COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING

MATERIALS

Sector : AUTOMOTIVE AND LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR

Qualification Title : DRIVING NC II

Unit of Competency: PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Module Title :

Purok 8-B Curvada, Magdum, Tagum City Davao

Del Norte

MODULE
THREE
 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome!
The unit of competency Perform Mensuration and Calculation is
one of the competencies of Driving, a course which comprises the
knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Driver in the industry.
The module, performing mensuration and calculation contains
competencies and learning outcomes, activities/tasks/ jobs that includes
to select measuring instrument, carry out measurement and calculation,
maintain measuring instruments.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning
activities in order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning
outcome, there are Information sheets, Self-Checks, Task Sheets/Job
Sheets. Follow them and perform the activities on your own. If you have
questions, do not hesitate to ask for assistance from your facilitator.

Remember to:

 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section.
 Read information sheets and complete the Self-Check. Suggested
references are included to supplement the materials provided I this
module.
 Most probably, your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.
She is there to support you and show you the correct way to do
things.
 You will be given plenty of opportunities to ask questions and
practice on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during
your regular work shifts. This way, you will improve your confidence,
speed and memory.
 Use the Self-Checks, Task sheets or Job Sheets at the end of each
section to test your own progress. The Performance Criteria
Checklist will be used to check your performances.
 When you feel confident that you have sufficient practice, ask your
Trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be
recorded in the Achievement chart and the Progress chart.

You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this

competency before moving to another competency. A Certificate of
Achievement will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 1
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
Revision #
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills
covered in this learner’s guide because you have:
 Been working for some time
 Already completed training in this area
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a
particular outcome, you don’t have to do the same training again.
Talk to your trainer about having them formally recognized. If you
have a qualification or certificate of competence from previous training,
show it to your trainer. If the skills, you acquired are still current and
relevant to the unit/s of competency they may become part of the
evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the accuracy
of your skills discuss this with your trainer.

After completing this module ask your trainer to assess your

competency. Result of your assessment will be recorded in your
competency profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to
complete at your own pace.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 2
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 LIST OF COMPETENCIES

DRIVING NC II

No Unit of Competency Module Title

Code
.

Apply Appropriate Applying Appropriate

1. ALT723201
Sealant/Adhesive Sealant/Adhesive

2. Move and Position Vehicle Moving and Position Vehicle ALT723202

Perform Mensuration and Performing Mensuration ALT31120

3.
Calculation and Calculation 2

Read, Interpret and Apply Reading, Interpreting and

4. Specifications and Manuals Applying Specifications and ALT723203
Manuals

Use and Apply Using and Applying

5. ALT723204
Lubricant/Coolant Lubricant/Coolant

6. Perform Shop Maintenance Performing Shop Maintenance ALT723205

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 3
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 MODULE CONTENT

QUALIFICATION TITLE : Driving NCII

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Perform Mensuration and Calculation

MODULE TITLE : Performing Mensuration and Calculation

MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module covers calculations and

mathematical problems related to
automotive works including tolerances and
measurement, including conversion of two
systems of measurements, selecting
measuring instrument, carry out
measurement and maintaining measuring
instruments.

NOMINAL DURATION : 4 hours

Learning Outcome:

1. Select Measuring Instrument

2. Carry out Measurement and Calculation
3. Maintain Measuring Instrument

Assessment Criteria:

1. Object or component to be measured are identified

2. Correct specifications are obtained from relevant source
3. Appropriate measuring instrument is selected as per job
requirements
4. Measuring tools are selected in line with job requirements
5. Accurate measurements are obtained
6. Calculations needed to complete work/task are performed using
the four fundamental operation of mathematics
7. Calculations involving fractions, percentages and mixed numbers
are used to complete workplace tasks.
8. Numerical computation checked is correct and accurate
9. Measuring instruments are cleaned before and after using
10. Measuring instrument are kept in safe dry place
11. Proper techniques in using precise instrument according to
manufacturer’s standards
12. Proper handlings of measuring instruments are observed in
accordance with industry standards

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 4
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

Learning Outcome 1 SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENT

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1.1 Object or component to be measured are identified

1.2 Correct specifications are obtained from relevant source
1.3 Appropriate measuring instrument is selected as per job
requirement

CONTENTS

● Types of Measuring Instruments and Application

● Techniques in Measuring Parts/Components
● Methods of Calculating/Solving Mathematical Problems

CONDITIONS: The Trainee must be provided with the following:

● Precise Measuring Instruments Calculator Calipers-Vernier,

Micrometer before gauge, feeler gauge, steel rule, push rule.
● Pencil
● Paper
● Models of Engine Parts/Component
● Instructional Materials

ASSESSMENT METHOD:

● Written and/or Oral Examination

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 5
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.1-1

TYPES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND APPLICATIONS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. identify and describe various types of measuring instruments used

in different fields

TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS AND THEIR USAGE

Measuring tools play a crucial role in the automotive industry, ensuring

that vehicles are manufactured, maintained, and repaired to meet strict
safety, performance, and quality standards. From the design and
production of vehicle components to regular maintenance and diagnostic
procedures, accurate measurements are vital to guarantee that all parts
function correctly and efficiently.

In vehicles, a wide range of measuring tools are used to assess critical

variables such as engine performance, tire pressure, fuel efficiency, brake
wear, and overall vehicle alignment. These tools are designed to provide
precise readings, helping mechanics, engineers, and technicians detect
faults, maintain optimal performance, and make informed decisions
during repairs or upgrades.

There are many types of measuring tools commonly used in automotive

applications, including micrometers, calipers, torque wrenches,
multimeters, pressure gauges, and temperature sensors, among others.
Each tool serves a specific purpose, whether it's measuring the thickness
of brake pads, checking the accuracy of a spark plug gap, testing
electrical systems, or monitoring engine temperature.
Understanding the different types of measuring tools, their specifications,
and their proper usage is essential for anyone involved in vehicle
maintenance or repair. It ensures that all vehicle components operate
within the manufacturer’s recommended tolerances, promoting safety,
reliability, and efficiency on the road.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 6
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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MICROMETERS

A micrometer is a tool
that measures the size
of a target by enclosing
it. Some models are
even able to perform
measurements in units
of 1 μm. Unlike hand
calipers, micrometers
adhere to Abbe’s
principle, which enables
them to perform more
accurate measurements.
In general, the term
"micrometer" refers to outside micrometers. A variety of other types of
micrometers also exist according to different measurement applications.
Examples include inside micrometers, bore micrometers, tube
micrometers, and depth micrometers. The measurable range differs every
25 mm—such as 0 to 25 mm and 25 to 50 mm—depending on the size of
the frame, so using a micrometer that matches the target is necessary.
Recently, digital micrometers have become incredibly popular.

HOW TO USE A MICROMETER

1. Before measurement, wipe down the anvil and spindle surfaces with
a clean cloth. This removes dirt and dust from the surfaces, which
enables accurate measurements.
2. To hold the micrometer, hold the heat-resistant plate on the frame
with the thumb and index finger on your left hand, and pinch the
thimble between the thumb and index finger on your right hand.
3. Grip the target between the anvil and the spindle, turn the ratchet
stop until it slips, and then read the value.
4. Read the value from the main scale on the sleeve and the scale on
the thimble. Use the line on the right edge of the sleeve to read the
value in units of 0.5 mm. You can then use the scale at which the
center line on the thimble (scale) lines up to read the value in units
of 0.01 mm.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 7
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

 Use a gauge block or a dedicated gauge to calibrate a micrometer.

To perform accurate measurements, the anvil surface must always
be flat. After multiple measurements are performed, the surface
may become no longer flat due to wear and the accumulation of
dirt. Therefore, periodically use a part known as an optical flat to
check whether the surface is flat according to the displayed
Newton's rings.
 When measuring a metal target and when performing calibration
with a gauge block, exercise caution with respect to thermal
expansion. Whenever possible, avoid holding metal with bare hands,
or use gloves that do not transmit heat and are designed for
precision work.
 The calibration interval of micrometers is 3 months to 1 year.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 8
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
Revision #
CALIPERS

A caliper is part of the disc brake system, the type most cars have in their
front brakes.

The brake caliper houses your car’s brake pads and pistons. Its
job is to slow the car’s wheels by creating friction with the brake
rotors.

The brake caliper fits like a clamp

on a wheel’s rotor to stop the wheel
from turning when you step on the
brakes. Inside each caliper is a pair
of metal plates known as brake
pads.
When you push the brake pedal,
brake fluid creates pressure on
pistons in the brake caliper, forcing
the pads against the brake rotor and
slowing your car.

How are Brake Calipers Connected to the rest of the Braking

System?

The caliper assembly generally lives inside the wheel and is connected to
the master cylinder through tubes, hoses, and valves that conduct brake
fluid through the system. We could go on about brake calipers for days on
end, but we’ll show some restraint. Here’s what you really need to know:
your brake calipers are very important.

TORQUE WRENCH

A torque wrench is a tool used to tighten

nuts and bolts to a predetermined torque
value. This instrument allows fasteners to
be tightened to the proper tension, helping
avoid damage from over tightening or

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 9
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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joints coming apart from under tightening. This means applying the
correct torque measure is important for safety, assembly and
performance of equipment.

DIFFERENT TYPES AND THEIR USES

Electronic Torque Wrenches

Also known as digital, they don’t feature any moving parts and instead
work from an electric sensor.
They sense how much twisting force is applied and tells the user via a
digital display.
These tools include small chips which contain a memory stick to save
readings, which can then be accessed on a computer.

Beam

These products are generally inexpensive and easy to use. They feature a
scale, and once the right level of torque has been reached it stops at the
right number.
The main beam features a handle on it which is used to employ force.
When in use, the beam stays in place and the scale shows the level of
torque. These tools can be used for tightening or loosening.

Click

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 10
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
Revision #
A click torques wrench gives an audible sound when the correct torque
setting has been reached.
This type features a spring-loaded lever which is adjusted by twisting the
handle to the right setting. When the required torque level is achieved,
the lever breaks which creates a clicking noise.
Most click types are ratcheting and may be used for tightening or
loosening.

Hydraulic Torque Wrenches

This type is often used in industrial settings. They’re designed to reach

the required level of torque using hydraulics.

Micrometer Torque Wrenches

These scales are often used in the manufacturing and transportation of

cargo. Knowing the weight of a load is vital when transporting large
amounts by train, plane, or ship because the weight may change the
distribution of the freight. If it’s not monitored properly, this could
endanger the crew and the rest of the cargo being transported.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 11
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
Revision #
Dial Torque Wrenches

Dial torque wrenches are widely considered as one of the most accurate
to use. They can be wider than other types, so can be harder to use in
small spaces. As well as regular use in the automotive industry, these
tools are used in the aerospace and defense industries.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 12
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 SELF CHECK 3.1-1

TYPES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

TEST I. Fill in the Blanks

INSTRUCTION: Determine the measuring tools. Write your answer on your
answer sheet

1. __________________ Wrenches are widely considered as one of the

most accurate to use.
a. Dial Torque Wrenches
b. Micrometer Torque Wrenches
2. __________________ These scales are often used in the manufacturing
and transportation of cargo.
a. Hydraulic Torque Wrenches
b. Click
3. __________________ These products are generally inexpensive and
easy to use. They feature a scale, and once the right level of torque
has been reached it stops at the right number.
a. Click
b. Beam
4. __________________ A click torques wrench gives an audible sound
when the correct torque setting has been reached.
a. Click
b. Hydraulic Torque Wrenches
5. __________________ Also known as digital, they don’t feature any
moving parts and instead work from an electric sensor.
a. Electronic Torque Wrenches
b. Dial Torque Wrenches

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 13
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
Revision #
 ANSWER KEY 3.1-1

TYPES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. A

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 14
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.1-2

TECHNIQUES IN MEASURING PARTS/COMPONENT

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. Explain the proper procedures in measuring part and component.

INTRODUCTION

Measuring parts and components in vehicles is a critical process for

ensuring proper fit, performance, and safety. There are various techniques
and methods used in the automotive industry to measure parts
accurately. These techniques can range from traditional mechanical
measurement tools to advanced digital and optical systems.

Below are some common techniques:

1. Micrometers and Calipers

 Purpose: Used for measuring the external and internal dimensions
of small parts.
 Types:
o Vernier Calipers: Measure external and internal dimensions
and depths with relatively good accuracy (to 0.02mm).
o Digital Calipers: Offer the advantage of digital readouts for
ease of use.
o Micrometers: Offer high precision measurements for smaller
parts, such as shafts, bolts, or gears (usually in the range of
0.001 mm or 0.0001 inches).

2. Height Gauges and Surface Plates

 Purpose: Used to measure the vertical height or length of parts and
check flatness.
 Setup: The surface plate acts as a reference plane, and the height
gauge can measure distances from that reference point.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 15
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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3. Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)
 Purpose: CMMs are used for precise 3D measurements of complex
parts.
 How It Works: A probe (mechanical, laser, or optical) moves along
three axes (X, Y, Z) to measure various points on a part, collecting a
full 3D profile.
 Applications: Ideal for inspecting intricate geometry, such as
engine components, chassis parts, or body panels.
 Accuracy: CMMs are highly accurate, with tolerances down to 1
micrometer or better.

4. Laser Scanning
 Purpose: Used to capture the geometry of a part in 3D quickly and
non-destructively.
 How It Works: A laser scanner emits a laser beam that scans the
surface of a part and records its geometry.
 Applications: Especially useful for measuring large or complex
parts, such as body panels or entire vehicle structures.
 Advantages: Provides high precision, detailed 3D data, and is
effective for reverse engineering or quality control.

5. Optical Measuring Systems

 Purpose: Utilizes light (often laser) and camera systems to
measure the geometry of parts without direct contact.
 Examples:
o Laser Displacement Sensors: Measure the distance to the
surface of the part.
o Optical 3D Systems: Capture 3D data of a part using a
combination of cameras and light sources.
 Applications: Used for non-contact measurement, ideal for fragile
or very small parts, or high-volume inspections in assembly lines.

6. X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning

 Purpose: Used to measure internal and external features of parts,
especially in complex components like engine blocks, cylinder
heads, or composite materials.
 How It Works: The part is X-rayed from multiple angles, and the
data is reconstructed into a 3D model.
 Advantages: Can provide detailed information about internal
structures and porosity without dismantling the part.
 Applications: Quality control of high-stakes components like brake
rotors, engine parts, or battery cells.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 16
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
Revision #
7. 3D Printing and Reverse Engineering
 Purpose: 3D printing (additive manufacturing) can be used to
create a digital replica of a part, which is then measured and
compared to the original part.
 How It Works: Using a 3D scanner, the geometry of a part is
captured, and the digital model is used for analysis, measurement,
and inspection.
 Applications: Reverse engineering parts for replication, testing fit
and design, or prototyping new parts.

8. Ultrasonic Testing
 Purpose: Used to measure material thickness, density, and identify
defects in solid materials.
 How It Works: Ultrasonic waves are transmitted through the part,
and reflections are measured to assess material properties or detect
flaws.
 Applications: Commonly used in vehicle safety-critical
components, like the chassis, suspension, or exhaust systems.

9. Profile Projectors and Shadowgraphs

 Purpose: Used for measuring the profile and dimensions of parts by
projecting their shadow onto a screen.
 How It Works: A part is placed under a light source, and its
silhouette is projected onto a magnified screen for detailed
measurement.
 Applications: Used for checking profiles, contours, and dimensions
of relatively simple parts like gears, cams, and bushings.

10. Toolmaker's Microscope

 Purpose: A specialized optical instrument for measuring small,
intricate parts.
 How It Works: Similar to a standard microscope but with built-in
scales for measuring dimensions.
 Applications: Used for high-precision measurements of small
components, such as fasteners, automotive electronics, or fine
mechanical parts.

11. Torque and Force Measurement

 Purpose: Measurement of forces and torques applied to
components like fasteners or bearings.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 17
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
Revision #
  How It Works: Specialized tools such as torque wrenches,
dynamometers, or load cells are used to measure the amount of
force required to tighten a fastener or load a component.
 Applications: Used in assembly processes or to test the
performance of mechanical components.

12. Runout Measurement (Dial Gauges)

 Purpose: Measure the deviation of a rotating part (such as a wheel
or a shaft) from its true position (runout or concentricity).
 How It Works: A dial gauge is mounted to a fixed position and
measures the displacement of the part as it rotates.
 Applications: Common in wheel alignment and shaft balancing
operations.

13. Vibration Testing

 Purpose: To analyze the dynamic performance of components
under vibrational stress.
 How It Works: Sensors and accelerometers are used to measure
the vibrational response of parts and systems.
 Applications: Used to assess suspension systems, engine
components, and structural integrity of vehicles under road
conditions or stress.

14. Contact Measurement Tools (Probes)

 Purpose: Various probes can physically contact a component's
surface to measure geometric dimensions.
 Examples:
o Touch Probes: Used in CNC machines or CMMs.
o Inductive Probes: Used for measuring distance between
surfaces or detecting part positioning.
 Applications: Used in manufacturing or repair shops for quality
control, particularly when high accuracy is required.

Key Considerations for Choosing a Measurement Technique:

 Accuracy Requirements: The precision needed for the specific

vehicle component.
 Size and Complexity of Part: Larger or more complex parts may
require advanced systems like CMMs or 3D scanning.
 Material Type: Some techniques are more suited for specific
materials (e.g., ultrasonic for metals, optical for plastics).

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 18
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
Revision #
  Cost and Throughput: High-tech systems like CT scanners or laser
scanning are expensive but may offer faster and more detailed
results. For high-volume production, faster but less expensive
methods may be preferred.

SELF CHECK 3.1-2

TECHNIQUES IN MEASURING PARTS/COMPONENT

TEST I. TRUE or FALSE

INSTRUCTION: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if
the statement is incorrect. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.

1. Micrometers and Calipers are used for measuring the external and
internal dimensions of small parts.
2. Toolmaker's Microscope it is a non-specialized optical instrument for
measuring small, intricate parts.
3. Runout Measurement (Dial Gauges) use to measure the deviation of
a rotating part (such as a wheel or a shaft) from its true position
(runout or concentricity).
4. Vibration Testing use to analyze the dynamic performance of
components under vibrational stress.
5. Ultrasonic Testing Used to measure material thickness, density, and
identify defects in solid materials.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 19
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 ANSWER KEY 3.1-2

TECHNIQUES IN MEASURING PARTS/COMPONENT

1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

Developed by: Issued by:
TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 20
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.1-3

METHODS OF CALCULATING/SOLVING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. Explain the proper ways in performing mensuration and

calculation

INTRODUCTION

In vehicle engineering, solving mathematical problems accurately is

essential for ensuring performance, safety, fuel efficiency, and regulatory
compliance.

Here are some key methods used to calculate and solve mathematical
problems specific to vehicles:

Mathematical equations help calculate the optimal angles and positions

for suspension components, such as control arms, springs, and dampers.
By analyzing the suspension geometry, engineers can ensure that the car
maintains stability and control under various driving conditions.

1. Vehicle Dynamics Modeling and Simulation

 Purpose: Models how a vehicle behaves under different driving
conditions, taking into account forces, velocities, and acceleration.
 Techniques: Uses kinematic and kinetic equations to analyze tire
forces, braking, suspension dynamics, and overall vehicle handling.
Multibody dynamics (MBD) simulations are also applied for complex
interactions between parts.
 Application: Used to optimize steering, suspension settings,
braking systems, and stability features like anti-lock braking (ABS)
and traction control.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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TL MABUHAY
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Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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2. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
 Purpose: Analyzes stress, strain, and deformation in vehicle
components under load.
 Techniques: Breaks down complex geometries into small elements,
solving stress and strain equations for each element to understand
how parts behave under forces.
 Application: Applied to vehicle frames, suspension systems, engine
parts, and crash analysis to ensure durability and safety.
3. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
 Purpose: Models airflow around and inside vehicle parts to assess
aerodynamics and cooling efficiency.
 Techniques: Solves the Navier-Stokes equations numerically to
simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, and pressure distribution.
 Application: Used for optimizing body design to reduce drag,
cooling system performance, HVAC efficiency, and under-hood
airflow to improve fuel economy and handling.
4. Control System Design and Optimization
 Purpose: Develops systems for automated control of vehicle
functions, enhancing safety, efficiency, and performance.
 Techniques: Utilizes control theory, PID controllers, and model
predictive control (MPC) to manage systems such as electronic
stability control, braking, and engine management.
 Application: Essential for stability and traction control, cruise
control, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) in
automated and semi-automated vehicles.
5. Thermodynamic and Heat Transfer Calculations
 Purpose: Manages and optimizes thermal efficiency in engine
components, cooling systems, and exhausts.
 Techniques: Applies thermodynamic principles and heat transfer
equations (conduction, convection, radiation) to model temperature
distribution.
 Application: Critical for engine efficiency, exhaust design, battery
cooling in EVs, and cabin climate control.
6. Battery Modeling and Electrical Systems Analysis
 Purpose: Models battery performance, degradation, and thermal
behavior in electric vehicles.
 Techniques: Uses electrochemical models, thermal analysis, and
circuit modeling to calculate charging and discharging profiles and
energy storage.
 Application: Applied in the design of battery packs, electric
powertrains, and energy management systems for EVs to ensure
range, efficiency, and safety.

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7. Optimization Methods
 Purpose: Finds the most efficient solutions for design, cost, and
performance under specific constraints.
 Techniques: Involves linear and nonlinear programming, genetic
algorithms, and simulated annealing to solve multi-objective
optimization problems.
 Application: Used in vehicle weight reduction, material cost
minimization, and fuel efficiency optimization.
8. Statistical and Probabilistic Analysis
 Purpose: Predicts component reliability and assesses risk under
uncertain conditions.
 Techniques: Includes methods like Monte Carlo simulations,
regression analysis, and Bayesian statistics for data-driven
predictions.
 Application: Essential for reliability testing, durability prediction,
and failure analysis in components like engines, brakes, and
electrical systems.
9. Machine Learning and Data Analysis for Predictive Maintenance
 Purpose: Analyzes data to predict maintenance needs, reducing
downtime and repair costs.
 Techniques: Uses machine learning algorithms, anomaly detection,
and time-series analysis to identify patterns in sensor data.
 Application: Used for real-time vehicle diagnostics, failure
prediction, and predictive maintenance in fleet management and
autonomous vehicle monitoring.
10. Load and Stress Analysis
 Purpose: Ensures vehicle parts can withstand expected forces and
stresses under operating conditions.
 Techniques: Uses structural mechanics equations to calculate load
distribution, stress concentration, and fatigue limits.
 Application: Applied to axles, frames, suspension components, and
load-bearing parts to ensure they meet safety and durability
standards.
11. Battery Management System (BMS) and Power Management
Calculations
 Purpose: Manages power usage, efficiency, and health of EV and
hybrid batteries.
 Techniques: Combines state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, state-of-
health (SOH) calculations, and thermal management models.
 Application: Used in EV battery monitoring and optimization,
ensuring safe charging, longevity, and efficient energy usage.
12. Simulation-Based Testing (SBT) and Digital Twin Models

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  Purpose: Creates virtual representations of vehicle systems for
testing and predictive maintenance.
 Techniques: Combines physical models with real-time data to
simulate and predict system performance.
 Application: Used to test design concepts, optimize vehicle
systems, and predict future performance without needing physical
prototypes.

SELF CHECK 3.1-3

METHODS OF CALCULATING/SOLVING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS

TEST I. ENUMERATION

INSTRUCTION: List down at least 6 key methods used to calculate and

solve mathematical problems specific to vehicles

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 ANSWER KEY 3.1-3

METHODS OF CALCULATING/SOLVING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS

1. Vehicle Dynamics Modeling and Simulation

2. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
3. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
4. Control System Design and Optimization
5. Thermodynamic and Heat Transfer Calculations
6. Battery Modeling and Electrical Systems Analysis
7. Optimization Methods
8. Statistical and Probabilistic Analysis
9. Machine Learning and Data Analysis for Predictive
Maintenance
10. Load and Stress Analysis
11. Battery Management System (BMS) and Power Management
Calculations
12. Simulation-Based Testing (SBT) and Digital Twin Models

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

Learning Outcome 2 CARRY OUT MEASUREMENTS AND

CALCULATIONS
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

2.1 Measuring tools are selected in line with job requirements

2.2 Accurate measurements are obtained
2.3 Calculations needed to complete work/task are performed using
the four fundamental operation of mathematics
2.4 Numerical computation checked is correct and accurate

CONTENTS

● Select Measuring Tools in Line with Job Requirements

● Need calculation to complete work/task to perform using four basic
processes of addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and
division (/)
● Mixes calculations involving fractions, percentage number used to
complete tasks

CONDITIONS: The Trainee must be provided with the following:

● Supplies and Materials needed for tasks

● Tools and Equipment needed for tasks
● Instructional Materials

ASSESSMENT METHOD:

● Written Test
● Direct Observation

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.2-1

SELECT MEASURING TOOLS IN LINE WITH JOB REQUIREMENTS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. know the measuring tools in line with job requirements

INTRODUCTION

Different Type Of Measuring Tools and Gauges Used in Automobile

Measuring tool and gauges used to measure various parameters such as

clearance, diameter, depth, thickness, runout etc. These are critical
engineering parameters, which describe the condition of the working
machinery.
For measuring brake pad and brake disc thickness, Micrometer or Vernier
calliper used. Bore gauge used For measuring cylinder bore. Feeler
gauge mainly use to measure piston ring clearance, engine bearing
clearance. Depth gauge are use to measure the thread depth of tyre.

Some
important
measuring tool
and gauge
VERNIER
CALIPER

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Vernier Calliper considered one of the precise measuring tool which is use
to the car mechanics shops because of its accuracy. Car technician
also use Vernier calliper when they are repairing a car and have to change
a part for which the need it’s measurement.
It has got two different jaws to measure outside and inside dimensions of
an object. It can be a scale, dial or digital type Vernier calliper.
Calculation of least count:-
Least count of the Vernier calliper is the difference between the values of
main scale division and one Vernier scale division.
Least Count = Value of one main scale division – Value of one Vernier
scale division.
= 1 mm – 1/10 mm = 1 mm – 0.1 mm = 0.1 mm or 0.01 cm
So final least count of Vernier calliper is == 0.1 mm or 0.01cm

MICROMETER

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A micrometer is a measuring instrument that can make extraordinarily
precise measurements. It is an excellent precision tool which is use to
measure small parameters and is much more accurate than the Vernier
calliper.
Exact measurements is possible through micrometer even when the
smallest of space between objects can cause problems or difficulties. The
micrometer size can vary from small too large. The large micrometer
calliper is use to measure large outside diameter or distance.
BORE GAUGE
Bore gauge accurately measure the diameter of any hole known as bore
gauge, It can be a scale, dial or digital type instrument. The most common
bore gauge is dial type bore gauge, which comes with a dial gauge which
is attached to the shaft and replacement rods, also known as measuring
sleds, of different size to measure different hole dimensions. A bore
gauge is a collective term for the tools that are unique to the process of
accurately measuring holes.

 TELESCOPIC GAUGES
These are a range of gauges that are use to
measure a bore’s size, by transferring the
internal dimension to a remote measuring
tool. They are a direct equivalent of inside
callipers and require the operator to develop
the correct feel to obtain repeatable results.

DIAL BORE GAUGE

A dial bore gauge is a comparative

instrument similar to a telescoping gauge,
but includes a digital or analogy readout.
The dial bore gauge must be set to the
nominal value of the bore. it is measure the
variation and direction of the bore from
nominal. There are multiple ways to set this
gauges to the nominal value. The most
common method is using an outside
micrometer that set to the nominal value.

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This is the quickest and least expensive way to set the dial bore gauge.
This method is not most accurate because there can be high human error
and variation in the micrometer is passed down into the dial bore gauge.
The more accurate setting options include ring gauges (also called master
rings) and designated bore gauge setting equipment that utilise gauge
blocks or other standards.

DEPTH GAUGE
A depth gauge is use to measure the depth of a
slot, hole or any other surface of an object. It can
be of scale, dial or digital type. The depth gauge
can be a micrometer style type, a dial indicator
type, or modified Vernier type tool, which means
the measuring base is fitted on the reading scale
of a micrometer, dial indicator or the Vernier scale.

FEELER GAUGE
Feeler gauges a bunch of fine thickened
steel strips of different thickness bundled
together. The thickness of each strip
marked on the surface of the strip. A feeler
gauge is a tool use to measure gap widths.
Feeler gauges are mostly use
in engineering to measure the clearance
between two parts

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 SELF CHECK 3.2-1

SELECT MEASURING TOOLS IN LINE WITH JOB REQUIREMENTS

TEST I. ENUMERATION
INSTRUCTION: enumerate the important measuring tool and gauge.

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 ANSWER KEY 3.2-1

SELECT MEASURING TOOLS IN LINE WITH JOB REQUIREMENTS

1. Vernier Caliper
2. Micrometer
3. Bore Gauge
4. Depth Gauge
5. Feeler Gauge

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.2-2

NEED CALCULATION TO COMPLETE WORK/TASK TO PERFORM USING THE

FOUR BASIC PROCESS OF ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION,
DIVISION

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. Make note of the relationship between the operations.

2. Identify which operations are commutative

INTRODUCTION

Arithmetic operations is a branch of mathematics, that involves the study

of numbers, operation of numbers that are useful in all the other branches
of mathematics. It basically comprises operations such as Addition,
Subtraction, Multiplication and Division.
These basic mathematical operations (+, -, ×, and ÷) we use in our
everyday life. Whether we need to calculate the annual budget or
distribute something equally to several people, for every such aspect of
our life, we use arithmetic operations.
Let us understand each of the basic arithmetic operations in detail.

Basic Arithmetic Operations

The four basic arithmetic operations in Maths, for all real numbers, are:
 Addition (Finding the Sum; ‘+’)

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  Subtraction (Finding the difference; ‘-’)
 Multiplication (Finding the product; ‘×’ )
 Division (Finding the quotient; ‘÷’)
Let us discuss all these four basic arithmetic operations with rules and
examples in detail.

Addition Definition
The addition is a mathematical process of adding things together. The
addition process is denoted by ‘+’ sign. It involves combining two or more
numbers into a single term. In addition process, the order does not
matter. It means that the addition process is commutative. It can involve
any type of number whether it be a real or complex number, fraction, or
decimals.
Example: 4.13 + 3.87 = 8
The addition of more than two numbers, values or terms is also known as
a summation of terms and can involve n number of values.

Addition Rules

The following are the addition rules for integers:

 Addition of two positive integers is a positive integer
 Addition of two negative integers is a negative integer
 While adding positive and negative integers, subtract the integers
and use the sign of the largest integer number

Subtraction Definition

The subtraction operation gives the difference between two numbers.

Subtraction is denoted by ‘-‘ sign. It is almost similar to addition but is the
conjugate of the second term. It is the inverse process of addition. The
addition of the term with the negative term is known as subtraction. This
process is mostly used to find how many are left when some things are
taken away.

Example: 15 – 7
The term can also be re-written as 15 + (-7)
Adding terms we have, 8.

Subtraction Rules

The following are the subtraction rules for integers:

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  If both the signs of the integers are positive, the answer will be the
positive integer
 If both the signs of the integers are negative, the answer will be the
negative integer
 If the signs of the integers are different, subtract the values, and
take the sign from the largest integer value.

Multiplication Definition

Multiplication is known as repeated addition. It is denoted by ‘×’ or ‘*’. It

also combines with two or more values to result in a single value. The
multiplication process involves multiplicand, multiplier. The result of the
multiplication of multiplicand and the multiplier is called the product
Example: 2 × 3 = 6
Here, “2” is the multiplier, “3” is the multiplicand, and the result “6” is
called the product.
The product of two numbers says ‘a’ and ‘b’ results in a single value term
‘ab,‘ where a and b are the factors of the final value obtained.

Multiplication Rules

The following are the multiplication rules for the integers.

 The product of two positive integers is a positive integer
 The product of two negative integers is a positive integer
 The product of positive and negative integer is a negative integer

Division Definition

The division is usually denoted by ‘÷‘and is the inverse of multiplication. It

constitutes two terms dividend and divisor, where the dividend is divided
by the divisor to give a single term value. When the dividend is greater
than the divisor, the result obtained is greater than 1, or else it would be
less than 1.

Example: 4 ÷ 2 = 2

Here, “4” is the dividend, “2” is the divisor, and the result “2” is called the
quotient.

Division Rules

The following are the division rules for integers:

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  The division of two positive integers is a positive integer
 The division of two negative numbers is a positive integer
 The division of integers with different signs results in the negative
integer.

SELF CHECK 3.2-2

NEED CALCULATION TO COMPLETE WORK/TASK TO PERFORM USING THE

FOUR BASIC PROCESS OF ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION,
DIVISION

TEST I. FILL IN THE BLANK. The Following questions will test your
ability to use the basic principles of arithmetic. Write your answers on
your answer sheet.

1. 139 + 235 = _______

a. 372
b. 374
c. 376
d. 437
2. 153 + 128 = _______
a. 281
b. 281.2
c. 286
d. 288
3. 289 + 362 = _______
a. 655
b. 651
c. 652
d. 658

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 4. 398 + 8.59 = _______
a. 406.59
b. 407.61
c. 401.666
d. 408.03
5. 32.59 + 321.01 = ______
a. 353.6
b. 352.12
c. 355
d. 353.5

ANSWER KEY 3.2-2

NEED CALCULATION TO COMPLETE WORK/TASK TO PERFORM USING THE

FOUR BASIC PROCESS OF ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION,
DIVISION

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. A

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.2-3

MIXES CALCULATIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS, PERCENTAGE NUMBER ARE

USED TO COMPLETE WORKPLACE TASKS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. apply calculations involving fractions and percentage using

complete workplace

WHAT IS PERCENT?

Within mathematics sometimes a portion of something needs to be

represented and compared to the whole. In which case, a numerical ratio
expresses this information in the form of a percentage. Everyone from
mathematicians, scientists, business owners, entrepreneurs, accountants,
consumers, and students all need to use percentages. But what is a
percentage? A percentage is a fraction of a whole, where the whole is
represented as 100 or 1.00. There is no measurement for a percentage,
just its relative comparison to the whole.

CONVERTING BETWEEN DECIMALS AND PERCENT

How to Convert a Decimal to Percent:

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Multiply by 100 to convert a number from decimal to percent then add a
percent sign %.

 Converting from a decimal to a percentage is done by multiplying

the decimal value by 100 and adding %
o Example: 0.10 becomes 0.10 x 100 = 10 %
o Example: 0.675 becomes 0.675 x 100 = 67.5%
 The shortcut to convert from decimal to percent is to
move the decimal point 2 places to the right and add a
percent sign.

Converting Between Fractions to Percents

Two steps to convert a fraction to percents.

 Use division to convert the fraction to a decimal:

o ¼ = 1 / 4 = 0.25
 Multiply by 100 to get percent value:
o 0.25 x 100 = 25 %

USES OF PERCENT

The most basic application of percentages

is to compare one quantity against
another, with the second quantity rebased
to 100. Let's say we are interested in the
number of employed females as a
percentage of all employed. If this fraction
is 1/2, it means in general, for every two
employed persons, one is a female.

What is the importance of fractions, percentages, and decimals in

your work?

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Fractions, percentages, and decimals are fundamental mathematical
concepts that play a crucial role in various fields and everyday situations.
Here are some key points highlighting their importance:

Fractions

 Representation of Parts: Fractions are used to represent parts of

a whole, making them essential for understanding ratios,
proportions, and divisions.
 Cooking and Baking: Recipes often require precise
measurements, which are frequently expressed as fractions.
 Financial Analysis: Fractions help in calculating interest rates,
discounts, and profit margins.

Percentages

 Comparison: Percentages provide a way to compare different

quantities, making it easier to understand changes and trends (e.g.,
growth rates).
 Statistics: They are widely used in statistics to express data, such
as percentages of populations, survey results, and more.
 Finance: Understanding interest rates, tax rates, and discounts is
easier with percentages, which are common in financial contexts.

Decimals

 Precision: Decimals allow for more precise calculations than

fractions, especially in scientific and engineering contexts.
 Currency: Most currencies are represented in decimal form, making
it essential for financial transactions.
 Data Representation: In various fields, decimals are used to
express measurements, probabilities, and statistical data.

Overall, fractions, percentages, and decimals are vital for effective

communication of numerical information, enabling informed decision-
making in personal finance, business, science, and everyday life. They
help simplify complex calculations and enhance understanding of
quantitative relationships.

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 SELF CHECK 3.2-3

MIXES CALCULATIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS, PERCENTAGE NUMBER ARE

USED TO COMPLETE WORKPLACE TASKS

TEST I. ESSAY

INSTRUCTION: explain the importance of fractions, percentages, and

decimals in your work?

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 ANSWER KEY 3.2-3

MIXES CALCULATIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS, PERCENTAGE NUMBER ARE

USED TO COMPLETE WORKPLACE TASKS

TEST I. ESSAY

- Fractions, percentages, and decimals are fundamental

mathematical concepts that play a crucial role in various fields
and everyday situations.

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 LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

Learning Outcome 3 MAINTAIN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

3.1 Measuring instruments must keep free from erosion

3.2 Measuring instruments do not drop to avoid damage
3.3 Measuring instruments cleaned before and after using

CONTENTS

● Handling and caring of measuring instrument

● Calibrating measuring instruments
● Safe handling and procedures in using measuring instruments
● Storing of measuring instruments

CONDITIONS: The Trainee must be provided with the following:

● Supplies and Materials needed for tasks

● Tools and Equipment needed for tasks
● Instructional Materials

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ASSESSMENT METHOD:

● Written Test
● Demonstration

INFORMATION SHEET 3.3-1

HANDLING AND CARING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. ensure the longevity, accuracy, and optimal performance of

measuring instruments by employing proper handling,
maintenance, and storage practices.

PROPER CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF PRECISION MEASURING

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Properly functioning measuring tools get the job done. Keeping your
gages in optimal condition allows you to obtain
accurate measurements, which is vital for most
industry users. Some of these tools are sensitive,
and slight variations can result in malfunctions
and errors. Therefore, you must follow proper
care and maintenance procedures.

The Benefits of Maintaining Measuring

Tools

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Why is the proper care of measuring tools so important? Some of the
benefits include the following.

Increase Accuracy
Regular maintenance, such as calibration and cleaning, ensures the
readings on your tools are accurate. Some of this equipment take exact
measurements, so even small changes can impact the precision.
Damaged instruments could also be off by relatively large margins. You
can reduce errors by routinely checking and adjusting them, which is
crucial for quality control and reliable data.
Accuracy is paramount in industries like engineering and manufacturing,
where even slight deviations can lead to costly defects. Maintaining
accuracy ensures quality and builds trust with customers and
stakeholders.
Extended Life Span
Caring for precision tools properly helps extend their life. With proper
care, many measuring instruments can prevent premature wear and
damage to these instruments. By investing time and resources into
maintaining measuring tools, you can avoid frequent replacements and
reduce overall costs associated with tool procurement. Extending the life
span of these tools can also contribute to sustainability efforts by
minimizing waste and promoting efficient resource utilization within your
organization.

Reduced Costs
Following the proper care and maintenance procedures can help you
reduce your costs over the long term. It can help you avoid costly
breakdowns, more extensive repairs and downtime. It also means you’ll
have to replace your tools less often, meaning you get more out of your
investments in quality instruments.
In addition to savings costs on replacements and repairs, well-calibrated
equipment reduces the risk of reworks and errors. This helps you achieve
accurate results the first time, eliminating the costs involved in modifying
or recreating products.

Consistent Performance
Proper equipment care and maintenance help operators achieve
consistent and reliable results. Periodic inspections and repairs enable you
to identify and address issues before they escalate. Reliable measuring
tools provide uniform outcomes over time, reducing variability in
measurements, which can contribute to the overall quality of work.

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Highly regulated industries rely on precision measuring tools to comply
with client demands. Therefore, having tools that perform consistently can
help maintain confidence and a high level of professionalism.

Professional Image
Demonstrating a commitment to maintaining measuring tools reflects
positively on your professionalism and dedication to quality workmanship.
Clients and stakeholders are more likely to trust organizations prioritizing
maintenance because it signifies competence and reliability in their
operations. These attributes enhance confidence and help you build a
strong reputation.

Compliance With Standards

In regulated industries where adherence to standards is mandatory,
maintaining tools is necessary for compliance. Regular calibration checks
and documentation of maintenance activities are essential for auditing
and reporting. By staying proactive in maintenance practices, businesses
can uphold compliance obligations, operate within legal frameworks and
observe quality assurance protocols.

Optimized Productivity
Consistent equipment maintenance ensures smooth operations, which can
maximize efficiency. Reliable tools reduce unexpected breakdowns and
disruptions leading to downtime. Preventing failures and malfunctions can
optimize workflow and enhance productivity, allowing you to streamline
your operations and direct resources to other areas.
Improved Safety
Safety is vital in every industry, and regular inspections can help you
identify potential hazards, such as loose parts and damaged components.
Malfunctioning tools pose risks to operators and result in inconsistencies,
which can cause unsafe working conditions. By prioritizing maintenance
practices, you can create safe work environments where employees can
confidently perform their tasks.

How to Care for Precision Measuring Tools

Every measuring tool has different maintenance needs, and you should
receive guidelines in the user manual for each device you purchase.
Following these recommendations is crucial to keep your tools in optimal
condition. In the following sections,
we’ll look at some overarching recommendations for the care of
measuring tools, as well as some more specific examples:

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Storing Precision Measuring Tools

Proper storage is essential for your measuring tools. It’s critical to follow
the recommended guidelines for each tool, considering they have
different materials and storage requirements.
First, be sure to keep the devices in their cases when not in use. If you do
not have a case for a particular tool, consider buying one that meets the
proper storage requirements. Most cases have padding that protects the
instrument. For some gage types, it’s best to wrap them in a clean, dry
cloth before placing them in the case. This technique can protect them
against accidental physical damage and airborne contaminants.
Another way to control physical damage is to separate your instruments
to prevent them from bumping into each other. You may separate them
using dividers but avoid stacking them on each other unless they are in
their cases. Organizing the tools in a tray, cart or inspection station also
helps. Enforcing proper storage procedures enables easy tool access.
Additionally, remember to store your tools at appropriate temperature and
humidity levels. While some tools have specific storage requirements, it’s
generally helpful to keep them in a cool, dry place. Heat sources like
sunlight can cause tools to expand and then contract as they cool. This
continuous process can distort the tools’ accuracy and potentially damage
them. Moreover, moisture can cause the equipment to corrode. Air
conditioning and dehumidifiers can control humidity and reduce ambient
moisture. Putting silica gel packets in the storage drawers can also
prevent excess moisture.
Finally, keep your measuring tools away from other moving or vibrating
equipment, as exposure to this equipment can cause them to lose their
calibration over time.
In addition to these general tips, there are storage best practices for
various types of measuring tools:
 Calipers: Store calipers in a clean, dry environment to prevent
corrosion. Also, protect the measuring surfaces from debris and
keep tools in their cases or pouches when not in use to avoid
damage.

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  Micrometers: Keep micrometers in a protective case to prevent
dust and moisture buildup. Avoid storing them near magnetic
sources, which can affect their accuracy. Also, check and lubricate
the moving parts before storage to prevent rusting.
 Gages: To maintain accuracy, store gages in a climate-controlled
environment. You should also use protective covers or cases to
shield them from dust and impact damage. Finally, inspect the
surfaces regularly for signs of wear.
 Levels: Store levels horizontally to prevent the vials from warping.
Keep them in padded cases or pouches to protect them from knocks
and scratches. Again, check the calibration periodically to ensure
accuracy.
 Tape measures: Avoid kinking or bending tape measures. Keep
tape measures away from extreme temperatures that can affect the
material.
 Squares: Store squares in a dry area to prevent rust on the metal
components. Put them away separately or use edge guards to
protect the edges from damage. Check alignment periodically and
make the necessary adjustments before use.
 Protractors: Store protractors flat or hang them to prevent the
plastic components from warping. It’s essential to keep them clean
and free from adhesive residue. Inspect the markings for wear and
replace the tool if necessary.

Cleaning Measuring Equipment

Tool cleaning recommendations are usually based on the tool’s specific

material. For example, avoid using alcohol on aluminum-made
instruments because it can cause the material to deteriorate. Brass is best
cleaned with a clean cloth dampened in distilled water.
Other considerations when cleaning your measuring equipment include:

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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  Environment: Some working environments may require you to
clean measuring tools more regularly than others. For example, in
manufacturing facilities, cleaning tools to keep them dust- and
debris-free requires more effort and consistency than in sterile
environments like laboratories.
 Task or project: The project itself may also demand different
cleaning standards. For example, if you regularly use your tools in
liquids, you may need to adopt stricter cleaning practices to prevent
rust and corrosion. For high-precision projects, you must clean the
instruments regularly since small amounts of residue or dirt can
affect accuracy.
 Legal requirements: Some industries have regulations directed
toward unique cleanliness requirements. For example, businesses
engaged in food production must adhere to strict cleanliness
standards to meet health compliance standards.
Alongside these specific rules, there are also general cleaning practices
you can employ:
1. Keeping the instruments away from dirt and oil can prevent
corrosion.
2. Touching gages with gloves can help reduce oil transfer.
3. Using a soft, nonabrasive fabric to clean your instruments can
protect them.

Proper Handling of Measuring Instruments

Once you remove your precision measuring tools from their cases or
storage spaces, the level of protection drops significantly. The best way to
care for them at this point is to adopt proper handling techniques. Besides
extending the life span of your instruments, handling your equipment
correctly can ensure accurate readings.

Handle your instruments gently, install rubber mats on the floors of your
workspace to prevent physical damage from drops and shocks, and only

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Revision #
use the tools for their intended purpose. For example, using measuring
tools as makeshift hammers can result in physical damage.

Avoid touching sensitive instruments with your bare hands since the oils
on your skin can cause corrosion. For some tools, minimizing the time you
spend holding them or only touching them at certain points may be
enough. However, if you need to handle them frequently, use lint-free
gloves or accessories, such as tweezers, lifters and forks.

SELF CHECK 3.3-1

HANDLING AND CARING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

TEST I. ENUMERATION. Enumerate the Benefits of Maintaining

Measuring Tools. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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 ANSWER KEY 3.3-1

HANDLING AND CARING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

1. Increase Accuracy
2. Extended life Span
3. Reduced Costs
4. Consistent Performance
5. Professional Image
6. Compliance With Standards
7. Optimized Productivity
8. Improved Safety

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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.3-2

CALIBRATING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. maintain the highest level of accuracy and reliability by calibrating

measuring instruments regularly according to industry standards and
manufacturer guidelines.

What is Calibration?
Calibration is a comparison between
a known measurement (the
standard) and the measurement
using your instrument. Typically, the
accuracy of the standard should be

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WHY CALIBRATION OF YOUR
ten times the accuracy of the measuring device being tested. However, an
accuracy ratio of 3:1 is acceptable by most standards organizations. Sure
Controls provides preventative field service to help you ensure your
instruments and controls are accurately calibrated.
Calibration of your measuring instruments has two objectives: it checks
the accuracy of the instrument and it determines the traceability of the
measurement. In practice, calibration also includes repair of the device if
it is out of calibration. A report is provided by the calibration expert, which
shows the error in measurements with the measuring device before and
after the calibration.
To explain how calibration is performed we can use an external
micrometer as an example. Here, accuracy of the scale is the main
parameter for calibration. In addition, these instruments are also
calibrated for zero error in the fully closed position and flatness and
parallelism of the measuring surfaces. For the calibration of the scale, a
calibrated slip gauge is used. A calibrated optical flat is used to check the
flatness and parallelism.

Why calibration is important?

The accuracy of all measuring devices degrade over time. This is typically
caused by normal wear and tear. However, changes in accuracy can also
be caused by electric or mechanical shock or a hazardous manufacturing
environment (e.x., oils, metal chips etc.). Depending on the type of
instrument and the environment in which it is being used, it may degrade
very quickly or over a long period of time. The bottom line is that
calibration improves the accuracy of the measuring device. Accurate
measuring devices improve product quality.

When should you calibrate your measuring device?

A measuring device should be calibrated:
 According to the recommendation of the manufacturer.
 After any mechanical or electrical shock.
 Periodically (annually, quarterly, monthly)
The hidden costs and risks associated with un-calibrated measuring
device could be much higher than the cost of calibration. Therefore, it is
recommended that the measuring instruments are calibrated regularly by
a reputable company to ensure that errors associated with the
measurements are in the acceptable range.

The procedure for calibrating a measuring instrument involves several

steps:

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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  Identify the instrument: Choose the device to be calibrated.
 Select a standard: Find a reference standard with a known
measurement uncertainty and accurate reference value.
 Compare the instrument: Compare the instrument's indications
to the standard.
 Document the deviation: Note the difference between the
instrument's value and the standard's reference value.
 Decide if adjustment is needed: If the instrument is outside of
the specified tolerances, it may need to be adjusted.
 Issue a certificate: If the calibration item's deviation is within the
manufacturer's specifications, a calibration certificate will be
issued.
 Reset the instrument: If the deviation is too large, the instrument
will need to be reset.

SELF CHECK 3.3-2

CALIBRATING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

TEST I. ESSAY. Explain why calibration of measuring instruments is

important. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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 ANSWER KEY 3.3-2

CALIBRATING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

TEST I. ESSAY

- The accuracy of all measuring devices degrade over time. This

is typically caused by normal wear and tear. However,
changes in accuracy can also be caused by electric or
mechanical shock or a hazardous manufacturing environment
(e.x., oils, metal chips etc.). Depending on the type of
instrument and the environment in which it is being used, it
may degrade very quickly or over a long period of time. The
bottom line is that calibration improves the accuracy of the
measuring device. Accurate measuring devices improve
product quality.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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TL MABUHAY
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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.3-3

SAFE HANDLING AND PROCEDURES IN USING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. ensure the safe and effective use of measuring instruments by

following established handling procedures, maintaining proper
training, and adhering to safety standards.

SAFE OPERATING PROCEDURES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT

DO NOT use any hand tool unless a teacher has instructed you in its
safe use and operation and has given permission

Safety glasses must be

always worn in practical
workshops.

Appropriate protective
DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.
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Performing Mensuration TL MABUHAY
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and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 This range of hand tools will usually include the follow:
 Stainless Steel Ruler, folding ruler, retractable tape measure and set
squares
 Calipers – inside, outside and odd-leg, Vernier Calipers, Digital
Calipers and Micrometer
 Dumpy or Laser Level, spirit level, line level

OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS

1. It is important to choose the right measuring tool for the job. They will vary widely and are
all designed for specific purposes.
2. Never misuse or abuse any of these accurately machined and calibrated measuring tools.
3. To attain an accurate measurement reading, carefully handle and align the device. Take
the time to “measure twice – cut once”.
4. Always try to keep your measuring tools clean and protected – away from the regular hand
tools and power tools on your work bench.
5. Some measuring instruments may require regular re-calibration to maintain their accuracy.

HOUSEKEEPING
1. Leave the work area in a safe, clean and tidy condition.
2. Return all measuring hand tools to their appropriate storage cupboard, in a dry
environment.
3. Regularly clean and maintain the condition of all measuring instruments.
4. Lubricate the hinge point on all calipers. Adjust and sharpen as required.
5. Inspect and clean the spindle and anvil of micrometers. Re-calibrate as required.

POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND RISKS

■ Lacerations from sharp cutting edges

■ Pinch and squash
■ Eye injuries

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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 SELF CHECK 3.3-3

SAFE HANDLING AND PROCEDURES IN USING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

TEST I. ENUMERATION. Enumerate the operational safety checks. Write

your answer on a separate answer sheet.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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 ANSWER KEY 3.3-3

SAFE HANDLING AND PROCEDURES IN USING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

1. It is important to choose the right measuring tool for the job. They will
vary widely and are all designed for specific purposes.
2. Never misuse or abuse any of these accurately machined and
calibrated measuring tools.
3. To attain an accurate measurement reading, carefully handle and
align the device. Take the time to “measure twice – cut once”.
4. Always try to keep your measuring tools clean and protected – away
from the regular hand tools and power tools on your work bench.
5. Some measuring instruments may require regular re-calibration to
maintain their accuracy.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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TL MABUHAY
Performing Mensuration DRIVING LESSON Page | 59
Lucky June A. Singcol, Lpt
and Calculation ACADEMY, INC.
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 INFORMATION SHEET 3.3-4

STORING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Learning Objectives:

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. preserve the accuracy, functionality, and longevity of measuring

instruments by implementing proper storage practices.

INTRODUCTION

Proper storage of measuring instruments is essential to ensure their

accuracy, durability, and reliability. Measuring tools are often sensitive to
environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and dust, which
can affect their precision over time. Storing instruments correctly protects
them from physical damage, contamination, and degradation, allowing
them to perform optimally whenever they are needed. Implementing
organized and climate-controlled storage practices helps extend the
lifespan of these valuable tools, minimizes the need for frequent
recalibration or repairs, and ensures that they are readily accessible and
accurate for precise measurements. Proper storage is a critical part of
maintaining quality standards in any field that relies on precise
measurements, from engineering and manufacturing to laboratory and
fieldwork settings.

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In addition to these general tips, there are storage best practices for
various types of measuring tools:
 Calipers: Store calipers in a clean, dry environment to prevent
corrosion. Also, protect the measuring surfaces from debris and
keep tools in their cases or pouches when not in use to avoid
damage.
 Micrometers: Keep micrometers in a protective case to prevent
dust and moisture buildup. Avoid storing them near magnetic
sources, which can affect their accuracy. Also, check and lubricate
the moving parts before storage to prevent rusting.
 Gages: To maintain accuracy, store gages in a climate-controlled
environment. You should also use protective covers or cases to
shield them from dust and impact damage. Finally, inspect the
surfaces regularly for signs of wear.
 Levels: Store levels horizontally to prevent the vials from warping.
Keep them in padded cases or pouches to protect them from knocks
and scratches. Again, check the calibration periodically to ensure
accuracy.
 Tape measures: Avoid kinking or bending tape measures. Keep
tape measures away from extreme temperatures that can affect the
material.
 Squares: Store squares in a dry area to prevent rust on the metal
components. Put them away separately or use edge guards to
protect the edges from damage. Check alignment periodically and
make the necessary adjustments before use.
 Protractors: Store protractors flat or hang them to prevent the
plastic components from warping. It’s essential to keep them clean
and free from adhesive residue. Inspect the markings for wear and
replace the tool if necessary.

Store Instruments in an Appropriate Environment

Whenever you place an instrument in its storage location, be sure the

location is well-protected from destructive elements. Do not store
precision instruments where they can jostle against one another in a
drawer; instead, separate instruments from one another using dividers or
place them in padded cases. Avoid stacking instruments on top of each
other, unless they are well-protected in cases.
If your work is in an environment where vibration is a problem, keep
measuring instruments stored in an area as far away as possible from

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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vibration and movement. Over time, these forces can slowly cause your
instruments to fall out of calibration.
In addition, if the storage location is subject to dampness, be sure to use
moisture-removal methods that can help lower the humidity. Silica gel
packets placed in drawers or keeping a storage room air conditioned can
also greatly lessen ambient moisture. If air conditioning isn't possible,
then consider investing in a dehumidifier that can dry the air to
appropriate levels.

SELF CHECK 3.3-4

STORING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

TEST I. TRUE or FALSE.

INSTRUCTION: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if

the statement is incorrect. Write your answers on a separate answer
sheet.

1. Store squares in a wet area to prevent rust on the metal components.

2. Store protractors flat or hang them to prevent the plastic components
from warping.
3. Keep micrometers in a protective case to prevent dust and moisture
buildup.
4. To maintain accuracy, store gages in a climate-controlled
environment.
5. Avoid kinking or bending tape measures. Keep tape measures away
from extreme temperatures that can affect the material.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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 ANSWER KEY 3.3-4

STORING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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REFERENCE

www.keyence.com. (n.d.). Micrometers | Measurement System Types and

Characteristics | Measurement Fundamentals | KEYENCE America. [online]
Available at: https://www.keyence.com/ss/products/measure-sys/measurement-
selection/type/micrometer.jsp.

Chatgpt.com. (2024). ChatGPT. [online] Available at:

https://chatgpt.com/c/6732ccbe-ee88-8000-8bc4-2bf7be0be38b [Accessed 13
Nov. 2024].

Rs-online.com. (2024). What Is A Torque Wrench And How Do You Use It? | RS.
[online] Available at: https://ph.rs-online.com/web/generalDisplay.html?
id=guide/torque-wrenches-
guide&srsltid=AfmBOorOf3YpuuGZrW5LbAoZHagfKO30clruvVEq24I3wCi6SdHiHK
nE [Accessed 13 Nov. 2024].
BYJUS. (n.d.). Arithmetic Operation (Four Basic Operations in Maths). [online]
Available at: https://byjus.com/maths/arithmetic-operations/.

stats.mom.gov.sg. (n.d.). Percentages Uses. [online] Available at:

https://stats.mom.gov.sg/SL/Pages/Percentages-Uses.aspx.

DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.

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Quora. (n.d.). What is the importance of fractions, percentages, and decimals in
your work? [online] Available at: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-
of-fractions-percentages-and-decimals-in-your-work.

Micron (2019). Micron Inspection & Calibration Services, Inc. [online]

Micronpa.com. Available at: https://micronpa.com/blog/proper-care-maintenance-
measuring-tools/.

Surecontrols.com. (2023). Calibration of Measuring Instruments: Why Is It

Important? - Sure Controls. [online] Available at:
https://www.surecontrols.com/blog/why-calibration-of-your-measuring-
instruments-is-important/.

WESTport Corp. (n.d.). How to Properly Care for and Handle Precision
Measuring Instruments. [online] Available at:
https://westportcorp.com/blogs/calibration-repair-services/how-to-
properly-care-for-and-handle-precision-measuring-instruments.

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 DRIVING NC II Date Developed: Document No.
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