THE

NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Trisha Isabel F. Guioguio, RN, MAN

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.1 The nervous system’s functions.

Sensory input

Sensory receptor
Integration

Motor output

Brain and spinal cord

Effector

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 Central Nervous System
(brain and spinal cord)

Organization
Peripheral Nervous System

of the (cranial and spinal nerves)

Nervous
System. Sensory
(afferent)
Motor
(efferent)

Sense Somatic
organs Autonomic
(voluntary)
(involuntary)
Skeletal
Cardiac and
muscles
smooth muscle,
glands

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Central Nervous System
(brain and spinal cord)

Organization
Peripheral Nervous System

of the (cranial and spinal nerves)

Nervous
System. Sensory
(afferent)
Motor
(efferent)

Sense Somatic
organs Autonomic
(voluntary)
(involuntary)
Skeletal
Cardiac and
muscles
smooth muscle,
glands

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Supporting cells (neuroglia) of nervous tissue.

Capillar
y

Neuro
n Neuro
M
n icrogli
Astrocyt al
e cell

(a) Astrocytes are the most (b) Microglial cells are phagocytes
abundant that
and versatile neuroglia. defend CNS cells.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Supporting cells (neuroglia) of nervous tissue.

Myelin
Fluid-filled sheath Process of
cavity Ependym
oligodendro
al
cyte
cells or
Brain Ner
ve
spinal
fibe
cord
rs
(c) Ependymal cells line tissue (d) Oligodendrocytes have
cerebrospinal processes that form
fluid–filled cavities. myelin sheaths around CNS
nerve fibers.

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Supporting cells (neuroglia) of nervous tissue.

Satellit Cell body of

e neuron
cells Schwann cells
(forming myelin
sheath)
Nerve
fiber

(e) Satellite cells and Schwann cells

(which form myelin) surround
neurons in the PNS.

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 Dendrite Cell
Mitochondrion body

Nissl substance

Structure of a Axon
hillock
Axon

typical motor Neurofibrils Collateral

Nucleus branch

neuron. Nucleolus

One
Schwann
cell

Node of
Axon
Ranvier
terminal
Schwann cells,
forming the myelin
sheath on axon

(a)
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Figure 7.4b Structure of a typical motor neuron.

Neuron
cell body

Dendrite

(b)

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Figure 7.5 Relationship of Schwann cells to axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Schwann cell
cytoplasm
Schwann cell
Axon plasma membrane

Schwann cell
nucleus
(a)

(b)

Neurilemma

Myelin
sheath
(c)
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Neurons classified by function
Central process (axon)
Sensory
neuron Spinal cord
Cell
(central nervous system)
body
Ganglion
Dendrites Peripheral
process (axon)

Afferent
transmission Interneuron
(association
neuron)
Receptors Peripheral
nervous
system
Efferent transmission

Motor neuron

To effectors
(muscles and glands)

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Types of sensory receptors.

(a) Free nerve endings (pain (b) Meissner’s corpuscle

and temperature receptors) (touch receptor)
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 Types of sensory receptors.

(c) Lamellar corpuscle (deep (d) Golgi tendon organ

pressure receptor) (proprioceptor)

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 Types of sensory receptors.

(e) Muscle spindle (proprioceptor)

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Figure 7.6 Neurons classified by function.

Central process (axon)

Sensory
neuron Spinal cord
Cell
(central nervous system)
body
Ganglion
Dendrites Peripheral
process (axon)

Afferent
transmission Interneuron
(association
neuron)
Receptors Peripheral
nervous
system
Efferent transmission

Motor neuron

To effectors
(muscles and glands)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Neurons classified by Structure

Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
(a) Multipolar neuron

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Neurons classified by Structure

Cell body

Dendrite Axon
(b) Bipolar neuron

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Neurons classified by Structure

Dendrites
Cell body
Short single
process

Axon
Peripheral Central
process process
(c) Unipolar neuron

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 Central
Nervous System
(CNS)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.12a Development and regions of the human brain.

Cerebral
hemisphere
Outline of
diencephalon
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Brain stem

(a) 13 weeks

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Figure 7.12b Development and regions of the human brain.

Cerebral
hemisphere

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Brain stem

(b) Adult brain

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.13ab Left lateral view of the brain.

Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Parietal lobe

Postcentral gyrus
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe
Left cerebral
Parieto-occipital hemisphere
sulcus (deep)

Lateral sulcus
Frontal
Occipital lobe lobe

Occipital
Temporal lobe Temporal lobe
lobe
Cerebellum

Pons Superior

Cerebral cortex Medulla Cerebellum

Inferior Brain
(gray matter) oblongata
stem
(b)
Gyrus Spinal
cord

Sulcus

Cerebral
white
Fissure matter
(a deep sulcus)

(a)

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Table 7.1 Functions of Major Brain Regions (1 of 2)

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Table 7.1 Functions of Major Brain Regions (2 of 2)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.13c Left lateral view of the brain.

Central sulcus
Primary motor area Primary somatic sensory
Premotor area area
Anterior Gustatory area (taste)
association area
• Working memory Speech/language
and judgment (outlined by dashes)

• Problem Posterior association

solving area
• Language
comprehension
Visual area
Broca’s area
(motor speech)
Olfactory
Auditory area
area
(c)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.14 Sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex.
Posterior

Motor Sensory
Motor map in Anterior
Sensory map in

Shoul
precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus

Head

Ha earm
Trunk
Neck
Trunk

Arm
ow
Hip
Leg
der

Knee
Elb t
Arm
Wri

Hip
Ha

rs
r
nd
Elb
Fi

Fo

e
nd

ow
s
ng

ng
e

Fi
Knee
rs
Th

b
um

um
Foot
b

Th
Nec

e
Ey
Bro k se
w o
N
Eye Toes ce
Fa
s
Face Genitals Lip

Lips Teeths
Gum
Jaw
Jaw
Tongue

Tongue Primary motor Primary somatic Pharynx

cortex sensory cortex Intra-
Swallowing
(precentral gyrus) (postcentral gyrus) abdominal

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Figure 7.13a Left lateral view of the brain.

Precentral gyrus Central sulcus

Postcentral gyrus
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital
sulcus (deep)

Lateral sulcus
Occipital lobe

Temporal lobe
Cerebellum
Pons
Cerebral cortex Medulla
(gray matter) oblongata
Gyrus Spinal
cord
Sulcus
Cerebral
Fissure white
(a deep sulcus) matter
(a)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 7.14 Sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex.
Posterior

Motor Sensory
Motor map in Anterior
Sensory map in

Shoul
precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus

Head

Ha earm
Trunk
Neck
Trunk

Arm
ow
Hip
Leg
der

Knee
Elb t
Arm
Wri

Hip
Ha

rs
r
nd
Elb
Fi

Fo

e
nd

ow
s
ng

ng
e

Fi
Knee
rs
Th

b
um

um
Foot
b

Th
Nec

e
Ey
Bro k se
w o
N
Eye Toes ce
Fa
s
Face Genitals Lip

Lips Teeths
Gum
Jaw
Jaw
Tongue

Tongue Primary motor Primary somatic Pharynx

cortex sensory cortex Intra-
Swallowing
(precentral gyrus) (postcentral gyrus) abdominal

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.13c Left lateral view of the brain.

Central sulcus
Primary motor area Primary somatic sensory
Premotor area area
Anterior Gustatory area (taste)
association area
• Working memory Speech/language
and judgment (outlined by dashes)

• Problem Posterior association

solving area
• Language
comprehension
Visual area
Broca’s area
(motor speech)
Olfactory
Auditory area
area
(c)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.13a Left lateral view of the brain.

Precentral gyrus Central sulcus

Postcentral gyrus
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital
sulcus (deep)

Lateral sulcus
Occipital lobe

Temporal lobe
Cerebellum
Pons
Cerebral cortex Medulla
(gray matter) oblongata
Gyrus Spinal
cord
Sulcus
Cerebral
Fissure white
(a deep sulcus) matter
(a)
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Figure 7.15 Frontal section (facing posteriorly) of the brain showing commissural, association, and projection fibers running through the cerebrum and the lower CNS.

Longitudinal fissure Association fibers

Superior
Lateral Commissural fibers
ventricle (corpus callosum)
Corona
Basal nuclei radiata

Fornix
Internal
Thalamus capsule

Third
ventricle
Pons Projection
fibers
Medulla oblongata
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Figure 7.12b Development and regions of the human brain.

Cerebral
hemisphere

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Brain stem

(b) Adult brain

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures.

Cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
Third ventricle
Choroid plexus of third
ventricle
Occipital lobe of
cerebral hemisphere
Thalamus
Anterior (encloses third ventricle)
commissure Pineal gland
(part of epithalamus)
Hypothalamus Corpora
quadrigemina
Optic chiasma
Cerebral
Midbrain
aqueduct
Pituitary gland
Cerebral
peduncle
Mammillary body
Fourth ventricle
Pons
Choroid plexus
Medulla oblongata (part of epithalamus)
Spinal cord Cerebellum
(a)

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Figure 7.16b Diencephalon and brain stem structures.

Radiations
to cerebral
cortex

Auditory
Visual impulses impulses

Reticular formation Descending

motor projections
Ascending general sensory to spinal cord
tracts (touch, pain, temperature)
(b)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures.

Cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
Third ventricle
Choroid plexus of third
ventricle
Occipital lobe of
cerebral hemisphere
Thalamus
Anterior (encloses third ventricle)
commissure Pineal gland
(part of epithalamus)
Hypothalamus Corpora
quadrigemina
Optic chiasma
Cerebral
Midbrain
aqueduct
Pituitary gland
Cerebral
peduncle
Mammillary body
Fourth ventricle
Pons
Choroid plexus
Medulla oblongata (part of epithalamus)
Spinal cord Cerebellum
(a)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.16b Diencephalon and brain stem structures.

Radiations
to cerebral
cortex

Auditory
Visual impulses impulses

Reticular formation Descending

motor projections
Ascending general sensory to spinal cord
tracts (touch, pain, temperature)
(b)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.16a Diencephalon and brain stem structures.

Cerebral hemisphere
Corpus callosum
Third ventricle
Choroid plexus of third
ventricle
Occipital lobe of
cerebral hemisphere
Thalamus
Anterior (encloses third ventricle)
commissure Pineal gland
(part of epithalamus)
Hypothalamus Corpora
quadrigemina
Optic chiasma
Cerebral
Midbrain
aqueduct
Pituitary gland
Cerebral
peduncle
Mammillary body
Fourth ventricle
Pons
Choroid plexus
Medulla oblongata (part of epithalamus)
Spinal cord Cerebellum
(a)

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 Protection of the
Central Nervous
System

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Figure 7.17a Meninges of the brain.

Skin of scalp
Periosteum
Bone of skull
Periosteal Dura
Meningeal mater
Superior
sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater
Subdural Pia mater
space Arachnoid granulation
Subarachnoid Blood
space vessel
Falx cerebri
(in longitudinal
(a)
fissure only)

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Figure 7.17b Meninges of the brain.

Skull
Scalp
Superior
sagittal sinus
Occipital lobe Dura mater
Tentorium
cerebelli Transverse
Cerebellum sinus
Temporal
Arachnoid mater bone
over medulla oblongata
(b)

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Figure 7.18a Ventricles and location of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Lateral ventricle

Anterior horn
Septum
pellucidum Interventricular
foramen
Inferior
horn
Third ventricle
Lateral Cerebral aqueduct
aperture
Fourth ventricle

Central canal

(a) Anterior view

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Figure 7.18b Ventricles and location of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Lateral ventricle

Anterior horn
Posterior
Interventricular horn
foramen

Third ventricle Inferior horn

Cerebral aqueduct Median

aperture
Fourth ventricle
Lateral
Central canal
aperture
(b) Left lateral view

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Figure 7.18c Ventricles and location of the cerebrospinal fluid.

4
Superior
sagittal sinus Arachnoid granulation

Choroid plexuses Subarachnoid space

of lateral and Arachnoid mater
third ventricles
Meningeal dura mater
Corpus callosum
Periosteal dura mater
1
Interventricular Right lateral ventricle
foramen (deep to cut)
Third ventricle
3
Choroid plexus
of fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral aperture
1 CSF is produced by the
Fourth ventricle
2 choroid plexus of each
Median aperture ventricle.
2 CSF flows through the ventricles
and into the subarachnoid space via
Central canal
the median and lateral apertures.
of spinal cord
Some CSF flows through the central
canal of the spinal cord.
3 CSF flows through the
subarachnoid space.
4 CSF is absorbed into the dural
venous sinuses via the arachnoid
granulations.
(c) CSF circulation
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 The Spinal Cord

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Figure 7.19 Anatomy of the spinal cord, posterior view.

Cervical
Cervical spinal nerves
enlargement C8

Dura and
arachnoid Thoracic
mater spinal nerves

Lumbar
enlargement T12
End of spinal cord

Lumbar
Cauda spinal nerves
equina L5
End of S1 Sacral
meningeal
spinal nerves
coverings
S5

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Figure 7.20 Spinal cord with meninges (three-dimensional, anterior view).

White matter Dorsal (posterior)

Dorsal root Central canal horn of gray matter
ganglion Lateral horn of
gray matter

Spinal nerve
Ventral (anterior)
Dorsal root of
horn of gray matter
spinal nerve

Ventral root Pia mater

of spinal nerve

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

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Figure 7.21 Schematic of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) pathways between the brain and the spinal cord.

Interneuron carrying sensory

information to cerebral cortex

Integration (processing and

interpretation of sensory input)
Cerebral cortex occurs
(gray matter) Interneuron carrying
White matter response to
Thalamus motor neurons
Cerebrum

Interneuron
carrying response Brain stem
to motor neuron
Cell body of sensory
neuron in sensory
ganglion
Interneuron carrying
Nerve
sensory information to
Skin
cerebral cortex
Sensory
receptors
Cervical spinal cord

Muscle
White matter
Motor output Gray matter
Interneuron
Motor neuron
cell body
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© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

How Your
Neurons
Communicate
 The Nerve Impulse
[Na+ ]
1 Resting membrane is polarized. In the resting state, the external face of the membrane is
[K+] slightly positive; its internal face is slightly negative. The chief extracellular ion is sodium (Na +),where
as the chief intracellular ion is potassium (K+). The membrane is relatively impermeable to both ions.

Na+
2 Stimulus initiates local depolarization. A stimulus changes the permeability of a local
Na+ “patch” of the membrane, and sodium ions diffuse rapidly into the cell. This changes the polarity of
the membrane (the inside becomes more positive; the outside becomes more negative) at that site.

Na+
3 Depolarization and generation of an action potential. If the stimulus is strong enough,
depolarization causes membrane polarity to be completely reversed, and an action
Na+
potential is initiated.
 The Nerve Impulse

4 Propagation of the action potential. Depolarization of the first membrane patch causes permeability
changes in the adjacent membrane, and the events described in step 2 are repeated. Thus, the action
potential propagates rapidly along the entire length of the membrane.

K+
5 Repolarization. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes
K+ again, restoring thenegative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the
outside surface. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization.

Cell
Na+ – K+
exterior pump
6 Initial ionic conditions restored. The ionic conditions
Na+ Diffusion
K+ Diffusion

Plasma of the resting state are restored later by the activity of the
membrane sodium-potassium pump. Three sodium ions are ejected for
every two potassium ions carried back into the cell.
Cell
interior
 How neurons communicate at chemical synapses
Axon of
transmittin
g
Receivin
neuron
g
neuron 2 Transmitting
Vesicle neuron 4
1 3
fuses Neurotrans-
Dendrit Action Neurotrans-
with mitter binds
e potential mitter is
plasma to receptor
arrives.
Vesicle released into
membran on receiving
Axon sSynapti synaptic
e. neuron’s
terminal cleft.
c membrane.
Synapti
cleft
c Ion Neurotransmitt
cleft channel er
s molecules

Receiving
neuron
How neurons communicate at chemical synapses

5 Ion channel opens. 6 Ion channel closes.

Neurotransmitter is
Neurotransmitter broken down and
released.
Receptor Na+
Na+

Receiving neuron
BioFlix:
How Synapses Work

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Figure 7.11a Simple reflex arcs.

Stimulus at distal Skin Spinal cord

end of neuron (in cross section)
2 Sensory neuron
3Integration
1 Receptor center
4 Motor neuron
5 Effector Interneuron

(a) Five basic elements of reflex arc

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Figure 7.11a Simple reflex arcs. Slide 2

Stimulus at distal Skin

end of neuron

1 Receptor

(a) Five basic elements of reflex arc

Figure 7.11a Simple reflex arcs. Slide 3

Stimulus at distal Skin Spinal cord

end of neuron (in cross section)
2 Sensory neuron
1 Receptor

Interneuron

(a) Five basic elements of reflex arc

Figure 7.11a Simple reflex arcs. Slide 4

Stimulus at distal Skin Spinal cord

end of neuron (in cross section)
2 Sensory neuron
3 Integration
1 Receptor center

Interneuron

(a) Five basic elements of reflex arc

Figure 7.11a Simple reflex arcs. Slide 5

Stimulus at distal Skin Spinal cord

end of neuron (in cross section)
2 Sensory neuron
3 Integration
1 Receptor center
4 Motor neuron
Interneuron

(a) Five basic elements of reflex arc

Figure 7.11a Simple reflex arcs. Slide 6

Stimulus at distal Skin Spinal cord

end of neuron (in cross section)
2 Sensory neuron
3 Integration
1 Receptor center
4 Motor neuron
5 Effector Interneuron

(a) Five basic elements of reflex arc

Figure 7.11b Simple reflex arcs. Slide 1

1 Sensory (stretch) receptor

2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

4 Motor (efferent) neuron

5 Effector organ

(b) Two-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11b Simple reflex arcs. Slide 2

1 Sensory (stretch) receptor

(b) Two-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11b Simple reflex arcs. Slide 3

1 Sensory (stretch) receptor

2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

(b) Two-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11b Simple reflex arcs. Slide 4

1 Sensory (stretch) receptor

2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

(b) Two-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11b Simple reflex arcs. Slide 5

1 Sensory (stretch) receptor

2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

4 Motor (efferent) neuron

(b) Two-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11b Simple reflex arcs. Slide 6

1 Sensory (stretch) receptor

2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

4 Motor (efferent) neuron

5 Effector organ

(b) Two-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11c Simple reflex arcs. Slide 1

1 Sensory receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

3 Interneuron

4 Motor (efferent) neuron

5 Effector organ
(c) Three-neuron reflex arc
Figure 7.11c Simple reflex arcs. Slide 2

1 Sensory receptor

(c) Three-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11c Simple reflex arcs. Slide 3

1 Sensory receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

(c) Three-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11c Simple reflex arcs. Slide 4

1 Sensory receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

3 Interneuron

(c) Three-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11c Simple reflex arcs. Slide 5

1 Sensory receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

3 Interneuron

4 Motor (efferent) neuron

(c) Three-neuron reflex arc

Figure 7.11c Simple reflex arcs. Slide 6

1 Sensory receptor 2 Sensory (afferent) neuron

3 Interneuron

4 Motor (efferent) neuron

5 Effector organ
(c) Three-neuron reflex arc
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Structures of the
Peripheral
Nervous System:
12 Cranial Nerves
Figure 7.22 Structure of a nerve.
Axon

Myelin sheath

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Epineurium

Fascicle

Blood
vessels

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Figure 7.23 Distribution of cranial nerves.

III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
VI Abducens
I Olfactory II Optic
V Trigeminal V Trigeminal

VII Facial

Vestibular
branch

Cochlear
branch
VIII Vestibulocochlear

X Vagus
IX Glossopharyngeal
XII Hypoglossal XI Accessory

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (1 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (2 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (3 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (4 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (5 of 6)

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Table 7.2 The Cranial Nerves (6 of 6)

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© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Structures of the
Peripheral
Nervous System:
Spinal Nerves
© 2018 Pearson Education,
Ltd.

Spinal Nerves
Spinal nerves
• 31 pairs
• Formed by the combination of the ventral
and dorsal roots of the spinal cord
• Named for the region of the spinal cord
from which they arise
Figure 7.24a Spinal nerves.

C1
2
3 Ventral rami form
Cervical 4
nerves 5 cervical plexus
6 (C1 – C5)
7 Ventral rami form
8*
T1 brachial plexus
2 (C5 – C8; T1)
3
4
Thoracic 5
nerves 6
7
8 No plexus
9 formed
10 (intercostal
Lumbar 1 nerves)
nerves 1
12 (T2 – T12)
Sacral L1
nerves 2
3 Ventral rami form
4 lumbar plexus
(L1 – L4)
5

S1 Ventral rami form

2 sacral plexus
3 (L4 – L5; S1 – S4)
4
(a)
*Note that the cervical nerve C8 emerges inferior to the C7 vertebra, while the other seven cervical nerves
emerge superior to the vertebrae for which they are named.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
Figure 7.24b Spinal nerves.

Dorsal root Dorsal

Dorsal root ramus
ganglion

Spinal
cord
Ventral
Ventral ramus
root
Spinal nerve

(b)
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Table 7.3 Spinal Nerve Plexuses (1 of 3)

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Figure 7.25a Distribution of the major peripheral nerves of the upper and lower limbs.

Axillary nerve

Humerus

Radial
nerve
Musculo-
cutaneous
nerve
Ulna
Radius
Ulnar nerve
Median
nerve

(a) Brachial plexus,

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anterior view
Table 7.3 Spinal Nerve Plexuses (2 of 3)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.25b Distribution of the major peripheral nerves of the upper and lower limbs.

Femoral nerve
Lateral femoral
cutaneous nerve
Obturator nerve
Femur
Anterior femoral
cutaneous nerve

Saphenous nerve

(b) Lumbar plexus,

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
anterior view
Table 7.3 Spinal Nerve Plexuses (3 of 3)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Figure 7.25c Distribution of the major peripheral nerves of the upper and lower limbs.

Superior gluteal
nerve
Inferior gluteal
nerve

Sciatic nerve

Posterior femoral
cutaneous nerve

Common fibular
nerve
Tibial nerve
Sural (cut) nerve
Deep fibular
nerve
Superficial fibular
nerve

Plantar branches

(c) Sacral plexus, posterior view

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© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Autonomic
Nervous
System
(Parasympathetic vs
Sympathetic)
Figure 7.26 Comparison of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Central
nervous system Peripheral nervous system Effector organs

Acetylcholine

Somatic nervous system Skeletal muscle

Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Smooth muscle

(e.g., in stomach)

Sympathetic Ganglion
division Acetylcholine Epinephrine and
Autonomic norepinephrine
nervous Blood Glands
system vessel
Adrenal medulla
Acetylcholine
Parasympathetic Cardiac
division muscle
Ganglion

KEY
: Preganglionic Postganglionic Myelination Preganglionic Postganglionic
axons axons axons axons
(sympathetic) (sympathetic) (parasympathetic) (parasympathetic)

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Figure 7.27 Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system.

Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Eye Eye
Brain stem
Salivary Skin
glands Cranial
Sympathetic Salivary
ganglia glands
Heart Cervical

Lungs Lungs
T1 Heart

Stomach
Thoracic
Stomach Pancreas

Liver
Pancreas and gall-
L1
bladder
Liver and Adrenal
Lumbar
gall- gland
bladder

Bladder Bladder
Sacral
Genitals nerves Genitals
(S2–S4)
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Figure 7.28 Sympathetic pathways.

Lateral horn of Dorsal ramus

gray matter of spinal nerve
Dorsal root
Ventral ramus
of spinal nerve
Sympathetic
trunk
(a) To effector:
blood vessels,
Spinal (c) (b)
arrector pili
nerve
muscles, and
sweat glands
of the skin
Ventral root Gray ramus
communicans
Sympathetic Splanchnic White ramus
trunk ganglion nerve communicans

Collateral ganglion
(such as the celiac)

Visceral effector organ

(such as small intestine)

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© 2018 Pearson Education,
Ltd.

Autonomic Functioning
Sympathetic—“fight or flight” division
Response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or physically
stressed or threatened
Takes over to increase activities
Remember as the “E” division
Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarrassment
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Ltd.

Autonomic Functioning
Parasympathetic—“housekeeping” activites
“Rest-and-digest” system
Conserves energy
Maintains daily necessary body functions
Remember as the “D” division
Digestion
Defecation
Diuresis
Table 7.4 Effects of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (1 of 2)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.

Table 7.4 Effects of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (2 of 2)

© 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.