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Semprag Group 4

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12 views

Semprag Group 4

Uploaded by

Aditya .P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SEMANTICS

PRAGMATICS
C o o p e r a t i o n a n d
I m p l i c a t u r e

BY GROUP 4
GROUP 4

RUSNITA YUNIRA 2322044


NUNUNG KARMILA 2322054
NURTASYA 2322062
FAIZAH ULYA 2322070
JAUZA AZZAHRA 2322077
THE COOPERATIVE The Cooperative Principle outlines how
effective communication relies on speakers
PRINCIPLE and listeners adhering to common
conversational norms, ensuring clarity and
understanding in dialogue.

Understanding the Cooperative Principle

The Cooperative Principle, proposed by


H.P. Grice,asserts that speakers typically
make conversational contributions that are
truthful,relevant,and clear.This principle
isfoundational to communication,as it
presumes shared social norms between
conversants.
Example :

In a practical scenario, a man


asks a woman if her dog bites. The
woman responds 'No' but later
reveals the dog is not hers,
resulting in the dog biting the
man. This highlights a breakdown
of the Cooperative Principle due
to assumed shared knowledge and
context that was not communicated
effectively
𝙃𝙚𝙜𝙜𝙚𝙨
Hedges or mitigating expressions in
communication to demonstrate a speaker’s
awareness and adherence to the cooperative
principle and the conversational maxims
(quality, quantity, relevance, and
manner). Hedges are used to signal to
listeners the level of accuracy or
relevance of a statement. Examples include
phrases like "I may be mistaken" or "I'm
not sure if this makes sense," which
reflect the speaker's uncertainty about
the truth of their statement.
𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡
𝙄𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚
Conventional implicatures are not
based on the cooperative principle
or the maxims. They don't have to
occur in conversation, and they
don't depend on special contexts for
their interpretation. Not unlike
lexical presuppositions,
conventional implicatures are
associated with specific words and
result in additional conveyed
meanings when those words are used.
𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡
𝙄𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚
Example :

* Mary suggested black, but I chose


white but
* Even John came to the party.
* He even helped tidy up afterwards.
* Dennis isn't here yet.
Occur when additional meaning can be
inferred without requiring special
contextual knowledge, such as when someone

𝙂𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙯𝙚𝙙 uses an
garden,"
indefinite
typically
article
meaning
like
"not
"a
the
𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 speaker's garden." In another example, if
𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚 someone says, "I invited Bella," the
implication might be that they did not
invite someone else mentioned.

Certain information is always


communicated by choosing a word which
expresses one value from a scale of
𝙎𝙘𝙖𝙡𝙖𝙧
values. This is particularly obvious
in terms for expressing quantity, as
𝙄𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨
shown in the scales, where terms are
listed from the highest to the low-
est value.
In the preceding examples, the
implicatures have been calculated without
special knowledge of any particular
context. However, most of the time, our
𝙋𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙯𝙚𝙙 conversations take place in very specific
𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 contexts in which locally recognized
𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚 inferences are assumed. Such inferences
are required to work out the conveyed
meanings which result from particularized
conversational implicatures.

So far, all the implicatures we have


considered have been situated within
conversation, with the inferences being
made by people who hear the utterances and 𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛
attempt to maintain the assumption 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡
of cooperative interaction. Because these 𝙄𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨
implicatures are part of what is
communicated and not said, speakers can
always deny that they intended to
communicate such meanings.
𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛
𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡
𝙄𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨
Conversational implicatures are deniable.
They can be explicitly
denied (or alternatively, reinforced) in
different ways. To take a
simple example, there is a standard
implicature associated with
stating a number, that the speaker means
only that number, as
shown in
THE END
THANK YOU VERY MUCH

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