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Lecture 9.motivation

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Lecture 9.motivation

Uploaded by

linkon dhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOTIVATION

What is Motivation?
Motivation
Motivation refers to a
need or desire that
energizes behavior
and directs it
towards a goal.

For example, Aron Ralston found the


motivation to cut off his own arm when
trapped on a cliff in Utah in 2003.

What motivated him to do this? Hunger? The


drive to survive? The drive to reproduce?
Source of Motivation
Approaches of Motivation

• Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated


• Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs
• Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction
• Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s Pull
• Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind
Motivation
• Maslow’s Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs
Instinct Approaches
Instincts:

⚫ Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically


determined rather than learned.

⚫ People and animals are born with preprogrammed


sets of behaviors essential to their survival.

⚫ Instincts play important role in directing our


behavior.
Do Instincts Direct Human Behavior?
An instinct is a fixed (rigid and predictable)
pattern of behavior that is not acquired by learning
and is likely to be rooted in genes and the body.

Human
“nesting” Instinctual
behavior nesting
Drive-Reduction Approaches
Theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological requirements
such as water, produces a drive to obtain that requirement (in this
case, .the thirst drive).

Drive

Motivational tension,
or arousal, that energizes
behavior to fulfill a need.
Example: hunger,
thirst, sleepiness, sex.
Drive Reduction

▪ Drive-reduction theory refers to the idea that humans


are motivated to reduce these drives, such as eating to
reduce the feeling of hunger. This restores homeostasis, a
steady internal state.
Incentive Approaches
This theory is suggesting that
motivation stems from the desire
to obtain valued external goals, or
incentives.
Drives “Push” and Incentives “Pull”
Incentives are
external stimuli
Drives are that either
based on inner appeal to our
needs and can needs or trigger
be seen as a our aversive
force “pushing” feelings, and can
from inside of be used to “pull”
us. us in our
actions.
For example:
▪ we have a drive to have food, or money we can exchange for food.
▪ employers can use the prospect of a raise in (or elimination of) salary as an
incentive for us to follow employer goals and policies.
Cognitive Approaches
Theories suggesting that
motivation is a product of people’s
thoughts, expectations, and
goals—their cognitions.
Maslow’s Hierarchy:

Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that there are five


basic needs:

✔ physiological
✔ safety
✔ love and belongingness
✔ esteem and
✔ self-actualization

Only after the more basic needs are fulfilled can


a person move toward meeting higher-order
needs.
Hierarchy of
Needs/Motives
In 1943, Abraham Maslow
proposed that humans
strive to ensure that basic
needs are satisfied before
they find motivation to
pursue goals that are
higher on this hierarchy.
Another Motivation: “To Belong”

Belonging refers to being


connected to others; part of a
group or family or community.
Why do we have a
need to belong?

•Evolutionary psychology perspective: seeking bonds with


others aids survival in many ways
•Keeping children close to caregivers
•Mutual protection in a group
•Cooperation in hunting and sharing food
•Division of labor to allow growing food
•Emotional support to get through crises
Balancing Bonding with Other Needs
▪ The need to bond with others is
so strong that we can feel lost
without close relationships.
▪ However, we also seem to need
autonomy and a sense of
personal competence/efficacy.
There a tension between “me” and
“us,” but these goals can work
together.
- Belonging builds self-esteem and
prepares us for confident
autonomy.
The Need to Belong Leads to:
loyalty to friends,
teams, groups, and
families.
However, the need to belong
also leads to:
• changing our appearance
to win acceptance.
• staying in abusive
relationships.
• joining gangs, nationalist
groups, and violent
organizations.
Social Networking = Social Connection?
▪ Connecting online can be seen as
taking turns reading brief words about
each other, or as an experience of
connection and/or belonging.

▪ Portrayal of one’s self online is often


close to one’s actual sense of self.

▪ Use of social networking can become a


compulsion, sacrificing face-to-face
interaction and in-depth conversation.
THANK YOU

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