Deadlocks

Chapter 6

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Preemptable and Nonpreemptable Resources

Sequence of events required to use a

resource
1. Request the resource.
2. Use the resource.
3. Release the resource.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Resource Acquisition (1)

Figure 6-1. Using a semaphore to protect resources.

(a) One resource. (b) Two resources.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Resource Acquisition (2)

Figure 6-2. (a) Deadlock-free code.

(b) Code with a potential deadlock.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Deadlock Definition

A set of processes is deadlocked if …

• Each process in the set waiting for an
event
• That event can be caused only by
another process

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Conditions for Resource Deadlocks

Four conditions that must hold:

1. Mutual exclusion
2. Hold and wait
3. No preemption
4. Circular wait condition

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Deadlock Modeling (1)

Figure 6-3. Resource allocation graphs. (a) Holding a

resource. (b) Requesting a resource. (c) Deadlock.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Deadlock Modeling (2)

Figure 6-4. An example of how deadlock occurs

and how it can be avoided.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Deadlock Modeling (3)

Figure 6-4. An example of how deadlock occurs

and how it can be avoided.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Deadlock Modeling (4)

Figure 6-4. An example of how deadlock occurs

and how it can be avoided.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Deadlock Modeling (5)
Strategies are used for dealing with deadlocks:
1. Ignore the problem, maybe it will go away.
2. Detection and recovery. Let deadlocks occur, detect them, and
take action.
3. Dynamic avoidance by careful resource allocation.
4. Prevention, by structurally negating one of the four required
conditions.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Deadlock Detection with One Resource of Each
Type (1)
Example of a system – is it deadlocked?
1. Process A holds R, wants S
2. Process B holds nothing, wants T
3. Process C holds nothing, wants S
4. Process D holds U, wants S and T
5. Process E holds T, wants V
6. Process F holds W, wants S
7. Process G holds V, wants U

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Deadlock Detection with One Resource of Each
Type (2)

Figure 6-5. (a) A resource graph. (b) A cycle extracted from (a).

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Algorithm to Detect Deadlocks (1)
1. For each node, N in the graph, perform following five steps
with N as starting node.
2. Initialize L to empty list, and designate all arcs as unmarked.
3. Add current node to end of L, check to see if node now
appears in L two times. If so, graph contains a cycle (listed in
L) and algorithm terminates

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Algorithm to Detect Deadlocks (2)
4. From given node, see if there are any
unmarked outgoing arcs. If so, go to step 5; if
not, go to step 6.
5. Pick unmarked outgoing arc at random, mark
it. Then follow to new current node and go to
step 3.
6. If this is initial node, graph does not contain
cycles, algorithm terminates. Otherwise,
dead end. Remove it and go back to the
previous node.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Deadlock Detection with Multiple Resources of
Each Type (1)

Figure 6-6. The four data structures needed

by the deadlock detection algorithm.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Deadlock Detection with Multiple Resources of
Each Type (2)
Deadlock detection algorithm:
1. Look for unmarked process, Pi , for which the
i-th row of R is less than or equal to A.
2. If such a process is found, add the i-th row of
C to A, mark the process, go back to step 1.
3. If no such process exists, algorithm
terminates.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Deadlock Detection with Multiple Resources of
Each Type (3)

Figure 6-7. An example for the deadlock detection algorithm.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Recovery from Deadlock

Possible Methods of recovery (though none

are “attractive”):
1. Preemption
2. Rollback
3. Killing processes

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Deadlock Avoidance
Resource Trajectories

Figure 6-8. Two process resource trajectories.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Safe and Unsafe States (1)

Figure 6-9. Demonstration that the state in (a) is safe.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Safe and Unsafe States (2)

Figure 6-10. Demonstration that the state in (b) is not safe.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Banker’s Algorithm for
Single Resource

Figure 6-11. Three resource allocation states:

(a) Safe. (b) Safe. (c) Unsafe.
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Banker’s Algorithm for
Multiple Resources (1)

Figure 6-12. The banker’s algorithm with multiple resources.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Banker’s Algorithm for
Multiple Resources (2)
1. Look for a row, R, whose unmet resource needs are
all smaller than or equal to A. If no such row exists,
system will eventually deadlock.
2. Assume the process of row chosen requests all
resources needed and finishes. Mark that process
as terminated, add its resources to the A vector.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until either all processes are
marked terminated (safe state) or no process is left
whose resource needs can be met (deadlock)

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Deadlock Prevention

Assure that at least one of conditions is

never satisfied
• Mutual exclusion
• Hold and wait
• No Preemption
• Circular wait

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Attacking Circular Wait Condition (1)

Figure 6-13. (a) Numerically ordered resources.

(b) A resource graph
Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
Attacking Circular Wait Condition (2)

Figure 6-14. Summary of approaches to deadlock prevention.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Communication Deadlocks

Figure 6-15. A resource deadlock in a network.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 Livelock

Figure 6-16. Busy waiting

that can lead to livelock.

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.
 End

Chapter 6

Tanenbaum & Bos, Modern Operating Systems: 4th ed., Global Edition (c) 2015 Pearson Education Limited. All rights reserved.