REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEING:

•Is sexual reproduction involving male reproductive

organ and female reproductive organ.
•The reproductive organs of human being i.e. Testis in
male and ovary in female become functional only after
attaining sexual maturity.
in male sexual maturity is attainded at the age of
13-14 years while in female at the age of 10-12 years.
This is known as the age of pubirty.
SEXUAL MATURITY IN HUMAN BEING: various changes
takes place in human body at the time of sexual maturity:-
Changes common in both boys and girls:-
1) Thick hair growth in armpits & genital area between
the thigh (also called Pubic region).
2) Thinner hair on legs, arms and faces.
3) Oily skin and appearence of pimples.
Changes different in boys and girls:
In Girls:
1) Breast size begin to increase.
2) Darkening of the nipple skin.
3) Start of menstruation.
In Boys:
1) Thick facial hair growth.
2) Voice begin to crack.
3) Penis occasionally begin to erect and enlarged
followed by night flow.

PUBERTY: It is the age at which the sex hormone or

gametes begin to be produced and the boy and
girls becomes sexually mature.
6) Reproduction in human beings :-
a) Male reproductive system :- It consists of two portions-
one that produces germ cell and the other that deliver the
germ cell to the site of fertilisation. The human male
reproductive systems consists of the following organs:-
1) Testes(Sing- Testis) : are one pair lies in a small sac-like
structure outside the abdominal cavity called scrotum.
Function: to produce Sperm and male sex hormone called
Testosterone.
The scrotum decreases the temperature inside by 2
degree centigrade thus provides the optimal temperature
for formation of sperms.
2) Epididymis: is coiled tube-like structure firmly attached
to the testis.
Function: it serves as storehouse of the sperms. Inside the
epididymis the sperm become mature and develop motility.
3) Vas-deferens: The sperms are carried by a long tube
called vas-deferens or sperm duct into organs called
seminal vesicles, where the sperm got nourished and
stored.
4) Urethra: is a common duct for the passage of both urine
and spermatic fluid. Urethra carries the sperm to an organ
called penis which opens outside through a male genital pore.
5) Penis: forms the external male genital organ. It is
copulatory organ with thick muscular wall.

ACCESSORY GLAND:
1) Seminal vesicles: are a pair of thin walled muscular
elongated sac which secrete fluid for nourishment of
sperms.
2) Prostate gland: also produce fluid which is released in
the urethra along with secretion of seminal vesicles.
3) Bulbo-urethral gland/Couper‟s gland: are one pair
secrete watery alkaline fluid which neutralise acidic
urethra and lubricate the urethra for passage of semen.

SEMEN: the fluid ejaculated through penis during sexual

intercourse (3-4ml / ejaculation).
Semen = Seminal fluid + Sperm
Seminal fluid: is secretion of seminal vesicles, prostate and
couper‟s gland.
Function:
1) Provide nutrition and activation of sperm.
2) Neutralise the acidic urethra .
3) Lubrication of urethra and female genitilia to facilitate sexual
intercourse.

SPERM: 20-200 million /ml or 300-600 million/ejaculation

• Increased number of sperm cells in the semen increases sperm
competitiveness and should not be considered as biological wastage.
• Life span: 24-48 hours in female genitilia.
Structure:
b) Female reproductive system :-
The human female reproductive system consists of the following
organs:

Human ovum (egg)

1) ovaries: are one pair located in the abdominal cavity near
the kidney.
ovaries are the female primary reproductive organ
which perform dual function of production of female
gamete or ovum and the secretion of female sex hormone
– Oestrogen & Progesterone.
2) Fallopian tube: are one pair long convoluted tubes that
carry ova/egg from the ovary to the uterus. These tubes
open into an elastic bag-like structure, the uterus.
3)Uterus/Womb: it is a hollow organ within which embryo
develops. Its upper portion is broader, while its lower
portion is narrower, called cervix.
4) Vegina: is long (about 8cm) & tubular muscular structure
receiving the cervix of the uterus. It is also called “birth
canal”. It receives sperms from the male and also serve
as the passage through which fully developed foetus is
born.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEING:

•The sperm is introduced inside the female vagina

through the penis by the process of copulation or
mating. Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube.
•Sperms are highly active & mobile which move up
through cervix into the uterus and then pass into the
fallopian tubes.
•In the fallopian tube only one sperm fertilises the
ovum to form zygote. This is called
fertilisation.(Fertilisation occurs only if copulation
takes place during the ovulatory period)
The embryo development of the zygote starts
immediately in the fallopian tube and pregnancy
starts while menstruation stops.
The embryo moves down to reach the uterus. The
embryo get embedded in the thick inner lining of
the uterus(process is called Implantation)
Then a special tissues develops between the
uterine Wall and the embryo (foetus) called
Placenta, through which the exchange of nutrients,
oxygen and waste products take place between the
foetus and the mother.

•The time period from the development of foetus

inside the uterus till birth is called Gestation
period. It is approximately 9 months in human.
•At the end of gestation period the female give birth
of the fully developed foetus (The act of giving
birth is termed as Parturition)
Reproductive cycle/ Sexual Cycle/ Menstrual Cycle: Represent
cyclic changes in the reproductive system of female. It begins with
menstruation.

Menstruation: The breakdown and removal of the inner thick and soft lining of
the uterus along with blood vessels in the form of vaginal bleeding is called
menstruation / menstrual flow.
First menstruation which occurs at the age of 11-12 years is called
MONARCHE.
The last menstruation which occurs at the age of 45 years marks the end of the
reproductive period is called MENOPAUSE.

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: is all those aspects of general health which

help a person to lead a normal, safe and satisfying life.
STDs(Sexually Transmitted Disease):- are the disease which are spread by
sexual contact from an infected person to a healthy person. They are caused by
various microorganisms that live in worm and moist environments of the vagina,
urethra, anus and mouth. Some of the common STDs are:
1. Gonorrhoea: is caused by bacterium – Neisseria gonorrhoea.
It is charecterised by inflamation of urinogenital tract and the patient
feels burning sensation during urination. This bacteria infects the
Ureters in men and Cervix in Women.
2. Syphilis: Bacterium Treponema Pallidium. It is charecterised by
lesions in the mucous membrane of urinogenital tract.
3. Trichomoniasis: Protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. It is
charecterised by some vaginal discharge at the urino-genital tract of the
female.
4. AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) :- It is caused by
virus called HIV (Human Immune Virus) which suppresses the body's
immune system and thereby making it susceptible to any disease.
Modes of transmission of aids:
• By having Sexual contact with an infected person.
• By the transfusion of blood from an infected person.
• Through infected needles used for injection.
• Through the placenta from the mother to child during pregnancy.

.
METHODS TO AVOID PREGENENCY:
Mechanical Barrier method: In this method physical devices such
as Condoms, diaphragm & cervical caps are used.
These devices prevent the entry of sperm in the female
genital tract during copulation, thus acting as barrier between
them.

Chemical methods: In these methods, specific drugs are used by

females which are of two types- oral pills and Vaginal pills.
Oral pills(oral contraceptive-Ocs)- contains Progesteron hormone
mainly which stops the ovary from releasing ovum into the fallopian
tube by changing the hormonal balance of the body.
IUCD.(Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices):-
e.g- Copper-T (Placed safely inside the uterus by a doctor) It prevents
implantation in the uterus.
SURGICAL METHOD: in this method a small portion of vas deferens in
male and the fallopian tube in female is surgically removed or tied. It is
called VASECTOMY in males and TUBECTOMY in females.