National Structural Code of the Philippines

Definition of Terms
1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any

SECTION 102 - DEFINITIONS use or occupancy.

For the purpose of this code, certain terms, phrases, words, and their BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code,

derivatives shall be construed as specified in this chapter and elsewhere in this or one for which a legal building permit has been issued.

code where specific definitions are provided. Terms, phrases and words used in BUILDING OFFlCIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged with

the singular include the plural and the plural, the singular. Terms, phrases and the administration and enforcement of this code, 0r the building official's duly

words used in the masculine gender include the feminine and the feminine, the authorized representative.

masculine. LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of

The following terms are defined for use in this chapter: proportioning structural element using load and resistance factors such that no

ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all

structure. appropriate load combinations. The term "LRFD" is used in the design of steel

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural and wood structures.

elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that

allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load

(also called working stress design). combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The term "strength

ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in design" is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures.

construction or occupancy. STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any

APPROVED as to materials and types of construction, refers to approval by the kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined

building official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the together in some definite manner.

building official, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special

authorities, technical or scientific organizations. qualification in the practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by the

Board of Civil Engineering of the Professional Regulation Commission.

SECTION 103 - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Buildings and other structures shall be classified, based on the nature of For buildings or other structures having multiple independent structural

occupancy, according to Table 103-1 for purposes of applying wind and systems, each independent structural system shall be assigned to the highest

earthquake provisions in Chapter 2, and other provisions. Each building or applicable category based on the occupancy or functions dependent on the

other structure shall be assigned to the highest applicable category. particular independent structural system.

Table 103-1 – Occupancy Category (See Notes)

OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS

CATEGORY
OF STRUCTURES
I. Essential Occupancies having surgery and emergency

Facilities treatment areas,

Fire and police stations,

Garages and shelters for emergency

vehicles and emergency aircraft,

Structures and shelters in

emergency preparedness centers,

Aviation control towers,

Structures and equipment in

communication centers and other facilities required for

emergency response,

Standby power-generating equipment for

Category I facilities,

Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting

 water or other fire-suppression material or equipment

required for the protection of Category I, II or III structures.

II. Hazardous Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic

Facilities or explosive chemicals or substances,

Non building structures housing, supporting or containing

quantities of toxic or explosive substances.

III. Special Occupancy Structures Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of 1,000 or more,

Educational buildings with a capacity of

300 or more students,

Buildings used for college or adult

education with a capacity of 500 or

more students,

Institutional buildings with 50 or more

incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I,

Mental hospitals, sanitariums. jails, prison and other buildings

where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained

All structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons, Structures and equipment in power- generating stations,

and

other public utility facilities not included in Category I or

Category II above and required for continued operation.

IV. Standard Occupancy All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not

Structures listed in Category I, II or III above and Category V below.

V. Miscellaneous Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and fences over 1.8 meters high.

Structures

Notes:
1. Equivalent building classification on the National Building Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.

I. Essential Facilities ------------------------------------- None

II. Hazardous Facilities --------------------------------- Group 6

III. Special Occupancy Structures ------------------ Group C, Group D, Group H, Group I

IV Standard Occupancy Structures ---------------- Group A, Group B Group E, Group F

V. Miscellaneous Structures ------------------------- Group J

ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on

2 - MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the installations of mechanical,
SECTION 201 -GENERAL
electrical, communications or similar systems or to serve as an air-supply or
201.1 SCOPE
return-air plenum.
This chapter provides minimum design load requirements for the design of
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm implements,
buildings and other vertical structures. Loads and appropriate load
hay, grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products. The structure shall
combinations, which have been developed, to be used together for strength
not be a place of human habitation or a place of employment where agricultural
design and allowable stress design are set forth.
products are processed, treated, or packaged nor shall it be a place used by the
201.2 RECOGNIZED STANDARDS
public.
The standards listed below are recognized standards for wind loads.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning
1. ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by
Structures
the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable
2. ANSI EIA/TIA 222-E, Structural Standards for Steel Antenna
stress.
Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the gathering
3. ANSI/NAAMM FP1001, Guide Specifications for the Design Loads
together of 50 or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education,
of Metal Flagpoles
instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining or awaiting
SECTION 202 - DEFINITIONS transportation.
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a building. DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment

BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure incorporated into the building or other structure.

and supported by that structure, with no additional independent supports. DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by

an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports.

ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are intended to or other materials.

remain operational in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind 3 – FOUNDATION & EXCAVATION

or earthquakes.
SECTION 301 - GENERAL
FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load specified in Sections 204 through
301.1 SCOPE
208 and a load factor. See Section 203.3 for combinations of factored loads.
This chapter sets forth requirements for excavations, fills, footings and
Section 203.3 LRFD = structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most
foundations for any building or structure.
critical effects from the following combinations of factor load.
301.2 QUALITY AND DESIGN
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing
The quality and design of materials used structurally in excavations, fills,
flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept.
footings and foundations shall conform to the requirements specified in
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or a portion of a building, not more than 90
Chapters 4, S, 6 and 7.
sq.m. in area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building
301.3 ALLOWABLE BEARING
or buildings on the premises are kept or stored.
PRESSURES
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component Is judged either
Allowable stresses and design formulas provided in this chapter shall be used
to be no longer useful for its Intended function (serviceability limit state) or to
with the allowable stress design load combinations specified in Section 203.4.
be unsafe (strength limit state).
SECTION 302-FILLS AND EXCAVATION
LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building
302.1 GENERAL
or other structure and do not include dead load, construction load, or
Excavation or fills for buildings or structures shall be constructed or protected
environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load
that they do not endanger life or property. Reference is made to Section 109 of
or floor load.
this code for requirements governing excavation, grading and earthwork
LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building
construction, including fills and embankments.
materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential
CUTS
movements, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those
302.2.2 Slope. The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than is safe for the
loads in which variations over time are rare or small magnitude. All other loads
intended use and shall be no steeper than 1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal
are variable loads.
(50% slope), unless a geo-technical engineering or an engineering geology
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the
report, or both, stating that the site has been investigated and giving an opinion
building and projecting over public property.
that a cut at a steeper slope will be stable and not create a hazard to public or
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used or
private property, is submitted and approved.
intended to be used.
302.2.3 Existing footings or foundations, which may be affected by any
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural
excavation, shall be underpinned adequately or otherwise protected against
elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the
settlement and shall be protected against lateral movement.
factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength. The
302.2.4 Protection of adjoining property. The requirement for protection of
term "strength design" is used in the design of concrete and masonry
adjacent property and the depth to which protection is required shall be
structures.
defined by prevailing law. Where not defined by law, the following shall apply:
WALLS:
1. Any person making or causing an excavation shall protect the
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications:
excavation so that the soil of adjoining property will not cave in or settle,
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 kN per
2. Before commencing the excavation, the person making or causing
linear meter of superimposed load.
the excavation to be made shall notify in writing the owners of adjoining
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 kN per
building not less than 10 days before such excavation is to be made and that
linear meter superimposed loads, or any such wall supporting its own weight
the adjoining building should be protected.
for more than one story.
FILLS
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or group of

members, that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a building and that Fills to be used to support the foundation of any building or structure shall be

placed in accordance in accepted engineering practice.

has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal plane.
No fill or other surcharge loads shall be placed adjacent to any building or
NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall.
structure unless such building or structure is capable of withstanding the
PARAPET WALL is that part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
additional vertical and horizontal loads caused by filling or surcharge.
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the lateral displacement of soil
Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper than 1 unit blast-furnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic

vertical in 2 units horizontal (50% slope). cement concrete or mortar.

302.3.2 Preparation of the Ground. The ground surface shall be prepared to AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120

receive fill by removing vegetation, non complying fill, top soil and other kg/m3 or less.

unsuitable materials, and by scarifying to provide a bond with the new fill. AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen cured
Where the natural slopes are steeper than 1 unit vertical in 5 units horizontal for seven days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15°C to 27’C and dried
(20% slopes) and the height is greater than 1.5 meters, the ground surface shall for 21 days in 50 +,- 7 percent relative humidity at 23°C +,- 1. 1°C.
be prepared by benching into sound bedrock or other competent materials as ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning is a device used to anchor tendons to
determined by the geo-technical engineer. The bench under the toe of a fill on a concrete member; in pre-tensioning, a device used to anchor tendons during
slope steeper than 1units vertical of 5 units horizontal (20% slopes) shall be at hardening of concrete.
least 3 meters wide. ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member
Study sections 302.3.3 –Fill Material through which the concentrated pre-stressing force is transferred to the
Also the following: concrete and distributed more uniformly across the section. Its extent is equal
SETBACKS to the largest dimension of the cross section. For intermediate anchorage
DRAINAGE AND TERRACING devices, the anchorage zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and
EROSION CONTROL behind the anchorage devices.

4 – CONCRETE BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with

any single strand or a single 16 mm or smaller diameter bar that satisfies

SECTlON 401 - GENERAL
section 418.22.1 and the anchorage device requirements of the Post-Tensioning
401.1.1 This chapter provides minimum requirements for the design and
Institute's "Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons".
construction of structural concrete elements of any building or other structure.
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
401.1.2 This chapter shall govern in all matters pertaining to the design,
multiple strands, bars or wires, or single bars larger than 16 mm diameter, that
construction, and material properties of structural concrete elements wherever
satisfies Section 418.22.1 and the bearing stress and minimum plate stiffness
this chapter is in with requirements contained in other standards referenced in
requirements of AASHTO Bridge Specifications, Division I, Sections 9.21.7.2.2
this chapter.
through 9.21.7.2.4.
401.1.3 For special structures, such as arches, tanks, reservoirs, bins and silos,
BONDED TENDON is a pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either
blast-resistant structures, and provisions of this chapter shall govern where
directly or through grouting.
applicable.
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials as specified in Section 403 which
401.1.4 This chapter does not govern design and installation of portions of
have cementing value when used in concrete either by themselves, such as
concrete piles' and drilled piers embedded in ground except for structures in
portland cement, blended hydraulic cements and expansive cement, or such
regions of high risk or assigned to high seismic performance or categories. See
materials in combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans,
Section 421.9.4 for requirements from concrete piles drilled piers and caissons
silica fume, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
in structures in region high seismic risk or assigned to high seismic
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimensions of 3 or
performance or design categories.
greater used primarily to support axial compressive load.
401.1.5 This chapter does not govern design and construction of soil-
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural members
supported slabs, unless the slab vertical loads from other portions of the
of pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete elements, or both, constructed in
structure to the soil.
separate place but so interconnected that all elements respond to load as a unit.
401.1.6 Concrete On Steel Form Deck Design and construction of structural
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net
concrete slab cast on stay-in-place, non-composite steel other governed by this
tensile strain in the extreme tension at nominal strength is less than or equal to
chapter.
the compression-controlled strain limit.
401.1.7 This chapter does not govern the design of concrete slabs cast on stay-
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain at
in-place, composite deck. Concrete used in the construction of such governed
balanced strain conditions. See 410.4.2.
by Sections 401 to 407 of this applicable.
CONCRETE is a mixture of portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine
SECTION 402 - DEFINITIONS
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water with or without admixtures.
The following terms are defined for general use in this chapter. Specialized
CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (f'c), is the
definitions appear in individual sections.
compressive strength of concrete in design and evaluated in accordance with
ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used
provision of Section 405, expressed in megapascals (MPa). Wherever the
as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing
quantity f’c is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value only is
to modify its properties.
intended, and result has units of megapascals.
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron
CONCRETE STRCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, is to containing lightweight
aggregate that conforms to 403.4 and has an air-dry unit weight as determined PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that does not conform to definition

“Test Method for Unit Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete” (ASTM C of deformed reinforcement.

567) not exceeding 1840 kg/m3. In this code, a lightweight concrete without POST-TENSIONING is a method of pre-stressing in which tendons are

natural sand is termed 'all-lightweight- concrete" and lightweight concrete in tensioned after concrete has hardened.

which all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight sand “sand-lightweight PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other than its
concrete." final position in the structure.
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, or tooled in a concrete structure to PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal stresses
create a weakened plane regulate the location of cracking resulting from the have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting
dimensional change of different parts of the structure. from loads.

PRETENSIONING is a method of pre-stressing in which tendons are tensioned

CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bents & curves in the
before concrete is placed.
specified prestressing tendon profile.
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no less than
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod mats, the minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or nonprestressed
deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric. reinforcement specified in this chapter.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement required to REINFORCEMENT is material that conforms to Section 403.5.1, excluding
develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section. See Section prestressing tendons unless specifically included.
409.4.3. RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other structural
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from extreme member after the original forms and shores have been removed from a larger
compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement. area, thus requiring the new slab or structural member to deflect and support
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in pre-stressing tendons after its weight and existing construction loads applied prior to installation of the
all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load. reshores.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement provided SHEETING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon prevent bonding the
beyond a critical section. tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection, and to
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or contain the corrosion inhibiting coating.
nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber. SHORES are vertical or inclined support members’ design to carry the weight of
ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete the formwork, concrete and construction loads above.
structure, usually a vertical plane, at the designed location such as to interfere SPAN LENGTH. See Section 408.8 = Span length of members not built integrally
least with performance of the structure, yet such as to allow relative movement with support shall be considered the clear span plus depth of member, but need
in three directions and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in the concrete and not exceed distance between centers of supports.
through which all or part of the bonded reinforcement is interrupted. SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies Section
JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces 418.20.1 and the standardized acceptance tests of AASHTO "Standard
tension into prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete. Specifications for Highway Bridges", Division II, and Section 10.3.2.3.
LOAD, DEAD is the dead weight supported by a member, as defined by Section SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously wound reinforcement in the form of
204 (without load factors). a cylindrical helix.
LOAD, FACTORED is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors, used to SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH ( ) is the tensile strength of concrete
proportion members by the strength design method of this chapter. See determined in accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in "Specifications for
Sections 408.2.1 and 409.3. Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete" (ASTM C 330). See Section
LOAD, LIVE is the live load specified by Section 205 (without load factors). 405.2.4.
LOAD, SERVICE is the load specified by Sections 204 to 207 (without load STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a
factors). structural member; typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain deformed) bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or
for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material. See at an angle to longitudinal reinforcement. (The term "stirrups" is usually
Section 408.6. applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members and the term "ties" to
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive of those in compression members.) See also "tie."
strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature. STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength multiplied by a strength-
PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported reduction factor, ( ). See Section 409.4.
height to average least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3. STRENGTH, NOMINAL, is the strength of a member or cross section calculated

in accordance with provisions and assumptions of the strength design method

PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete' with no reinforcement or with less of this chapter before application of any strength-reduction factors. See Section
reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete. 409.4.1.
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section required

to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces in such

combinations as are stipulated in this chapter. See Section 409 .2.1.

STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area.

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes,

including plain and reinforced concrete.

TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of

such elements, used to impart prestress forces to concrete.

TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net tensile

strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is greater than or equal

to 0.005.

TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A

continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, rectangle or other

polygon shape without re-entrant comers is acceptable.

TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in pre-stressing from jacks or pre- COMPACT SECTION Compact sections are capable of developing fully plastic

tensioning bed to concrete member. stress distribution and possess rotation capacity of approximately 3 before the

UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from bonding onset of local buckling.

to the concrete after stressing. COMPOSITE BEAM A steel beam structurally connected to a concrete slab so

WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or lie spaces. that the beam and slab respond to loads as a unit. See also Concrete-encased

WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is friction caused by unintended beam.

deviation of prestressing sheath or from its specified profile. COLUMN BEAM A steel column fabricated from rolled or build-up steel shapes

YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point of and encased in structural concrete or fabricated from steel pipe or tubing and

reinforcement in megapascals (MPa). Yield strength or yield point shall be filled with structural concrete.

determined in tension according to applicable ASTM standards as modified by CONCRETE-ENCASE BEAM A beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally

Section 403.6 of this code. with the slab.

CONNECTION Combination of joints used to transmit forces between two or

5 – STRUCTURAL STEEL
more members. A group of elements that connect the members to the joint.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Categorized by the type and amount of force transferred (moment, shear, end
ALLOWABLE STRESSES that stress that are prescribed in Section 501 through
reaction). See also splices.
514 of this Chapter.
CRITICAL LOAD The load at which bifurcation occurs as determined by a
APPLICATION FACTOR A multiplier of the value of moment or deflection in
theoretical stability analysis.
the unbraced length of an axially loaded member to reflect the secondary
CURVATURE The rotation per unit length due to bending.
values generated by the eccentricity of the applied axial load within the
DESIGN STRENGTH Resistance (force, moment, and stress, as appropriate)
member.
provided by element or connection; the product of the nominal strength and
ASPECT RATIO In any rectangular configuration, the ratio of lengths of the
the resistance factor.
sides.
DIAGONAL BRACING Inclined structural members carrying primarily axial
BEAM A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads
load employed to enable a structural frame to act as a truss to resist horizontal
transverse to its longitudinal axis.
loads. A form of bracing that diagonally connects joints at different levels.
BEAM-COLUMN A structural member whose primary function is to carry loads
DIAPHRAGM Floor slab, metal wall or roof panel possessing a large in-plane
both transverse and parallel to its longitudinal axis.
shear stiffness and strength adequate to transmit horizontal forces to resisting
BENT A plane framework of beam or truss member, which support loads, and
systems.
the column, which support these members.
DIAPHRAGM ACTION The in-plane action of a floor system (also roofs and
BIAXIAL BENDING Simultaneous bending of a member about two
walls) such that all columns framing into the floor from above and below are
perpendicular axes.
maintained in their same position relative to each other.
BRACED FRAME A frame in which the resistance to lateral load or frame
DOUBLE CURVATURE A bending condition in which end moments on a
instability is primarily provided by a diagonal, a K-brace or other auxiliary
member causes the member to assume an S-shape.
system of bracing.
DRIFT Lateral deflection of a building.
BRITTLE FRACTURE Abrupt cleavage with little or no prior ductile
DRIFT INDEX The ratio of lateral deflection to the height of the building.
deformation.
DUCTILITY FACTORS the ratio of the total deformation at maximum load to
BUCKLING LOAD The load at which a perfectly straight member under
the elastic-limit deformation.
compression assumes a deflected position.
ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (EBF) A diagonal braced frame in which at least
BUILD-UP MEMBER A member made of structural metal elements that are
one end of each bracing member connects to a beam a short distance from a
welded bolted or riveted together.
beam-to-column connection or from another beam-to-brace connection.
CHEVRON BRACING A form of bracing where a pair of braces located either
EFFECTIVE LENGTH The equivalent length KL used in compression formulas
above or below a beam terminates at a single point within the clear beam span.
and determined by a bifurcation analysis.
CLADDING the exterior covering of the structural components of a building.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH K The ratio between the effective length and the
COLD-FORMED MEMBER Structural members formed from without the
unbraced length of the member measured between the centers of gravity of the
application of heat.
bracing members.
COLUMN A structural member whose primary function is to loads parallel to its
EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA The moment of inertia of the cross section
longitudinal axis.
of a member that remains elastic when partial plastification of the cross section
COLUMN CURVE A curve expressing the relationship between the column
takes place, usually under the combination of residual stress and applied stress.
strength and slenderness ratio.
Also, the moment of inertia based on effective widths of elements that buckle
COMBINED MECHANISM A mechanism determined by plastic analysis
locally. Also, the moment of inertia used in the design of partially composite
procedures which combines elementary beam, panel and joint mechanisms.
members.
EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS The stiffness of a member computed using the effective loads until a maximum value of the load called the stability limit is reached,

moment of inertia of its cross section. after which the frame will continue to deflect without further increase in load.

EFFECTIVE WIDTH The reduced width of a plate or slab which, with an FULLY COMPOSITE LOAD A composite beam with sufficient shear connectors

assumed uniform stress distribution produces the same effect on the to develop the full flexural strength of the composite section.

behavior of a structural member as the actual plate width with its non-uniform GIRDER A horizontal member in a seismic frame. The word beam and girder

stress distribution. maybe used interchangeably.

ELASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load effects (force, stress as HIGH-CYCLE FATIQUE Failure resulting from more than 20,000 applications of

appropriate) on members and based on the assumption that material cycle stress.

disappears on removal of the force that produced it. HYBRID BEAM A fabricated steel beam composed of flanges with a greater

ELASTIC-PERFECTLY PLASTIC A material which has an idealized stress strain yield strength that that of the web. Whenever the maximum flange stress is less

curve that varies linearly from the point of and zero-strain and stress up to the than or equal to the web yield stress the girder is considered homogeneous.

yield point of the material, and then increases in strain at the value of the a INCLUSION Nonmetallic material entrapped in otherwise sound metal.
yield stress without any further increases in stress. INCOMPLETE FUSION Lack of union by melting of filler and base metal over
EMBEDMENT A sled component cast in a concrete structure to transmit entire prescribed area.

externally applied loads to the friction or any combination thereof. The INELASTIC ACTION Material deformation that does not disappear on removal
embedment may be fabricated of structural steel plates, shapes, bars, bolts, of the force that produced it.
pipe, studs, and concrete reinforcing bars, shear or any combination thereof. INSTABILITY A condition reached in the loading of an element or structure

ENCASED STEEL STRUCTURE, A steel-framed structure in which I individual in which continued deformation results in decrease of load-resisting capacity.
frame members are completely encased in-place-concrete. JOINT Area where two or more ends, surfaces, or edges are attached. The entire

EULER FORMULA The mathematical relationship expressing of the Euler load assemblage at the intersections of the members. Categorized by type of fastener

in terms of the modulus of elasticity moment of inertia of the cross section and or weld used and method of force transfer.

length of column. K-BRACING system of struts used in a braced frame in which the pattern of the

EULER LOAD The critical load of a perfectly straight centrally loaded pin-ended struts resembles the letter K, either normal or on its side. That form of bracing

column. where a pair of braces located on one side of a column terminates at a single

EYEBAR A particular type of pin-connected tension member of uniform point within the clear column height.

thickness with forged or flame cut head of greater than the body proportioned LAMELLAR TEARING Separation in highly restrained base metal caused by

to provide approximately equal strength in the head and body. through-thickness strains induced by shrinkage of adjacent weld metal.

FACTORED LOAD The product of the nominal load and a load. LATERAL BRACING MEMBER A member utilized individually or as a

FASTENER Generic term for welds, bolts, rivets or other device. component of a lateral bracing system to prevent buckling of members or

FATIGUE A fracture phenomenon resulting from a fluctuating stress cycle. elements and/or to resist lateral loads.

FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS Analysis based on first-order deformation in which LATERAL (or lateral-torsional) BUCKING Buckling of a member

equilibrium conditions are formulated on the undeformed structure. involving lateral deflection and twist.

FLAME-CUT PLATE A plate in which the longitudinal edges prepared by LIMIT STATE A condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for

oxygen cutting from a large plate. service and is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function

FLAT WIDTH for a rectangular tube, the nominal width minus twice outside (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state).

comer radius. In absence of knowledge of the comer radius, the flat width may LIMIT STATES Limits of structural usefulness, such as brittle fracture, plastic

be taken total section width minus three times the thickness. collapse, excessive deformation, durability, fatigue, instability and

FLEXIBLE CONECTION A connection permitting a portion but not all, of the serviceability.

simple beam rotation of a member end. LINK BEAM The part of a beam in an eccentrically braced frame, which is

FLOOR SYSTEM The system of structural components separating the stories of designed to yield shear and/or bending so that buckling of the bracing

a building. members, is prevented.

FORCE Resultant of distribution of stress over a prescribed reaction that LOAD FACTOR, A factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the actual

develops in a member as a result of load (formerly called total stress or stress). load from the nominal value and uncertainties in the analysis that transform

Generic term signifying axial loads, bending moment, torque and shears. the load into a load effect.

FRACTURED TOUGHNESS Measurement of the ability to absorb energy LOADS Forces or other actions that arise on structural system from the weight

without fracture. Generally determined by impact loading of specimens of all permanent construction, occupants and their possession, environmental

containing a notch having a prescribed geometry. effects, differential settlement and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent

FRAME BUCKLING A condition under which bifurcation may occur in a frame. loads are those loads in which variations in time are rare or of small magnitude.

FRAME INSTABILITY A condition under which a frame deforms with All other loads are variable loads. See Nominal loads.

increasing lateral deflection under a system of increasing applied monotonic LFRD (Loads and Resistance Factor Design) A method of proportioning
structural components (a members, connectors, connecting elements and completely yielded cross-section. It is the combined static moment about the

assemblages) such that no applicable limit state is exceeded when the structure neutral axis of the cross-sectional areas above and below that axis.

is subjected to all appropriate load combinations. PLASTIC MOMENT The resisting moment of a fully yielded cross-section.

LOCAL BUCKLING the buckling of a compression element may precipitate the PLASTIC STRAIN the difference between total strain and elastic strain.

failure of the whole member. PLASTIC ZONE the yielded region of a member.

LOW-CYCLE FATIQUE Fracture resulting from a relatively high range resulting PLASTIFICATION the process of successive yielding of fibers in the cross
in a relatively small number has to failure. section of a member as bending moment is increased.

LOWER BOUND LOAD A load computed on the basis of an assumed PLATE GIRDER A built-up structural beam.
equilibrium moment diagram in which the moments are not greater than Mp, POST BUCKLING STENGTH the load that can be carried by an element,
that is, less than or at best equal to the true ultimate load. member or frame after buckling.

MECHANISM an articulated system able to deform without increase in load REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENT A process which results in the successive
used in the special sense that the linkage may include real hinges or plastic formation of plastic hinges so that less highly stressed portions of a structure
hinges, or both. may carry increased moments.
MECHANISM METHOD A method of plastic analysis in which equilibrium REQUIRED STRENGTH Load effect (force, moment, stress, as appropriate)
between external forces and internal plastic is calculated on the basis acting on an element or connection determined by structural analysis from the

of an assumed mechanism. The failure load so determined is an upper bound. factored loads (using most appropriate critical load combinations).

NOMINAL LOADS The magnitudes of the loads specified by the applicable code. RESIDUAL STRESS the stress that remains in an unloaded member after it has

NOMINAL STRENGTH The capacity of a structure or component to resist the been formed into a finished product. (Examples of such stresses include, but are

effects of loads, as determined by computations using specified material not limited to, those induced by cold bending, cooling after rolling, or welding.)

strengths and dimensions and formulas derived from accepted principle of RESISTANCE the capacity of a structure or component to resist the effects of

structural mechanics, or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models, loads. It is determined by computations using specified material strengths,

allowing for modeling effects and differences between laboratory and field dimensions and formulas derived from accepted principles of structural

conditions. mechanics, or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for

NONCOMPACT SECTION Non-compact sections can develop yield stress in modeling effects and differences between laboratory and field conditions.

compression elements before local buckling occurs, but will not resist inelastic Resistance is a generic term that includes both strength and serviceability limit

local buckling at strain levels required for a fully plastic stress distribution. states.

P-DELTA EFFECT Secondary effect of column axial loads and deflection on the RESISTANT FACTOR a factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the

moments in members. actual strength from the nominal value and the manner and consequences of

PANELS ZONE the zone in a beam-to-column connection that transmits failure.

moments by a shear panel. RIGID FRAME a structure in which connections maintain the angular

PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM a composite beam for which the shear relationship between beam and column members under load.

strength of shear connectors governs the flexural strength. ROOT OF THE FLANGE Location on the web of the corner radius termination

PLANE FRAME A structural system assumed for the purpose of analysis and point or the toe of the flange-to-web weld. Measured as the k-distance from

design to be two-dimensional. the far side of the flange.

PLASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load effects (force, moment, and stress, ROTATION CAPACITY The incremental angular rotation that a given shape can

as appropriate) on members and connections based on the assumption of rigid- accept prior to local failure defined as R=(9u/9p)-1. Where 9u is the overall

plastic behavior, i.e., that equilibrium is satisfied throughout the structure yield rotation attained at the factored load state and 9p is the idealized rotation

is not exceeding anywhere. Second order effects may need to be considered. corresponding to elastic theory applied to the case of M = Mp.

PLASTIC DESIGN SECTION The cross section of a member which can maintain SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS based on second-order deformations, in which

a full plastic moment through large rotations so that a mechanism can develop; equilibrium conditions are formulated on the deformed structure.

the section suitable for plastic design. SERVICE LOAD expected to be supported by the structure under normal usage;

PLASTIC HINGE, a yielded zone, which forms in a structural member when the often taken as the nominal load.

plastic moment is attained. The beam is assumed to rotate as if hinged, except

that it is strained by the plastic moment Mp.

PLASTIC-LIMIT LOAD, The maximum load that is attained when a sufficient

number of yield zones has formed to permit the structure to deform plasticity

without further increase in load. It is the largest load a structure will support,

when perfect plasticity is assumed and when such factors as instability, second-

order effects, strain hardening and fracture are neglected.

PLASTIC MODULUS, The section modulus of resistance, to bending of a

SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE considerable deformation at or just above yield point, exhibits the capacity to

resist substantially higher loading than that which caused initial yielding.
Limiting condition affecting the ability of a structure to preserve its appearance,
STRAIN-HARDENING STRAIN for structural steels that have a flat (plastic)
maintainability, durability or the comfort of its occupants or function of
region in the stress-strain relationship, the value of the strain at the onset of
machinery under normal usage. strain hardening.

STRENGTH DESIGN method of proportioning structural members using load

factors and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is exceeded
SHAPE FACTOR the ratio of the plastic moment to the yield moment, or the
(also called load and resistance factor design).
ratio of the plastic modulus to the section modulus for a cross-section.
STRENGTH LIMIT STRAIGHT limiting conditions affecting the safety of the
SHEAR-FRICTION Friction between the embedment and the concrete that
structure, in which the ultimate load-carrying capacity is reached.
transmits shear loads. The relative misplacement in the plane of the shear load
STRESS Force per unit area.
is considered to be resisted by shear-friction anchors located perpendicular to
STRESS CONCENTRATION Localized stress considerably higher than average
the plane of the shear load.
(even in uniformly loaded cross sections of uniform thickness) due to abrupt
SHEAR LUGS Plates, welded studs, bolts and other steel shapes that are
changes in geometry or localized loading.
embedded in the concrete and located transverse to the direction of the shear
STRONG AXIS The major principal axis of a cross-section.
force and that transmit shear loads introduced into the concrete by local
STRCTURAL DESIGN DOCS. Documents prepared by the designer (plans,
bearing at the shear lug-concrete interface.
design details and job specifications).
SHEAR WALL A wall that in its own plane resists shear forces from applied
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM An assemblage of load-carrying components which are
wind, earthquake or other loads or provides frame stability. Also called
joined together to provide regular interaction or interdependence.
structural wall.
STUB COLUMN short compression-test specimen, long enough for use in
SIDEWAYS The lateral movement of a structure under the action of lateral
measuring the stress-strain relationship for the complete cr06s-section but
loads, unsymmetrical vertical loads or unsymmetrical properties of the
short enough to avoid buckling as a column in the elastic and plastic
structure.
ranges.
SIDEWAYS BUCKLING the buckling mode of a multistory precipitated by the
SUBASSEMBLAGE a truncated portion of a structural frame.
relative lateral displacements of joints, leading to failure by sideways of the
SUPPORTED COLUMN a frame which depends upon adjacent braced or
frame.
unbraced frames for resistance to lateral load or frame instability. (This
SINGLE CURVATURE A deformed shape of a member having one smooth
transfer of load is frequently provided by the floor or roof system through
continuous arc, as opposed to double curvature, which contains a reversal.
diaphragm action or by horizontal cross bracing in the roof).
SLENDER SECTION the cross sections of a member which will experience local
TANGENT MODULUS at any given stress level, the slope of the stress-strain
buckling in the elastic range.
curve of a material in the inelastic range as determined by the compression test
SLENDERNESS RATIO the ratio of the effective length of a column to the radius
of a small specimen under controlled conditions.
of gyration of the column, both with respect to the same axis of bending.
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE a general term for anything that is built or
SLIP-CRITICAL LOAD A bolt joints in which the slip resistance of the
constructed (usually to carry construction loads) that will eventually be
connection is required.
removed before or after completion of construction and does not become part
SPACE FRAME A three-dimensional structural framework (as contrasted to a
of the permanent structural system.
plane frame).
TENSILE STRENGTH the maximum tensile stress that a material is capable of
SPLICE the connection between two structural elements joined at their ends to
sustaining.
form a single, longer element.
TENSION FIELD ACTION the behavior of a plate girder panel under shear
STABILITY-LIMIT LOAD Maximum (theoretical) loads a structure can support
force in which diagonal tensile stresses develop in the web and compressive
when second-order instability effects are included.
forces develop in the transverse stiffeners in a manner analogous to a Pratt
STEPPED-COLUMN A column with changes from one cross section to another
truss.
occurring at abrupt points within the length of the column.
TOE OF THE FILLET Termination point of fillet weld or of rolled section fillet.
STIFFENER A member, usually an angle or plate, attached to a plate or web of a
TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP Term applied to the wrench torque
beam or girder to distribute load, to transfer shear or to prevent buckling of the
required producing specified pre-tension in high-strength bolts.
member to which it is attached.
TURN-OF-NUT METHOD Procedure whereby the specified pre-tension in high-
STIFFNESS The resistance to deformation of a member or structure measured
strength bolts is controlled by rotation of the wrench a predetermined 'amount
by the ratio of the applied force to the corresponding displacement.
after the nut has been tightened to a snug fit.
STORY DRIFT the difference in horizontal deflection at the top and bottom of a
UNBRACED FRAME a frame in which the resistance to lateral load is provided
story.
by the bending resistance of frame members and their connections.
STRAIN HARDENING Phenomenon wherein ductile steel, after undergoing
UNBRACED LENGTH distance between braced points of a member, measured
between the centers of gravity of the bracing members. whose primary structural elements are formed by a system of repetitive wood-

UNDERCUT a notch resulting from the melting and removal of base metal at framing members.

the edge of a weld. DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit

UNIVERSAL-MILL PLATE a plate in which the longitudinal edges has been lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. When the term "diaphragm” is

formed by a rolling process during manufacture. Often abbreviated as UM used, it includes horizontal bracing systems.

plate.
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel made from
UPPER BOUND LOAD a load computed on the basis of an assumed mechanism
lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or crane) having a density of less than 497
which will always be at best equal to or greater than the true ultimate load.
kg/m3 but more than 160 kg/m3.
V-BRACING that form of chevron bracing that intersects a beam from above

and inverted V-bracing is that form of chevron bracing that intersects a beam
GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the sections of which are
from below.
composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood structural panels
VERTICAL BRACING SYSTEM a system of shear walls, braced frames or both,
in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive.
extending throughout one or more floors of a building.
GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility
WARPING TORSION that portions of the total resistance to torsion that is
in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
provided by resistance to warping of the cross section.

WEAK AXIS the minor principal axis of a cross-section.

HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic
WEATHERING STEEL A type of high-strength, low-alloy steel which can be
fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less
used in normal environments (not marine) and outdoor exposures without
than 497 kg/m3.
protective paint covering. This steel develops tight adherent rust at a
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width' and
decreasing rate with respect to time.
depth, in standard sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the standard net
WEB BUCKLING the buckling of a web plate.
size of dressed lumber. In accordance to Philippine National Standards (PNS).
WEB CRIPPLING the local failure of a web plate in the immediate vicinity of a

concentrated load or reaction. NORMAL LOADING, a design load that stressed a member or fastening to the
WORKING LOAD also called service load. The actual load assumed to be acting full allowable stress tabulated in this chapter. This loading may be applied for
on the structure. approximately 10 years, either continuously or cumulatively, and 90 percent of
X-BRACING that form of bracing where a pair of diagonal braces cross near this load may be applied for the remainder of the life of the member or
mid-length of the bracing members. fastening.
YIELD MOMENT in a member subjected to bending, the moment at which an PARTICLEBOARD is a manufactured panel product lifting of particles of wood
outer fiber first attains the yield stress. or combinations of wood fibers and wood fibers bonded together with
YIELD PLATEAU the portion of the stress-strain curve for uniaxial tension or synthetic or other suitable bonding system by as bonding process, in
compression in which the stress remains essentially constant during a period of accordance with approved nationally recognized standard.
substantially increased strain. PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers conforming to Philippine National
YIELD POINT the first stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs standards (PNS) "Construction and Industrial Plywood" and UBC Standard 23-
without an increase in stress, the yield point less than the maximum attainable 3, "Performance for Wood-based Structural-Use Panels".
stress. ROTATION is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical axis.
YIELD STRENGTH the stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor
deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. Deviation expressed in and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm.
terms of strain. TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under
YIELD STRESS Yield point, yield strength or yield-stress level as defined. treating and quality control procedures.
YIELD STRESS LEVEL he average stress during yielding in the plastic range, the WOOD OF NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the
stress determined in a tension test when the strain reaches 0.005 mm per mm. heartwood of the species set forth, corner sapwood is permitted on 5 percent of
6 - WOOD the pieces provided 90 percent or more of the width of each on which it occurs

is heartwood. Recognized species are:

Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile.

SECTION 602 - DEFINITION
Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong.
The following terms used in this chapter shall have the meanings indicated in
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed primarily
this section:
of wood and in meeting the requirements of Philippine National Standards
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges not
(PNS).
occurring on framing members are supported on and connected to blocking.
Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood, composite panels
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction
containing a combination of veneer and wood-base material, and mat-formed

panel such as oriented stranded board and wafer board.

7-MASONRY times the thickness.

The materials, design, construction and quality assurance of masonry shall be DIMENSIONS:

in accordance with this chapter. ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of a designated item. The

DESIGN METHODS actual dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension by more than

Masonry shall comply with the provisions of one of the following design amount allowed in the appropriate standard of quality in Section 702.

methods in this chapter as well as the requirements of Sections 701 through NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified dimensions

705. plus the thickness of the joint with which the unit is laid.

Working Stress SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified for the manufacture or
▪ construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or any other component of a

Design. Masonry designed by the working stress design method shall comply structure.

with the provisions of Sections 706 and 707. GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout pour.
Strength GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted prior to the
▪
erection of additional masonry. A grout pour will consist of one or more grout
Design. Masonry designed by the strength design method shall comply with the
lifts.
provisions of Sections 706 and 708.
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry
Empirical
▪ construction in which certain designated cells of hollow units are continuously

filled with grout.

Design. Masonry designed by the empirical design method shall comply with
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted masonry
the provisions Sections 706.1 and 709.
construction in which the space between the wythes is solidly or periodically
Glass Masonry.
▪ filled with grout.

Glass masonry shall comply with the Provisions of Section 710. JOINTS:

BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time masonry units is
DEFINITIONS
placed.
For the purpose of this chapter, certain terms are defined as lows:

AREAS:
HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse plane.
BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of masonry, which is in contact with

mortar in plane of the joint.

MASONRY UNIT is brick, tile, stone, glass block or concrete block conforming
EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the cross-sectional area of
to the requirements specified in Section 702.
reinforcement multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the reinforcement
HOLLOW-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional areas
and the direction for which effective area is to be determined.
(solid area) in any plane parallel to the surface containing cores, cells or deep
GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a lined section.
frogs is less than 75 percent of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area-ungrouted cores,
same plane.
notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is the actual surface area of cross
SOLID-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in
section of masonry.
any plane parallel to the surface containing the cores or cells at least 75 percent
TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a second based
of the gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
on the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first material to the second.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or without grout
BOND:
used as a test specimen for determining property masonry.
ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and mortar or grout.
REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry construction in which
REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel reinforcement and mortar
reinforcement acting in conjunction with masonry is used to resist forces.
or grout.
SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in masonry.
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in which
WALLS:
reinforcement is embedded.
BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes are bonded to
CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area greater than 967 mm2.
act as a structural unit.
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of sufficient size and
CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a minimum width
spacing to allow the removal of debris.
of 51 mm and a maximum width of 114 mm between wythes which are tied
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between wythes of masonry.
with metal ties.
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in which both the
WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener which connects wythes of masonry to
reinforcement and masonry resist compression.
each other or to other materials.
COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural member whose horizontal
I WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit as placed in
dimension measured at right angles to the thickness does not exceed three
masonry.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is not considered a wythe.