Unit 1: The Teaching Sphere

1. Nature of Teaching
o Teaching is not merely about transferring information but is instead a
transformative process aimed at developing students' cognitive and
critical thinking skills.
o Definitions and Theories:

 Rodriguez (2007) describes teaching as “the act of providing

activities that facilitate learning.” Teaching is successful only
when actual learning occurs.
 Knight's Transformational Teaching (2011): Teaching
empowers students to actively engage with knowledge,
fostering critical thinking and creativity to prepare them for real-
world challenges.
o Teachers are also responsible for cultivating a learning environment
that promotes not only academic success but also psychosocial and
affective development. This role requires thorough preparation, deep
subject matter expertise, and effective classroom management skills.
2. Historical Development of Teaching in the Philippines
o Spanish Period: The 1863 Education Decree laid the foundation for
the public education system in the Philippines, with Spanish
missionaries serving as teachers. Schools were established separately
for boys and girls, and teacher training institutions (normal schools)
were introduced.
o American Period: The establishment of the Department of Public
Instruction in 1901 and the arrival of American teachers, or
“Thomasites,” created a formalized public school system and improved
teacher training through institutions like the Philippine Normal School.
o Post-Colonial Period:

 After Philippine independence, President Manuel Roxas’s

Executive Order No. 94 reorganized the Department of
Instruction, reinforcing the state’s commitment to education.
 The 1973 Constitution established education’s role in promoting
love of country and moral character, a commitment
strengthened in the 1987 Constitution which prioritizes quality
and accessible education for all.
3. Legal Foundations of Philippine Education
o The 1987 Constitution serves as the strongest legal basis for
education in the Philippines. Article XIV mandates the state’s
responsibility to make quality education accessible at all levels,
especially emphasizing:
 Free public elementary and high school education
 Scholarship programs for the underprivileged
 Recognition of both formal and non-formal education systems
 Highest budgetary priority for education, reflecting the
importance of teaching in nation-building.
4. Roles of Teachers
o Teachers in the Philippines are seen as:

 Community Leaders and Social Advocates: Teachers

engage in community development and play an active role in
promoting social values.
  Models of Character: Teachers are expected to display
integrity, respect, and professionalism, both inside and outside
the classroom.
 Content Experts: Teachers must maintain a high level of
knowledge and pedagogical skill, ensuring they can effectively
teach and support students’ learning.

Unit 2: Teaching as a Profession, Mission, and Vocation

1. Elements of a Teaching Profession
o For teaching to be considered a true profession, it must include several
key elements:
 Professional Preparation: Teachers undergo years of
academic and practical training to build foundational knowledge
and skills.
 Licensure Examination (LET): The Licensure Examination
for Teachers (LET), mandated by RA 7836, ensures that
teachers meet national standards and are prepared for the
classroom.
 Continuing Professional Development (CPD): CPD allows
teachers to stay current in educational methods and content
knowledge, a requirement for license renewal.
 Professional Societies Membership: Belonging to
professional organizations enables teachers to stay engaged
with best practices and participate in continuous learning
through workshops and seminars.
 Code of Ethics Adherence: Teachers must follow the Code of
Ethics, which sets standards for professional behavior and can
lead to revocation of licensure if violated.
2. Teaching as a Mission and Vocation
o Mission (Latin misio – “to send”): Teaching is viewed as a mission
because it is not just a job but a meaningful contribution to society.
Teachers are “sent” to provide knowledge and moral guidance to
students, aiming to create a positive impact on the next generation.
o Vocation (Latin vocare – “to call”): Teaching is a calling that
demands commitment, self-sacrifice, and dedication. Like other
vocations, it requires teachers to devote themselves to their students’
growth and well-being. Teaching is seen as a path to self-fulfillment
through service to others, and this perspective helps teachers maintain
their commitment despite challenges.

Week 4: Teacher as a Professional in Society

Professionalization of Teaching in the Philippines
1. Legal Mandates for Teacher Professionalization
o Presidential Decree 1006 (1976): Issued by President Ferdinand
Marcos, this decree formally recognized teaching as a profession in the
Philippines, establishing the National Board for Teachers to set
standards and administer licensure exams. It emphasized the necessity
of high-quality teacher preparation aligned with Filipino values and
educational needs.
o Republic Act 7836 (1994): Known as the Philippine Teachers
Professionalization Act, RA 7836 reinforced the requirement for
 teacher licensure, mandating all teachers pass the LET. It also
addressed the roles, qualifications, and duties of the Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) in overseeing teacher standards.
o Republic Act 9293 (2004): This act amended RA 7836, allowing
para-teachers (individuals without LET) to receive special permits to
teach for up to five years. It also made adjustments to align the
Department of Education’s (DepEd) name change from DECS.
2. Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
o The Code of Ethics establishes a standard of integrity and dedication
for Filipino teachers. Among its key provisions:
 Teachers are expected to maintain professional behavior, treat
students and colleagues respectfully, and promote a positive
image of the profession.
 Personal conduct is guided by dignity and a commitment to
serving as role models within the community.
3. Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST)
o The PPST outlines competencies teachers need to develop across
seven domains, ensuring alignment with global teaching standards:
 Content Knowledge and Pedagogy: Teachers should master
the subject and teach it effectively.
 Learning Environment: Creating an inclusive, respectful
classroom that promotes learning.
 Diversity of Learners: Teachers must address diverse student
needs.
 Curriculum and Planning: Aligning instructional goals with
student outcomes.
 Assessment and Reporting: Using assessment data to inform
teaching and track student progress.
 Community Linkages and Professional Engagement:
Building relationships with the community to enhance student
learning.
 Personal Growth and Professional Development: Ongoing
self-improvement in teaching practices.

Key Concepts for Review

1. Reflecting on a Teaching Philosophy
o Formulate a philosophy that is learner-centered, grounded in ethical
standards, and focused on nurturing the whole student.
2. Understanding Legal and Ethical Frameworks
o Master the provisions of PD 1006, RA 7836, and RA 9293, as these laws
lay the foundation for professional expectations in teaching.
3. Teaching as a Calling and a Mission
o Teaching requires more than skills; it requires a commitment to
shaping young minds and contributing to society. Reflect on whether
teaching is truly a mission for you, or if it's more of a job.
Understanding this distinction can help clarify your professional
dedication.
4. Professional Development and Lifelong Learning
 o Recognize that learning continues beyond formal education, and strive
to engage in CPD to stay effective in the classroom.
Unit 3: Professionalism and Transformative Education

Lesson 1: Other Laws Relevant to the Teaching Profession

 Introduction: This lesson focuses on various laws that influence the

teaching profession. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and
adhering to these legal mandates to ensure ethical and professional conduct.
 Key Concepts:
o Republic Act 6728 (Government Assistance to Students and
Teachers in Private Education Act): This law aims to promote and
make quality education accessible to all Filipino citizens by recognizing
the complementary roles of public and private educational institutions.
It provides various forms of assistance for students in private schools,
including tuition fee supplements, textbook assistance, and
scholarships.
o Republic Act 8545 (Expanded Government Assistance to
Students and Teachers in Private Education Act): This act
amends RA 6728 by expanding the government's responsibility to
provide not only basic education but also post-secondary vocational
and technical education and higher education. It also requires the
government to provide subsidies for private school teachers.
o Republic Act 7877 (Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995): This
law aims to protect the dignity of workers, employees, and students by
defining and prohibiting all forms of sexual harassment in the
workplace, educational institutions, or training environments. It also
outlines procedures for reporting and resolving such incidents.
o Republic Act 8491 (Flag Heraldic Code of the Philippines): This
law mandates reverence and respect for the Philippine flag, national
anthem, and other national symbols. It also provides penalties for
violations of the code.
o Republic Act 10157 (Kindergarten Education Act): This law aims
to provide equal opportunities for all children to avail of accessible and
compulsory kindergarten education. It emphasizes the importance of
early childhood education in preparing children for formal elementary
schooling.
o Republic Act 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act of
2013): This law expands the years of schooling in basic education
from 10 to 12 years, introducing the Senior High School Voucher
Program (SHS VP) to provide financial assistance to SHS students. It
aims to raise the qualifications of Filipino workers to be at par with
global standards.
o Republic Act 10627 (Anti-Bullying Act of 2013): This law defines
and prohibits all forms of bullying in any platform. It requires schools to
adopt policies to address bullying, establish procedures for reporting
and investigating incidents, and provide education on bullying
dynamics.
o Republic Act 10931 (Universal Access to Quality Tertiary
Education Act): This law declares that quality education is an
inalienable right of all Filipinos and aims to make tertiary education
accessible to all. It provides financial assistance to tertiary education
 students enrolled in private institutions and establishes a student loan
program for tertiary education.
 Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
o Discuss the legal mandates that are meaningful to education and
teachers.
o Visualize the influence of these legal mandates on educational
institutions.

Lesson 2: Global and Glocal Teacher; The Changing Global Landscape for
the 21st Century Teachers

 Introduction: This lesson explores the concept of global and glocal

education, highlighting the changing landscape of education in the 21st
century. It emphasizes the importance of adapting to the globalized world and
preparing teachers to be globally competent.
 Key Concepts:
o Globalization: The process of increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence among nations, driven by factors like technology,
trade, and cultural exchange.
o Glocalization: A blending of global and local conditions, adapting a
global outlook to local contexts while retaining cultural identity.
o Global Education: Education that aims to develop students'
understanding of global issues, perspectives, and cultures, preparing
them for a globalized world.
o Glocal Teacher: A teacher who possesses both global and local
perspectives, incorporating global best practices while respecting
cultural diversity and local contexts.
 Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
o Examine the facets of global education.

o Describe the role of the glocal teacher in the 21st century.

o Identify the changes occurring in the global teaching-learning

landscape.
Unit 2: Teacher as a Professional in Society

Lesson 1: The Teacher's Rights, Duties, and Responsibilities

 Introduction: This lesson focuses on the rights, duties, and responsibilities

of teachers as professionals in society. It explores the legal frameworks that
govern the teaching profession and emphasizes the importance of ethical
conduct.
 Key Concepts:
o Batas Pambansa 232 (BP 232): This law defines the structure and
functions of the educational system in the Philippines, outlining the
rights and responsibilities of parents, students, school personnel, and
the school itself. It also discusses the establishment of schools, internal
 organization, sources of finance, and the role of the Department of
Education (DepEd).
o Commonwealth Act 578 (Revised Penal Code): This law identifies
teachers, professors, and persons in charge of educational institutions
as "persons in authority," emphasizing the importance of respecting
their authority and upholding the law. It also addresses assault,
resistance, and disobedience to persons in authority.
o Family Code of the Philippines: This law outlines the natural rights
and duties of parents over their children, including the responsibility
for their upbringing, education, and welfare. It also defines the special
parental authority and responsibility of schools, administrators, and
teachers over minors under their supervision or custody.
o Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (Republic Act
4670): This law defines the rights, privileges, and benefits of public
school teachers, including their compensation, leave entitlements, and
freedom to establish or join organizations.
 Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
o Discuss the rights, duties, and responsibilities of teachers.

o Determine whether specific teacher practices are considered rights or

duties.

Lesson 2: Code of Ethics and Teachers’ Welfare and Privileges

 Introduction: This lesson focuses on the Code of Ethics for Professional

Teachers in the Philippines, emphasizing the importance of ethical conduct
and professional standards. It also explores the welfare and privileges of
teachers, including their rights and responsibilities as professionals.
 Key Concepts:
o Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers in the Philippines: This
code outlines the ethical and moral principles that guide teachers in
their profession. It emphasizes the importance of integrity,
professionalism, and respect for all stakeholders in the educational
community.
o Magna Carta for Public School Teachers: This law provides specific
rights, privileges, and benefits for public school teachers, including
their compensation, leave entitlements, and freedom to establish or
join organizations.
 Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
o Discuss the Articles of the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers in
the Philippines.
o Describe the teacher's ethical response in given situations.

Lesson 3: Teachers’ Rights, Duties, and Responsibilities

 Introduction: This lesson delves deeper into the rights, duties, and
responsibilities of teachers as professionals, focusing on the legal frameworks
that govern their profession. It emphasizes the importance of ethical conduct
and professional standards.
 Key Concepts:
o Batas Pambansa 232 (BP 232): This law defines the structure and
functions of the educational system in the Philippines, outlining the
rights and responsibilities of parents, students, school personnel, and
the school itself. It also discusses the establishment of schools, internal
organization, sources of finance, and the role of the Department of
Education (DepEd).
o Commonwealth Act 578 (Revised Penal Code): This law identifies
teachers, professors, and persons in charge of educational institutions
as "persons in authority," emphasizing the importance of respecting
their authority and upholding the law. It also addresses assault,
resistance, and disobedience to persons in authority.
o Family Code of the Philippines: This law outlines the natural rights
and duties of parents over their children, including the responsibility
for their upbringing, education, and welfare. It also defines the special
parental authority and responsibility of schools, administrators, and
teachers over minors under their supervision or custody.
o Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (Republic Act
4670): This law defines the rights, privileges, and benefits of public
school teachers, including their compensation, leave entitlements, and
freedom to establish or join organizations.
 Objectives: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
o Discuss the rights, duties, and responsibilities of teachers.

o Determine whether specific teacher practices are considered rights or

duties.