4

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) A solid cylinder of weight 24 N is made of material of density 850 kg m–3. The cylinder has a
length of 0.18 m, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

cylinder, cross-sectional area A

weight 24 N
density 850 kg m–3

length 0.18 m

Fig. 1.1

Show that the cross-sectional area A of the cylinder is 0.016 m2.

[3]

(b) The cylinder in (a) is attached by a spring to the bottom of a rigid container of liquid, as shown
in Fig. 1.2.

cylinder

liquid 0.17 m

spring
tap
container

Fig. 1.2 (not to scale)

The cylinder is in equilibrium with its bottom face at a depth of 0.17 m below the surface of the
liquid. The tension in the spring is 8.0 N.

(i) Show that the upthrust acting on the cylinder due to the liquid is 32 N.

[1]
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(ii) Calculate the density of the liquid.

density = .............................................. kg m–3 [3]

(c) Fig. 1.3 shows the variation of the tension F with the length of the spring in (b).

6
F/N
4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
length / cm

Fig. 1.3

(i) The tap at the bottom of the container is opened so that a fixed amount of liquid flows
out of the container. The cylinder moves downwards so that the tension in the spring
changes from 8.0 N to 4.0 N.

Determine the change in the elastic potential energy of the spring.

change in elastic potential energy = ...................................................... J [3]

(ii) More liquid is let out of the container until the upthrust on the cylinder becomes 24 N.

For the upthrust of 24 N, determine the length of the spring.

length = ................................................... cm [1]

[Total: 11]
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2 (a) State what is meant by work done.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Use your answer in (a) to show that the SI base units of energy are kg m2 s–2.

[1]

(c) A metal rod is heated at one end so that thermal energy flows to the other end.
The thermal energy E that flows through the rod in time t is given by
cA(T1 – T2)t
E=
L
where A is the cross-sectional area of the rod,
T1 and T2 are the temperatures of the ends of the rod,
L is the length of the rod,
and c is a constant.

Determine the SI base units of c.

SI base units ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

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3 (a) Define velocity.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A remote-controlled toy aircraft is flying horizontally in a wind. Fig. 3.1 shows the velocity
vectors, to scale, of the wind and of the aircraft in still air.

north

wind velocity 54°

23 m s–1

aircraft velocity
in still air
42 m s–1

Fig. 3.1

The velocity of the aircraft in still air is 42 m s–1 to the north. The velocity of the wind is 23 m s–1
in a direction of 54° east of south.

Determine the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the aircraft.

magnitude of velocity = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

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(c) The engine of the aircraft in (b) stops. The aircraft then glides towards the ground with a
constant velocity at an angle θ to the horizontal, as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.

X
aircraft, 280 m
weight 46 N

glide path horizontal

θ
of aircraft Y

Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

The aircraft has a weight of 46 N and travels a distance of 280 m from point X to point Y. The
change in gravitational potential energy of the aircraft for its movement from X to Y is 6100 J.

Assume that there is now no wind.

(i) Calculate angle θ.

θ = ....................................................... ° [3]

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the aircraft due to air resistance.

force = ..................................................... N [2]

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(d) The aircraft in (c) travels from X to Y in a time of 14 s. Fig. 3.3 shows that, as the aircraft
travels from X to Y, it moves directly towards an observer who is standing on the ground.

280 m
X
aircraft

observer
ground

Fig. 3.3 (not to scale)

The aircraft emits sound as it travels from X to Y. The observer hears sound of frequency
450 Hz. The speed of the sound in the air is 340 m s–1.

Calculate the frequency of the sound that is emitted by the aircraft.

frequency = .................................................... Hz [3]

[Total: 11]

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4 An α-particle moves in a straight line through a vacuum with a constant speed of 4.1 × 106 m s–1.
The α-particle enters a uniform electric field at point A, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

uniform
electric
field

α-particle, A B
speed 4.1 × 106 m s–1

Fig. 4.1

The α-particle continues to move in the same straight line until it is brought to rest at point B by the
electric field. The deceleration of the α-particle by the electric field is 2.7 × 1014 m s–2.

(a) State the direction of the electric field.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Calculate the distance AB.

distance = ..................................................... m [2]

(c) Calculate the electric field strength.

electric field strength = ............................................... V m–1 [3]

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(d) The α-particle is at point A at time t = 0.

On Fig. 4.2, sketch the variation with time t of the momentum of the α-particle as it travels
from point A to point B. Numerical values are not required.

momentum

0
0 t

Fig. 4.2
[1]

(e) State the name of the quantity that is represented by the gradient of the graph in (d).

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(f) A β– particle now enters the electric field along the same initial path as the α-particle and with
the same initial speed of 4.1 × 106 m s–1.

(i) Calculate the kinetic energy, in J, of the β– particle at point A.

kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [3]

(ii) State and explain the differences between the electric force on the β– particle in the
electric field and the electric force on the α-particle in the electric field.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) The β– particle is produced by the decay of a nucleus. State the name of another lepton
that is produced at the same time as the β– particle.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 15]
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5 (a) For a progressive wave on a stretched string, state what is meant by amplitude.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Light from a laser has a wavelength of 690 nm in a vacuum.

Calculate the period of the light wave.

period = ...................................................... s [3]

(c) A two-source interference experiment uses the arrangement shown in Fig. 5.1.

D
light from laser,
wavelength λ double slit screen

Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

Light from a laser is incident normally on a double slit. A screen is parallel to the double slit.

Interference fringes are seen on the screen at distance D from the double slit. The separation
of the centres of the slits is a. The light has wavelength λ.

The separation x of the centres of adjacent bright fringes is measured for different values of
distance D.

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The variation with D of x is shown in Fig. 5.2.

0
0 D

Fig. 5.2

The gradient of the graph is G.

(i) Determine an expression, in terms of G and λ, for the separation a of the slits.

a = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The experiment is repeated with slits of separation 2a. The wavelength of the light is
unchanged.

On Fig. 5.2, sketch a graph to show the results of this experiment. [2]

[Total: 8]

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6 (a) A resistance wire of uniform cross-sectional area 3.3 × 10–7 m2 and length 2.0 m is made of
metal of resistivity 5.0 × 10–7 Ω m.

Show that the resistance of the wire is 3.0 Ω.

[2]

(b) The ends of the resistance wire in (a) are connected to the terminals X and Y in the circuit
shown in Fig. 6.1.

1.50 V
r

X Y
uniform metal wire,
resistance 3.0 Ω

Fig. 6.1

The cell has an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 1.50 V and internal resistance r. The potential
difference between X and Y is 1.20 V.

Calculate:

(i) the current in the circuit

current = ...................................................... A [1]

(ii) the internal resistance r.

r = ..................................................... Ω [2]

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(c) A galvanometer and a cell of e.m.f. E with negligible internal resistance are connected to the
circuit in (b), as shown in Fig. 6.2.

1.50 V
r

P
X Y
E

Fig. 6.2

The resistance wire between X and Y has a length of 2.0 m. The galvanometer has a reading
of zero when the connection P is adjusted so that the length XP is 1.4 m.

Determine the e.m.f. E of the cell.

E = ...................................................... V [2]

(d) The circuit in Fig. 6.2 is modified by replacing the original resistance wire with a second
resistance wire. The second wire has the same length as the original wire and is made of the
same metal.

The second wire has a smaller cross-sectional area than the original wire.

Connection P is adjusted on the second wire so that the galvanometer has a reading of zero.

State and explain whether length XP for the second wire is shorter than, longer than or the
same as length XP for the original wire when the galvanometer reading is zero.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total:10]
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