nurse, doctors, provider, and kin’s role
simultaneously.

xi. Explain the meaning of the statement: ‘He [Gurmeet Singh] is like God.’
Ans.: Gurmeet Singh’s heart sighs for poor, deprived of and less marginalized, down-trodden
section of society. He took utmost care for such a people. With caring sense he brought
food for them and paid money for expensive medicines. Every night he visited the wards
without fail and lovingly enquired about the health conditions of abandoned patients. He
also feed them with various eateries. Hence, for all such a patients he was like God to
them.

xii. State and explain any six qualities of a Good Samaritan.

Ans.: A good Samaritan should possess following qualities:
1. A good Samaritan should create happy, pleasant atmosphere among down-trodden, less
marginalized section of society.
2. Should bring ray of hope, excitement, and cheerfulness to pessimistic group of people.
3. Help poor with food, clothes and medicines whenever they are in need.
4. Exert generosity in caring and enquire warmly about their health conditions to minimize
feelings of loneliness
5. Create trustworthy relationships amongst such a neglected group of society with
empathy.
6. A Good Samaritan is always charitable willing to extend his help to needy persons.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ELECTRONIC WASTE
Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the dictionary.
i) Hazardous (Adj.): dangerous, full of risk
 He went on a hazardous journey.
ii) Contaminating (Adj.): Polluting, dirtying
 The sewage discharged into the river is contaminating the drinking water.
iii) Toxic (Adj.): harmful, deadly
 The fumes from that chemical are highly toxic.
iv) Obsolete (Adj.): out of date, no longer in use
 The expression ‘how do you do?’ has become obsolete now.
v) Scavenging (Adj.): to expel burnt gases, rummaging
 He scavenged the town dump for automobile parts.
vi) Designated (Adj.): to indicate, to denote or point out
 The designated time for the meeting was 10:00 am.
vii) Accomplishment (Noun): fulfillment, something done admirably
 Space exploration is a major accomplishment of science.
viii) Disposed (Verb): inclined, likely
 His temperament disposed him to argue readily with people.
ix) Landfill (Noun): the disposal of waste material by burying it, especially as a method of
filling in and reclaiming excavated pits.
 Plastic in landfills lasts for hundreds of years.

Answer the following sample questions.

i) Write the meaning of the word: Electronic Waste
Ans.: E-waste refers to the thrown out electronics equipment like computers, printers,
televisions and cell phones etc. which are harmful to our eco-system if not disposed
properly.
ii) Write the full form of the abbreviation: BAN
Ans.: Basel Action Network (BAN).
Change the voice:
iii) Many companies post a calendar on their website.
Ans.: A calendar is posted my many companies on their websites.
iv) Criminals can purchase salvaged hard drives in an open market.
Ans.: Salvaged hard drives can be purchased in the open market by Criminals.

State the health hazards caused by improper disposal of e-waste. (W19)

Ans: When we dispose off e-waste improperly, hazardous chemicals like lead,
cadmium, beryllium, mercury and brominated flame retardants pollute the air at a
high risk. It also contaminates soil and leaches into water sources. This leads to
health hazards ranging from kidney diseases, brain damage and also genetic
mutations. E-waste contains dangerous chemicals that may cause cancer as well.
*State any three health hazards of improper disposal of e-waste. (S19)
Ans : Health hazards of improper disposal of e-waste are as follows: 1. Due to
improper disposal of e-waste, hazardous chemicals like lead, cadmium, beryllium,
mercury and brominated flame retardants pollute the air at a high risk. 2. It
contaminates soil and leaching into water sources. 3. If e-waste goes in landfill
water, it introduces lethal toxicity which causes health risks range from kidney
disease and brain damage to genetic mutations.

*How is it important to dispose the electronic waste properly ? ( W 17)

Ans: Electronic waste consists of dangerous chemicals that contaminate the soil
and water. This leads to severe health hazards such as kidney diseases, brain
damage, genetic mutations and even cancer. This creates the necessity of proper
disposal of e- waste so that we can avoid these health risks and make our mother
earth a better place to live.

 Define the term: Electronic Waste. (W18)

Ans. Electronic waste or e-waste is the discarded electronic appliances like
computers, mobile phones, television sets, refrigerators etc.

v) State the Three health hazards of improper disposal of e-waste

Ans.: E-waste refers to the thrown out electronics equipment like computers, printers,
televisions and cell phones etc. which are harmful to our eco-system if not disposed
properly.
1. Burning up of e-waste releases poisonous gases which creates air pollution and also
affects epithelial cells of human lungs and cause cancer.
2. Cadmium is a hazardous chemical which can have dangerous impact on health of our
kidneys.
3. Exposure to barium can cause muscle weakness, brain swelling and impact spleen and
liver.
4. Chronic exposure to arsenic could cause skin diseases and impact nervous system.
5. Dumping of e-waste in landfills results in soil pollution. E-waste recycling generates
plenty of valuable resources such as iron, copper, aluminum and gold. It also contains
heavy metals like lead, tin, bauxite etc. These potentially harmful chemicals get leached
into soil which ultimately pollutes the groundwater.

vi) State the additional tips for proper recycling of e-waste.

Ans.:
1. Proper recycling program fitting your needs- participate in the reputable e-waste disposal
programs
2. Consider donating- if you don’t need your e-waste any more, you can donate to the non-
profit organization that can repair them and give them to those in need.
3. Upgrade before recycling- in some cases, your electronics may only need a few updates to
feel like new. So rather than going for a new one, you can swap out any of their internal
 components and extend the life of your gadget.
4. Don’t buy new- Think twice before throwing up your e-waste and bring home a more
recent model only if it’s an essential need.
5. Sell old electronics- you can get rid of your e-waste by selling them online at affordable
prices.
6. Erase your data- when you made up your mind to do with your old electronics, it is
crucial to remove any personal information from the device.

vii) Develop four meaningful sentences on the given topic: Save Environment.
Ans.: Our Environment is an essential part of our life. A clean environment is very
necessary to live a peaceful and healthy life. An environment is the natural surroundings
which help life to grow and nourish on this earth. It helps human beings, animals and
other living things to grow and develop naturally. But now days, our environment is
disturbing in many ways which effect on all living beings. We can save our environment
with the little step taken by everyone on the earth. We should reduce the amount of
waste, throwing wastes properly to its place only. It is very important to save environment
for human existence. When we protect the environment, we are protecting ourselves and
our future as well.
viii) Explain the terms: Recycle and Reuse
Ans.: Recycle: Recycle is a process in which used and discarded material is transformed into
reusable material or products. It is a great substitute to the traditional waste disposal,
which saves material and also reduces the releases of greenhouse gases.
Reuse: Reuse is an act of using a product or material more than once, either in the same
or different way. It can be a conventional reuse of material; where in products are put to
its original use, again or a creative reuse, in which the items are utilized to serve a
different function. It is an eco-friendly technique of saving money, time, energy and
resources.

ix) Describe the role and responsibilities of the society in controlling e-waste hazards.
Ans.: The recent dependency on electronics has increased our use of e-waste. Being the largest
growing stream world under e-waste contains some of the most harmful toxins to human.
And it is a responsibility of every individual, lives in a society, to take a step ahead to
control the e-waste hazards.
1. Stem the spread/ minimize the use: Before buying any electronics product, review if your
previous product can be upgraded by adding just a few elements to it.
2. Sell or donate: If it’s really that necessity, sell your old electronics to a secondhand shop
or online selling websites like e-Bay, uSell or Gazelle.
3. Go local: Know where your local electronics centres are. Mobile companies like sony,
Nokia take back their old products and send them for recycling.
4. Educate and organize: as you are aware of the e-waste pollution, educate your neighbours
and local businesses about pro recycling. Organize a local drive to clean out old
electroinics and send them to local recycler.
5. Take to Govt. officials: we can talk with the Govt. officials about out initiatives and out
stand on e-waste.

x) Explain the positive steps that students can take to stop e-waste hazards.
Ans.: The students can help in controlling the e-waste pollution in many ways:
1. Students can participate in various seminars, training programmes and present adverse
effects of e-waste pollution to human body esp. brain and kidneys.
2. Students can also create awareness among the students of other schools, colleges and
residential societies and explain the ways of e-waste management.
3. Students can make projects like creation of water ponds, use of non-polluting vehicles,
plantation at their college level that can help to change the mindset of the society and
result in their adaptation in day today life.
4. They can form groups of collection drives and urge people to donate their electronic
waste to these collection pick-ups.
5. They can contact Govt. officials and inform their work about e-waste pollution control.
i) Assume that you are educating your friend about e-waste and its disposal. List six
statements/ instructions that you will give him/her.
Ans.:
1. Check the condition of your electrical item. Does it still work? If so, think about donating
your item. Schools, for instance, can often use refurbished computers. If you run an office
and are upgrading, donation of your computers, printers, etc. can be especially helpful.
2. If you don’t want to donate your e-waste item, think about selling it.You can advertise
your item on various websites, like eBay, to find someone interested in your item.
3. Not good enough to be donated/given away or sold? Then maybe recycling is the right
route for you.
4. If you are getting rid of an old phone, ensure that your first cancel any service plan and
remove the sim card (the sim card should be shredded or cut in half).
5. For all laptops, desktops, netbooks, phones, tablets, etc. make sure that you remove all
personal data. Start by backing up all of your data onto an external hard drive to ensure
you don’t accidentally lose anything you will need later.
6. Use a professional program to clear your device. Where possible, remove your hard drive
to dispose of separately.
7. Use the internet. The internet is a wonderful tool to find information on a local, national,
and global scale regarding e-waste. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website
offers a lot of help with recycling and donation of e-waste.

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BE REMARKABLE
by Naren Goidani
Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the dictionary.
i) Scary : mark left after healing,
ii) Terrific : Terrible, causes terror
iii) Revealed : make known, brought to notice, dislose.
iv) Interviewees : persons facing interviews
v) Recruited : newly enlisted, not yet trained.
vi) Turmoil : agitation, troublesome state of mind,
vii) Composure : Tranquil, calmness, peaceful mind.
viii) Vigorous : active physical strength, energetic, vital force, healthy growth
ix) Victorious : conquering marked by victory
x) Hurdle : obstacle, barrier.
 Answer the following sample questions.
i) Write the meaning of the word : recruitment :
Ans.: person newly appointed through interview
ii) Write the full form of the abbreviations:
Ans.: IQ= Intelligence Quotient, EQ=Emotional Quotient, SQ=Situational Intelligence
Quotient.
iii) Change into indirect speech:
Naren says, “Nurture the company of people whose presence, whose comments, whose
life style makes you believe you can be remarkable.”
Ans.: Naren says that Nurture the company of people whose presence, whose comments,
whose life style makes us believe we can be remarkable.
iv. Change the voice: When faced with difficult situations, you must carry 'Self-Belief'.
Ans.: Self-Belief must be carried when faced with difficult situations by you.

Write the full form of IQ and EQ with its meaning. ( W19)

Ans: IQ: Full Form: Intelligence Quotient Meaning: IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient that
reveals the intelligence of the people. It tests the ability of people to solve rather than remember.
EQ :Full Form: Emotional Quotient Meaning: EQ stands for Emotional Quotient that tests the
ability of a person to be emotionally stable.

Express in two sentences about the importance of scoring marks for your career.(S19)
Ans: Scoring good marks is a pedestal for the career and our future growth. It helps in getting
thorough knowledge which is necessary to get admission in a good and reputed institute and
getting the job as well.

 What are the full forms of EQ, IQ and SQ ? ( W17)

Ans: The full forms of EQ, IQ and SQ are as follows: IQ - Intelligence Quotient EQ - Emotional
Quotient SQ - Situational Intelligence Quotient

Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences

v. State the importance of situational intelligence.
Ans.:
1. To select a person on the basis of higher marks obtained by candidate is not the correct
way of selection.
2. Hence HR people realized their mistakes to recruit people only on marks are no fair.
1. Besides IQ and EQ test for recruitment, HR people introduced SQ. It stands for situational
intelligence quotient. It is needed when decisions must be taken on the spot.
2. In critical situations if you are not the decision maker, you don’t have enough data, you
 need to make your choice and take decisions.
3. You must know how to calm down people in tragic situations, how to establish positively
able to rule with composure during huge losses, identify and present solutions to
problems.
4. 4.It stands for situational intelligence quotient. It is needed when decisions must be taken
on the spot.
5. In critical situations if you are not the decision maker, you don’t have enough data, you
need to make your choice and take decisions.
6. You must know how to calm down people in tragic situations, how to establish positively
able to rule with composure during huge losses, identify and present solutions to problems.

vi) Express the views of author about the scoring marks for the career.
Ans.:
1. According to author considering scoring marks for the career is a misleading parameter.
2. Because only scoring better marks for career is not enough for the world.
3. Students with good marks revealed the surprising truth that who scored good marks are
because of good memory rather than intelligence.
4. In some cases good score was just luck as what they studied was asked in the exams.
5. Very few students do studies properly and understanding the matter thoroughly.
6. Candidates of such category are required by HR and the member should be increased.
vii) State the realization of HR Department after selecting candidates with good marks
Ans.:
1. After selecting candidates with good marks and offering opportunities to get experience
HR department found that most of them were not qualified for work.
2. To recruit candidates merely on mark scoring was their mistake. Candidates were able to
remember but not to solve.
3. They were not emotionally stable and lacking decision making skills in critical situations.
4. HR realised that they will not accept persons who are Panics, who have fears, who are
jealous and becomes angry fast. Such person can never work as a Team Member nor can
they give their 100% to their work. Neither will they progress nor will the organization
progress.
viii) State the meaning of the word, ‘Remarkable’, according to the author.
Ans.: According to author, ‘Remarkable’ does not mean only qualities of a person that are to be
noted or enlisted on the basis of mark scoring, but remarkable is more than ,mark. A
person remarkable means who is :
1.Really exceptional (R + E)
2.it includes abilities of (IQ, EQ and SQ) to complete the word.
3.Have really exceptional mark for a great pedestal and be very Able for take-off with
abilities of IQ,EQ, and SQ. Be RE MARK ABLE .Live a remarkable life.
Read great books that make you believe you can be Remarkable
4.Nurture the company of people whose presence, comments, lifestyle makes you to
remind that you can be remarkable. Meditate exercise and eat nourishing food that
provides you energy to live remarkable life.
ix) Summarize the suggestions given by the author to make one’s life remarkable.
Ans.: If we wish to live and make our life Remarkable, we must follow the suggestions given
by the authors:
1. It will be your IQ, EQ, SQ, the solid support in making the best of the opportunities.
2. With these three crucial tests no hurdle is high, no problem is big.
3. When faced with you will bounce back big the products that stand the toughest of test
are the most premium products.
4. The challenges of life will be your vigorous test from which you must emerge victorious
and be a premium product.
5. As you study well. Give hundred percent to master the subject.
6. Develop your IQ, EQ, SQ. Marks certainly help you, but you will need more than marks
to be remarkable.
x) List the qualities of emotionally stable people/describe the reaction of emotionally
stable people to stress and change.
Ans.: Qualities of emotionally stable people to stress and change are:
1. When there are emotional turmoil EQ comes in to picture
2. Emotionally stable person is not panic, fearful about the outcome, not jealous about team
members as he knew the best results are created due to great team work.
3. He is not angry at first sight always works as a TEAM player. They give their hundred
percent to their own works. The lead ‘self-progress’ as well as ‘organizational progress’.
4. The accept stress and change as an opportunity to further progress.
5. They believe in ‘self-belief’ know how to calm down angry people. Able to establish
positivity in tense/tragic moments.
6. Able to rule with composure during huge losses.
7. Able to find out solutions and to make important well thought of choices in critical
situations.
xi) State the reasons of introducing IQ, EQ and SQ test by HR department.
Ans.: At initial stages HRD made recruitments on good marks scoring basis. But candidates
selected from this category, later revealed that most of them were not qualified for
‘work’. No organization will recruit the candidate who is panic, fearful, jealous, angry
fast, never work as a team player, cannot give their hundred percent to their own works.
Neither will they progress nor will the organizational progress.
Hence test like IQ, EQ, and SQ were introduced by HRD to recruit right persons in
organization, tested their calibers on the yard sticks of Intelligent Quotient, Emotional
Quotient and situational Intelligent Quotient rather than recruiting candidates only on the
basis of good mark scoring.

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ARUNIMA SINHA: A BIOGRAPHY

Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the
dictionary.
i) Amputee : Someone who had a limb removed by amputation.
ii) Paramilitary : Group of civilian organized in a military fashion.
iii) Resist : Express opposition, protest.
iv) Overpowered : Become filled with uncontrollable emotion.
v) Immensely : To an exceedingly great extent or degree, Vastly.
vi) Conquering : the act of conquering
vii) Rigorous : Performed comprehensively, Rigidly accurate.
viii) Full-fledged : Having gained full status, ready to fly.
ix) Suffocate : suppress the development, creativity.
x) Conquer : Overcome by conquest, Take possession of by force.

Answer the following sample questions.

i) Write the meaning of the word: Expedition
Ans.: A journey organized for particular purpose
ii) Write the meaning of the word: Robber
Ans.: A thief who steals from someone by threatening
iii) Name the academy started by Arunima and states its motto.
Ans.:
1. Arunima started Sahid Chandrashekhar Azad Viklang Khel Academy (Freedom Fighter
Chandrashekhar Azad Sports Academy for disabled children).
2. The motto of this institute is to provide the very best sports facility to handicap children,
especially the poor.
iv) Name the awards won by Arunima Sinha.
Ans.: Arunima Sinha won the award, the Padma Shri, In 2015, the 4th highest civilian award
in India.

*Name the peaks climbed by Arunima Sinha. (S-19)

Ans. : Arunima Sinha climbed following peaks: 1. Mount Everest in Asia 2. Mount
Kilimanjaro in Africa 3. Mount Elbrus in Europe 4. Mount Kosciuszko in Australia 5.
Mount Aconcagua in South America 6. Mount Carstensz

 Name the academy started by Arunima Sinha and its motto. ( W 18)
Ans. Arunima Sinha started Shahid Chandrashekhar Azad Viklang Khel Academy
(Freedom Fighter Chandrashekhar Azad Sports Academy for Disabled Children). The
motto of this institute is to provide the best sports facilities to handicapped children,
especially the poor ones.
v) Express your views/ideas on: Positive thinking.
Ans.:
1. Positive thinking is the life and breathes of all success.
2. Thinking positively generates positive and creative force both mentally and physically.
3. In a severe accident Arunima lost her legs. She became physically handicap but the only
thing which helped him to climb the mountain is her strong positive thinking.
4. She lost her leg in 11th April 2011 and reached the summit on 21st May 2013, she
climbed the mountain in dramatically short time. It is all only due to positive thinking.
vi) Express your views/ideas on: Reaction to criticism.
 Ans.: Every walk of life we may be criticized by the people around us. We will be opined by
them unnecessarily without our expectations of being helped by them. Sometimes their
criticism may or may not be useful for our development so we should take it positively.
The great Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar was criticized many a times by the people.
But he neither spoke anything nor criticized them in return. He was just making greater
records. He never hanged around the criticism. That is why he is a great cricketer and
known as a God of cricket. In our life, if we are criticized by the people remember Jim
Rohn’s line: “What do you think about me is none of my business”

vii) Name the peaks climbed by Arunima Sinha.

Ans.: Arunima Sinha climbed the peaks as follows:
1. Mount Everest in Asia (May 2013)
2. Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa (May 2014)
3. Mount Elbrus in Europe (July 2014)
4. Mount Kosciuszko in Australia (April 2015)
5. Mount Aconcagua in South America (Dec 2015)
6. Mount Carstensz (July 2016)
viii) Describe the preparations of Arunima Sinha for the Everest Expedition.
Ans.:
1. After meeting Bachendri Pal, Arunima didn’t go home.
2. She directly went to join the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering for training.
3. After completing a basic course, she has undergone rigorous training for 18 months to
prepare herself for the big day.
4. She climbed various smaller peaks, including Island Peak to prepare herself before
conquering the Mount Everest.
5. Tata Steel Adventure Foundation offered her scholarship to meet all her financial
requirements so that she can fully focus on her mountaineering task.
ix) Describe the accident of Arunima Sinha.
Ans.:
1. Arunima was a sports enthusiast from the childhood- a national level volleyball player.
She had a great passion for sports.
But, the fate had other plans. On the night of 11th April, 2011, while on her way to Delhi from Lucknow
from Padmavati Express train, she was attacked by a group of local robbers
1. They tried to snatch her gold chain. She tried to resist them. But, being a lonely girl, she
could not resist them for longer and eventually, she was overpowered by them.
2. They threw her out of the running train.
3. Another train coming on the parallel track run over her legs. By the time, she reached
hospital, the doctors were left with no option but to amputate her left leg below the knee.
4. Her right leg also didn’t remain completely immune from that accident. A rod was
inserted in the right leg from knee to ankle.
x) Narrate the experience of Arunima during Mount Everest Expedition.
Ans.:
1. Experience of Arunima during Mount Everest Expedition was so heart breaking. Her
Sherpa (the local guide for the expedition) refused to accompany her because he termed it
a suicidal mission.
2. Because having one leg totally artificial and another inserted rod from knee to ankle.
3. But she determined to climb the mountain. Her goal was crystal clear. She started
expedition on 1st April, 2013 and reached the summit of Mount Everest on 21st May
2013- exactly after 52 days.
4. When she entered the death zone- 3500 feet from the top of Mount Everest- the most
difficult terrain started. She saw dead bodies of mountaineers scattered all around . A
Bangladeshi mountaineer took his last breath in front of her eyes.
5. She kept moving ahead and convinces us that our body move according to our thought
process.
6. She was so convinced that neither she can go back nor she can die before reaching the
summit.
7. Just a few steps back her oxygen supply finished, she fell down suffocating for oxygen.
She came across an extra cylinder nowhere .Sherpa immediately latched it .finally they
return to the base.
xi) Explain the statement: ‘I was re-born at the summit of Mount Everest.’
Ans.:
1. Just after a few steps on the way back, her oxygen supply finished. But, you know,
fortune favours the brave.
2. When she fell down suffocating for oxygen, she came across an extra cylinder of oxygen
from nowhere.
3. Sherpa immediately latched it on her and finally, they returned to the base.
OR
Ans.:
1. In an accident Arunima lost her legs.
2. It was so hard to climb the mountain after an accident .She was almost half dead but
aspired to climb the mountain not only world’s highest mountain but also six other picks
of the world. After these achievements she felt herself reborn
xii) Summarize the success story of Arunima Sinha.
Ans.: Arunima Sinha is the first Indian amputee to climb the Mount Everest. Among women
amputee for which she was awarded the Padma Shri, the 4th highest civilian award in
India. Arunima was a sports enthusiast from the childhood- a national level volleyball
player. She had undergone the unbelievable accident. She tried her level best to combat
the robbers but they overpowered her and threw her out of the running train. She lost her
legs but believed herself. Her self-reliance helped her to prepare for Everest summit and
reached to the Everest Summit. It was really the hardest battle. Sherpa her local guide
thought that it is not less than suicidal attempt to climb the mountain after an accident.
During mountaining, she entered the death zone. Without losing the mental balance she
kept on moving. On the way back her cylinder was finished .It was hard to live alive but
her strong determination rescued her. She climbed not only the Mount Everest but also
five others
1. Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa (May 2014)
2. Mount Elbrus in Europe (July 2014)
3. Mount Kosciuszko in Australia (April 2015)
4. Mount Aconcagua in South America (Dec 2015)
5. Mount Carstensz (July 2016)
Save Yourself:
Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the dictionary.
i) Panicky : State of intense fear or depression.
ii) Screaming : A high pitched noise resembling a human cry.
iii) Console : Give moral or emotional strength
iv) Revealed : Make known to the public
v) Collapse : Fall or become unconscious
vi) Neurosurgeon : Brain Surgeon
vii) Tracheostomy tube : Surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea
with a tube inserted to provide a passage for air
viii) Irreplaceable : Impossible to replace
ix) Aroma : A distinctive odour that is pleasant
x) Irreplaceable : Impossible to replace

Answer the following sample questions.

i) Write the meaning of the word: collapse
Ans.: Fall or become unconscious
ii. Write the meaning of the word :panicky
Ans.: State of intense fear or depression
iii) Change the voice: We played his favourite music for him.
Ans.: His favourite music was played by us for him.
iv) Change the voice: We shifted Anish to a leading hospital.
Ans.: Anish was shifted to a leading hospital by us.
  Explain the importance of wearing helmet while riding a
twowheeler. ( W 18)
Ans. Wearing helmet is one of the safety measures one should
follow while riding a bike or two-wheeler. Many road
accidents cause serious injuries like head or brain damage or
deaths. It is very necessary to wear helmet to prevent such
physical harm as it gives protection. It reduces the chances of
serious brain injury as it protects our head from hard surface
during the accident. It also protects our eyes from dust or
terrible light, forehead and face if one falls down. Thus,
helmet is important to save our life as ‘Prevention is better
than cure’.
v) Express your views/ideas on: Road Safety.
Ans.: Road safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being
killed or seriously injured. In today’s world road transport has become an integral part of
every human being. Everybody is a road user in one shape or the other. The present
transport system has minimised the distance but it has on the other hand increased the life
risk. Every year road crashes lakhs of lives. We should follow all the following rules to be
safety on road:
1) Often come across instructional hoardings.(which says don’t drink and drive)
2) Wear seatbelt while driving
3) Don’t honk unnecessarily
4) Drive car or other vehicle with 40km/hr.
5) Red light jumping is an offence.
6) Wait at the Zebra crossing to cross the road.
7) Two wheeler riders should wear helmet.
8) Don’t use mobile while driving

vi) Express your views/ideas on: Save Yourself from Mobile Addiction.
Ans.: Smartphone addiction is becoming a big problem. Here are some signs of addiction:
- You frequently use your phone at mealtimes. You spend more time on your phone than
interacting with others in person. You frequently use your phone when you know you
should be doing something else more productive. You frequently use your smartphone
while performing tasks that require focus, e.g. completing an assignment, writing a report,
driving. You feel uncomfortable when your phone isn’t with you. These all suggest you
have addiction of mobile use.
You can Save Yourself from Mobile Addiction by using following tricks:
1. Turn off notifications.- The more often you check your phone, the more it becomes
an ingrained habit. So turn off notifications, and you’ll feel less compelled to use
your phone.
2. When you feel the urge to check your phone, close your eyes and take a deep breath.
3. Delete all the social media apps on your phone.
4. Set specific boundaries for smartphone usage. Telling yourself that you should “use
your phone less” isn’t effective, because that phrase is too general. To limit your
phone usage, set specific boundaries instead. Here are some possible boundaries:
- No phone usage at mealtimes - No phone usage in the restroom
vii) State the importance and need of wearing helmets.
Ans.:
1. Riding a motorcycle gives riders a sense of freedom on the open road. However, there
are serious dangers involved in riding without a helmet.
2. A motorcycle does not provide the structural protection that a car does to keep drivers
safe in the event of an accident.
3. Motorcyclists need to take extra precautions to protect their body. The most important
place to start is by protecting the head.
4. The head and brain is most vulnerable to injury in a motorcycle accident. Drivers and
passengers wearing helmets increase their chance of survival significantly over non-
helmet wearers.
5. In 2012, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimated 1,699 lives were
saved because individuals wore helmets.
6. It is important for motorcyclists to understand the risks of riding without a
helmet. Riders who do not wear helmets are at risk of suffering a traumatic brain injury if
they are in an accident. Without protection, the head is vulnerable to a traumatic impact
in an accident even when traveling at low speeds.

viii) State the reasons of youngsters’ reluctance to wearing helmets.

Ans.:
1. Some youngsters don’t like helmet. They think it is the headache to carry with.
2. Helmets give them tunnel vision and restrict the movement of their head. They lose
their sense of surrounding traffic.
3. Whenever they wear helmet head sweats because of which their hair gets spoiled.
4. They think wearing helmet is not adventurous journey.
ix) Summarize the views of Anish’s father on wearing of helmets.
Ans.:
1. Anish’s father always used to insist him to wear a helmet whenever he rides on bike.
2. But Anish used to argue that he was travelling only a short distance.
3. He convinced him that accident can occur even we travel a short distance and there is a
maximum chance of head injury.
4. Whenever he wears helmet, His head sweats because of which his hair gets spoiled.
5. But because he didn’t wear helmet not his head itself got spoiled. His life got spoiled
x) Describe the tragedy of Anish after the accident.
Ans.:
1. Anish’s brain had got severe injury. Doctors operated him. He was shifted to the special
room.
2. Tubes were inserted in his body to aid breathing, feeding and urination. The right side of
the skull was cut open and kept in his abdomen for further use.
3. His only head was moving right to left. His entire body was unconscious hands and legs
were numb.
4. His house turned into special hospital. All the medical apparatuses were installed in the
house.
5. Four years were passed in bed. Anish’s condition remained unchanged.
6. Everyday all relatives were talking to him loudly holding his hand, playing his favourite
music.
 7. All kinds of techniques tricks were operated but in vain. One day Anish had a problem
with his uro-catheter .They rushed to the hospital. There he developed a breathing
difficulty and collapsed. His painful life came to an end.
xi) Explain the statement in six sentences: ‘Life is a precious, irreplaceable gift.’
Ans.: Life is precious. It is God’s gift to you. It is so unique that there is no one else on earth
like you. There never was; and never will be. Life, again, is an opportunity. It is an
opportunity to do well. Therefore it does not matter how long you live; all that matters is
how well you live and how safely you live. And how many lives you are able to touch
with love and encouragement.
xii) Describe any road accident you have seen.
Ans.: The most heart breaking accident that I have ever seen is the one that I witnessed near
CST Mumbai, while a train smashed a passing bus. I saw the accident almost one month
back and I can remember the event clearly so far.
I was on my way to home from the capital city that I’m currently residing in. There is a
train pass on the road and our bus stopped at the signal. I was busy reading a magazine on
the bus and all of a sudden I heard a loud crashing sound and I looked through the
window. What I saw was unbelievable- the quickly passing train has hit a bus that was
trying to pass the train road. The bus had been thrown away like a toy and we could hear
the unbearable screaming of victims. Lots of people have gathered the place and the train
was passing slowly. People became speechless on the effect of the heart breaking
accident. I could see people were trying to help the wounded people and 2-3 ambulances
reached there after 15 minutes. The bus driver was blamed for the incident and I heard
that he was dead too. We could not move on from the place as a huge jam occurred. The
wounded people were moved to nearby hospitals and medical centres and the dead people
were placed in a nearby field. The entire place became a gloomy area and people mourned
on the event. I started feeling sick and tried to help the wounded people. I have
witnessed more than 30 people were lying dead and their relatives were crying and
mourning heavily. I left the place after 8/9 hours and could not think anything else. The
whole event occurred in a few minutes and the effect was heart touching. I had spent
nearly 2 weeks in a hallucination and thought a lot about the people who died there and
about their relatives. It came to my mind that, our life is hanging on the cliffs and we are
so helpless sometimes deciding our fates.

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DOER TO MENTOR
by Guru Prasad Makkam
Give the contextual meanings of the following Sample words using the dictionary
i) Counter : to respond, respond in retaliation, dealing with ahead of time
ii) Humdrum : lacking variety or excitement, dull, boring, tediously repetitious
iii) Attire : Clothing of a distinctive style or for particular occasion.
iv) Entourage : A retinue of attendants, associates or followers.
v) Gratitude : Appreciation, thankfulness, gratefulness
vi) Realm : field, domain, sphere
vii) Delegate : assign responsibility; allocate a task to a person
viii) Transition : act of passing from one state to the next, change,
ix) Tremendous : extraordinarily good or great, terrific, wonderful
 Compassion : empathy, sympathy for another’s suffering, fellow feeling

Answer the following sample questions

i) Write the meaning of the word: entrepreneur:
Ans.: 1) one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise 2) a
person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.
ii) Write the meaning of the word: visionary:
Ans.: having or marked by foresight and imagination, thinking about or planning the future
with imagination or wisdom.
Describe the role of Mr. Lal as a 'doer' in the organization. ( W19)
Ans: Mr. Lal was a ‘Doer’ when he started the organization. He used to do everything
including coding, system architecture, accounting, administration, back office work or
business development. As a doer, he had to curtail costs. It also helped him to know all
the nuances of the business. His Doer phase help him in understanding higher
management thoughts.

 Describe the role of Mr. Lal as a doer in the organization. -19)

Ans. When Lal started the organization, he was a 'doer' in the organization. He used to 'do'
everything including a coding, system architecture, accounting, administration, back office
or business development. He was solely responsible for these activities. The ‘doer’ phase
helped him to sustain, as he had to curtail costs. It also helped him to know all the nuances
of the business. As he said without Doer stage, he would've never understood higher
management thoughts.

 What are the various stages in Mr. Lal's corporate life ?

Ans: Lal underwent various stages in his corporate life. He was a doer and grew up to be a
manager. This graduated to the role of a leader and finally he became a mentor.

Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences

iii) Explain the terms: Doer and Mentor
Ans.:
Doer : A doer is like a baby learning tiny steps. A doer does everything. It may be a
work of coding system, system architecture accounting administration bark
office as business development. Doer is solely responsible for all activities.
Thus doers 1st stage is to involve in all activities and learn.
Mentor : Mentor is a grown up state of doer. Doer days teach how to act.
Manger days guide how to manage. Leadership teaches how to create mangers.
Mentor means to create leaders and develop them to lead the organization.
Mentor inspires people to reach the goal of the organization. A mentor is
creating a vision to all the runners to achieve organization
iv) Explain the terms: Delegator and Leader
Ans.:
Delegator : Transition from a doer to a delegator covers the responsibility like to delegate
work and monitor the work progress. As a delegator one had to be a good
 listener. Work issues are to be tackled by the delegator.
Leader : Leader has to lead the managers, inspire them to reach the goal of the organization.
Leader is motivator and guide to managers. Leader is just like an orchestra
conductor. He has to adjust all the activities towards a common goal. Leader
creates managers and leaders will lead the organization.
Express your views /ideas on: Planning for success
Ans : Start your life as a doer. Perform all the activities independently. Take sole responsibility of a work
progress. Acquaint with doing domain to the strategy domain.
Learn group dynamics, marketing thoughts. Acquaint with technical issues to the global perspective.
These are the foundation of success story. Learn to curtail costs. Know all the nuances of the business and
higher management thoughts.
Learn to undergo a transition at every stage. We have to change as a person in each role. Change your
thought process, your attitude and communication. Each of us needs to figure out where we are
positioned.
Develop communication, group strategy and skills of leading and motivating. These ideas are needed for
planning for success.

Express your views /ideas on: Entrepreneurship.

Ans : Entrepreneurship is an important engine of growth in the economy. An entrepreneur has been
defined as, "a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business,
usually with considerable initiative and risk; running a small business with all the risk and reward
of any given business process" The people who create these businesses are called entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurs are supposed to play all the roles like: Doer, Delegator, Manager, Leader and
mentor. The size of organization grows depending on how fast, smooth and clear the transition of
the entrepreneur is. A doer can
be mentor or entrepreneur if he changes as a person in each of these roles. He must change his
thought process, his attitude and communication.

vii) State any four qualities of Mr. Lal that have inspired you.
Ans.: the qualities of Mr. Lal that have inspired me are :
1. Ready to work at every front and learn as a doer.
2. His multiple knowledge and role play as doer, delegate, manger, leader and mentor.
3. Without expecting assistance of his staff doing all things at all times and all fronts.
4. Always leading mangers to lead organization as leaders.

viii) Describe the various roles of Mr. Lal as a Manager.

Ans.: As we know that before positioned as a chairman of global corporation, he played various
roles in an organization. Every role taught him to add new knowledge and experience to
uplift his states. As a manager his role was to manage people of diverse mind set up for
progress of organization. To him managing people also meant teaching them work,
coupled with balancing their egos. He delegates work and monitors the work progress.
ix) Describe the role of Mr. Lal as a Doer of the organization.
Ans.:
1. As a doer Mr. Lal’s role was to do everything. The work may be of a coding, system
architecture, accounting, administration, back office or business development.
2. He was solely responsible for every act, worked on machines for a long time.
 a) In Lal’s words we can say a doer is like a baby learning tiny steps.
b) His doer days taught him to do the most talking and to act more for playing
successful role.
x) Summarize the success story of Mr. Lal.
Ans.: Mr. Lal as a jet setter has experienced different time zones. He had countered challenges
in different geographies cultures, economies and laws. But before the chairman of a
global corporation, the secret of his success story lies in his different roles which he had
played in his life. At the 1st transitional phase he started his life as a ‘Doer’ that taught
him to do everything. Then as a delegator he had to delegate work and monitor the work
progress. As a manager he taught people how to work and learn to manager people and
their egos. As a leader he had created managers and as mentor he created leaders who will
lead the organization. To him every role was important that is the success story of Mr.
Lal.
xi) Describe the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.
Ans.: A Successful entrepreneur must possess the following characteristics:
1. Create a vision to all team members
2. Ability to figure out in business and to know where we are positioned.
3. Must know assertive communication, group strategy and skills of leading and motivating
4. Cost curtailing, knowing the higher management thoughts
5. Ability to change his thought process, his attitude and communication.
6. Mould himself with compassion, selflessness and visionary.
xii) State the names of any six young successful entrepreneurs of your region.
Ans.:
1. Mr. Sunil Chandak established Udyogwardhini in 1995 after having 10 years’
experience in Entrepreneurship & Vocational training in MITCON & MCED.
2. Mr. Ashok Katariya. Ashoka Buildcon
3. Mr. Vijay Sharma. Bharat food industires
4. Mr. Kantilal Racca. Racca Automotive
5. Mr. Rajeev Samant, MD & CEO of Sula Vineyards.
6. Mr. Anand Mahindra, Mahindra and Mahindra Pvt Ltd.
7. Mr. R. S. Luth, Fravashi International Edu. Organization.
UNIT No -5

Speeches:
welcome speech :
Good morning ladies and gentlemen. I take this opportunity to welcome Mr. --------,
director of ----------, for this event today. He has an expertise in -------. He is also associated
with well-known companies as a --------. It is an honor and a privilege for us Sir, to have you
with us today. It gives me immense pleasure to welcome our principal, Prof. ------ for this
function. I also welcome the dignitaries on the dais and of the dais, media representatives and
my dear friends. Today we have gathered here for the -------- arranged for the ----------- by
------------- . Once again I welcome all of you for this function. Hope you have a great time.
Thank you.

Draft a Farewell Speech for the faculty. (for other )

Ans.: Good afternoon ladies and gentleman!
Today we have gathered here for bidding farewell to Mr./Mrs --------- of -------(dept) . He
has put in total ---- years of service as an -------- in the ------ department of our institute. He has
worked with enthusiasm and devotion and contributed positively for the development of the
department. He shared a good rapport with faculties as well as students. He/She will retire this
month end after putting ( 22 or may change ) years of dedicated service. I wish him good
health, peace of mind and lots of happiness in the years to come. Once again I take this
opportunity to wish Mr/Mrs . ------- a happy retired life. May god bless you with good health
and a long life.
Thank you.

( for Self)
Good Afternoon /evening to everyone gathered here in the farewell party of mine.
I would like to say a big thank to all of you for giving me a wonderful farewell party
today. My dear colleagues, as we all know that nothing is touching to heart than to leave the
organization. I was so much valued by all of you here in my full term of office. I am leaving
today this office and most importantly all my nice colleagues which is very painful. I cannot
express my sorrow of leaving to all of you. You have made me so special and given me a place
in your heart. Really I can never forget it.

Introducing a Guest:
A very good evening to one and all present here! It is my honor to introduce today’s chief
guest -------- for the cultural events organized by --------. He has completed ----(add educational
details). from ------(College) , Pune. He has been working in ---------. He has also worked in
--------. He has been awarded „--------Award‟ for his excellent contribution, Put your hands
together to welcome today’s chief guest, --------, for our ----- events. Sir, I request you to
address the audience.

Vote of Thanks:
Good evening, all! As all good things come to an end in life, so is the ------. On behalf of
-------------, I take this opportunity to propose vote of thanks to those who have directly and
indirectly contributed to this ------- on „-----------------' organized by our institute. At the outset,
I thank our chief Guest and resource person --------. We are really enlightened with your
knowledge and presence. We are thankful to our honorable President and Secretary for their
motivation. I would like to thank our principal for his enthusiastic support. And a special thanks
to the organizing committee, teaching and non-teaching staff for their unflinching support and
coordination. Our heartfelt thanks to our students/ participants for active participation. With
these warm words and a kind message, we move to the end of today's seminar. Thank you.
 Unit 3

Paragraph Writing: ( Winter -18)

Write a paragraph on 'A Visit to a Historical Place'. (75 words)

Ans: What a historical visit it was! Last Monday, I visited Shaniwarwada which is
located at Bajirao Road in Pune. I saw beautiful walls. I was astonished when I
saw well designed Delhi Darwaja which is the main gate of Shaniwarwada. I
entered Shaniwarwada with the curiosity of what I will get to observe inside. I
came to know that Shaniwarwada was originally the seven-storied capital building
of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire. Then I saw beautiful Mahal where
Peshwas used to conduct meetings. I also saw Khidki Darwaja, Mastani Darwaja,
Narayan Darwaja and Ganesh Darwaja. Really it was a nice experience.

Write a paragraph on 'Technical specifications of a Mobile Phone'. (75 words)

Ans: Mobile phone is an electronic device which is used for telecommunication.
It is also used for entertainment like listening to songs, watching videos, internet
and other related activities. A mobile phone is made up of different components
like CPU, battery, an input mechanism like keypad for feature phones and touch
screens for most smartphones, display, speakers, SIM cards and R-UIM cards. A
CPU is the processor of phones. A battery provides the power source for the
phone functions. An input mechanism, like keypad for feature phones and touch
screens for most smartphones, allows the user to interact with the phone. A
display shows the user's typing, text messages, contacts, and more
 Summer: 19
Write a paragraph on “an online class compared to a traditional face-to face
class". (75 words)
Ans: There are two types of classes - Traditional face-to-face class and Online
class. If we compare both, the traditional classes are better than online classes in
many ways. First, in the traditional classes, a personal attention can be given to
the particular student whereas it is not possible in online classes because learner
has to learn by himself/herself. Learning in a class with same age group is fun and
interesting thing for the students. It is also helpful in memorizing which is
possible only in atraditional class. Whereas there are no such types of interactive
groups in online classes. This can lead to monotonousness. In online classes,
computer or mobile may affect our eye sight but there is no such harm in
traditional classes. In traditional classes, moral values are taught whereas in
online classes, the importance is given only to curriculum. In traditional class,
every doubt of a child can be cleared whereas it is not possible in online classes.
Traditional classes can clear the concept of a child in a manner which he/she
understands but for online classes, the content is fixed and cannot be changed
according to the learners’ ability
1) Write a paragraph on "Wi-Fi Technology". (75 words)
Ans: Wi-Fi is a technology that uses radio waves to provide network connectivity.
It stands for wireless frequency. It commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5
gigahertz SHF ISM radio bands. With the help of Wi-Fi, we can have a very fast
access to internet which can be used for service like checking an email,
downloading as well as watching songs and movies, checking updates etc. Wi-Fi
service is provided free of cost by governments at some places like the railway
stations or bus stations. In order to connect to a Wi-Fi, a device has to be
equipped with a wireless interface connection. Its range depends on Wi-Fi router.
Wi-Fi can be used in Mobile phones, laptops, personal computer, tablets, smart
TVs, gaming consoles etc.
WINTER– 2019 EXAMINATION

Write a paragraph on 'The Importance of Internet' (75 words). Ans: In today’s hi-
tech world, internet plays vital role in every body’s life. Internet can be simply
defined as a source of infinite knowledge. Internet is used from kid to old man for
various purposes. Kids use internet for downloading or playing games. Finding
information from internet is also important part of students’ life. On the other
hand, some people use internet for entertainment like watching videos, listening
music and so on. Some people use internet hours and hours for chatting, using
facebook etc. Internet is used mostly in software companies for work. It has made
an individual's life quite easy. Communication with anyone from any part of the
globe is made possible and easy. It's even possible now to make a full HD video
call, E-mail, social media communication. With plenty of E-books available
online, one can gain the access and knowledge at one click. Applications like you-
tube and numerous online courses help us enrich ourselves in content. Different
you tube channels and websites created for specific purposes are proving to be
helpful not only for the professionals but also for the common people. Secured
cashless transactions are helping the people in the emergencies

Write a paragraph on 'My Favourite Hobby'.

Ans: My hobby is reading interesting and knowledgeable books. Reading is very
good habit which can help me at every stage of my life. This hobby can be
developed by anyone however I got this naturally. Reading books keep one
always happy and busy. It is the good source of enjoyment, knowledge,
inspiration and instruction. It makes us disciplined, loyal, punctual and most
importantly a successful person in the life. One who reads books can never feel
alone and disturb. I think this habit is more precious than gold or other precious
stones of the world. It provides us high level of knowledge, noble thoughts and
ideas to work in many fields. Good and interesting books are like best friends for
the one who likes to read. The one who do not have this habit may possess
worldly wealth but he/she would always be poor because of the lack of wealth of
true knowledge

Winter: 17

Write a paragraph on 'My Favourite Book'. (75 words) Ans: Since the ancient
times, we have been realizing the importance of reading. Books provide
something more than entertainment. I do read books and my favorite book is-
‘You Can Win’ by Shiv Khera. With anice introduction, that states, "Winners
don't do different things; they do the things differently", the author strongly puts
the readers at the beginning of the road to success. The author tells ways to start
and to maintain the speed. It covers many topics like Attitude, SWOT Analysis,
Motivation, Self Esteem, Goal Setting and many more Interpersonal Skills. The
Author has explained it with many real life examples. This is the reason, this book
is also an absolute winner and remains my favourite.

Write a paragraph on 'Mixer Grinder'. (75 words)

Ans: Mixer Grinder is an electronic kitchen appliance that is used to mix and
grind various food items. It is compact in size and plays a major role in
preparation of food. It usually comes with three different jars crafted out of high-
quality stainless steel. These jars are incorporated with multifunctional blades that
can perform all sorts of chores in a few seconds. The liquidizing jar is of the
largest capacity featuring stylish handle and a lid. The smallest jar helps you to
grind all sorts of chutneys and spices. The third jar is dry/wet jar. The whole unit
of mixer grinder has a powerful and energy efficient motor with the ability to
rotate at a high speed. The high rotation allows the blades to perform all sorts of
tasks with utmost efficacy.
Dialogue Writing :
W – 17
Develop a dialogue between bank manager and customer regarding opening a
new account. (8 to 10 dialogues)
Ans:
Customer : Good Morning Sir.
Bank Manager : Good Morning. What can I do for you?
Customer : Sir I want to open a savings account in your bank.
Can you please guide me about the same?
Bank Manager : Surely! Fill in all necessary details in this green
application form and paste passport size photograph on the first
page. Submit one more photograph for the passbook.
Customer : Sir, which documents do I need to attach with the
form?
Bank Manager : You must attach the photocopies of your
identity proof and address proof as specified on page no. 2.
Customer : All right sir. When would I get the passbook and
cheque book?
Bank Manager : Within four working days after you submit the
application form.
Customer : Thank you. Bank
Manager : You are welcome.
6. ) Develop a dialogue between a teacher and a student regarding the student's
queries. (8 to 10 dialogues)
Ans:
Tarun : Excuse me Sir. May I come in?
Teacher : Yes come in, Tarun.
Tarun : Good Morning Sir.
Teacher: Good Morning Tarun. How are your studies going on?
Tarun : Doing well Sir; I have a few queries in English subject.
Teacher : Ok, what are the queries?
Tarun : Sir, please tell me the meaning of the idiom 'In a nutshell'?
Teacher : It means ‘in brief or in short’.
Tarun : Oh! Thank you Sir. I want to know the meaning of the
collocation "break the ice".
Teacher : It means ‘initiate the discussion or break the silence’.
Student : Thank you so much sir.
Teacher : You are welcome and all the best for your exams
 WINTER– 2019 EXAMINATION:

1: (Develop a dialogue between father and son about the excessive use
of mobile phone. (8 - 10 dialogues)
Father : Hi Vinay! What’s going on?
Son : Nothing dad! I am bored so playing mobile game.
Father : It’s too bad to use mobile phones excessively. You know Vinay,
many youngsters are getting addicted to the mobile phones.
Son : I know. But what should I do when I am bored?
Father : You should read great books. Use mobile phone to find
information related to your studies and not for playing mobile games.
Play on the ground. Technology should be used for our benefit but it
should not overtake us.
Son : Yes dad! I agree.
Father : Excessive use of mobile phones also affects our eyes.
Son : I got it dad. I will use mobile phones only for finding study related
information and to make calls.
Father : That’s great. Now, I have to go to the office. Bye!
Son : Bye dad!

2) Develop a dialogue between student and office clerk about the scholarship
schemes and procedure of online application. Ans:
Student : Good Afternoon Sir!
Office Clerk : Good Afternoon!
Student : Sir, I am studying in First Year CO and I want to enquire about
the scholarship.
Office Clerk : What do you want to know about?
Student : Sir, I want to apply for the EBC scholarship scheme.
Office Clerk : Well, have you read the notice regarding this?
Student : Yes Sir, I have. But it says we have to apply online. Can you
help me in understanding the online procedure?
Office Clerk : Sure. You have to register on www.mahadbt.org.in. If you
have your AADHAR card, the registration process will be easy and fast for
you.
Student : Ok Sir. What comes after that?
Office Clerk : After you log in, navigate to scholarship schemes available
and select the one you want to apply for. Once you complete the online
form, take a print and submit it in the office.
Student : Will I require anything else while applying online?
Office Clerk : Of course, photos and documents as mentioned in the notice.
Student : Thank you so much for the help Sir.
Office Clerk : My pleasure. Do submit the form before the deadline.
Student : Sure Sir.