INTRODUCTION:

Audio aids are the hearing aids, visual aids are also instructional devices in which messages can be seen. By
the use of audio visual aids the messages can be seeing as well as hearing are the most important senses
which contribute to maximum hearing with regard to the retention of information learned through different
senses.

Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to the learning process as
a whole, until teacher understand the relationship between audio visual material and teaching learning
process. Audio visual aids is on instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen.
Audio visual aids are multisensory material which motivate and stimulate the individual. Audio visual aids
sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning more concrete socialistic and clarity. Provide
significant gain in thinking and reasoning. Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as
avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and
quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.

A/V Aids Definition

According to Burton:

"Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning".

The importance of Audio Visual Aids:

Audio-visual aids used in the teaching-learning process have wide significance from the view-points of
teachers as well as learners. The importance of audio-visual aids are summarized below.

1. Use of maximum senses

Senses are said to be gateway of knowledge. Audio-visual aids call for the utilization of as many senses as
possible and thereby facilitate the acquisition of maximum learning on the part of students.

2. Based on maxims of teaching

The use of audio-visual aids provide assistance to the teacher for following maxims of teaching like 'simple
to complex', 'concrete to abstract', 'known to unknown', and 'learning by doing', etc.

3. Helpful in the process of attention

Attention is a key factor in any process of teaching-learning. Audio-visual aids help the teacher in creating
proper situations and environment for capturing as well as maintaining the interest and attention of the
students in the classroom activities.

4. A good motivating force

Audio-visual aids match with the inner urges, instincts, basic drives and motives of the students and thus
prove a potent motivating force for energizing learners to 'learn effectively'.

5. Clarity of the subject matter

Audio-visual aids bring clarity to the various difficult and abstract concepts and phenomena related to
various subjects.
6. Save time and energy

Much of the time and energy of both the teacher and the students may be saved on account of the use of
audio-visual aids as most of the abstract concepts and phenomena may be easily clarified, understood and
assimilated through their use.

7. Meet the individual differences requirements

These are wide individual differences among learners. The use of various types of Audio-visual aids helps in
meeting the requirements of different types of pupils.

Need of Teaching Aids

 Every individual has the tendency to forget. Proper use of teaching aids helps to retain more concepts
permanently.
 Students can learn better when they are motivated properly through different teaching aids.
 Teaching aids develop the proper image when the students see, hear, taste and smell properly.
 Teaching aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking.
 The teaching aids create environment of interest for the students.
 Teaching aids help to increase the vocabulary of the students.

Types of Audio visual

The audio visual aids have been classified in a number of ways according to different approaches,
some are as:
1. Technical approach: They have been classified into two types, audio aids and visual aids.
 Audio aids: The aids involving the sense of hearing are called audio aids, e.g., audio, tape-recorder,
records player, etc.
 Visual aids: Those aids which use sense of vision are called as visual aids, e.g., models, video, maps,
bulletin board, slides, epidiascope, over head projector, etc.
2. According to 2nd approach: the audio visual aids have been classified into two types viz; projected
and non- projected teaching aids:
 Projected aids: Teaching aids which help in their projection on the screen are called as projected
aids. For example, film strips slides, film projector, overhead projector, epidiascope, etc.
 Non-projected aids: Teaching aids which do not help in their projection on the screen are called
non-projected teaching aids. For example, chalk board, charts, actual objects, models, tape
recorder, radio, etc.
3. According to 3rd approach: audiovisual aids can be classified as simple aids and sophisticated
aids.

Projected AV aids
Projected aids are used to supplement teaching with projection of teaching material on screen. There are four
main kinds of still projected teaching aids. These are as follows:

 Slide projector
 Epidiascope
 Film strip
 OHP
  SLIDE PROJECTOR
Introduction:
A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slide. Slide projectors became common
since 1950s as a form of entertainment, family members and friends would gather to view slide show. In
home photographic slides and slide projector have been replaced by low cost paper printer, digital camera,
DVD, media, video display monitor and video projectors

Definition of Slide Profector:

The slide projector is an older piece of technology which is used to project photographs or illustrations onto
a large screen for groups of people to view at once

Elements of Slide Projector- A projector has four main elements. They are
 Bulb - A slide projector uses an intensely hot, high-powered halogen lamp in order to project the slide.
There are many types of bulbs due to different manufacturers of slide projectors and different models
from each manufacturer as well. They are designed to last for at least 80 hours of use in normal
circumstances.
 The Fan - An electric motor drives a small fan inside of the slide projector which blows air across the
bulb in order to cool it. There are vents on the outside of the slide projector, and from these both the
intake of air and exhaust of air occur-not the same one vent doing both of course.
 The Lens - A reflector directs the light from the bulb to the lens, which will focus the image of the slide
and project it onto a screen or wall. There is a flat piece of heat absorbing glass placed between the lens
and the slide to help keep the slide from being damaged-the glass transmitting the visible wavelengths of
light while absorbing infrared.
 The Slide Tray - A slice in placed in a tray that attaches to the slide projector. This tray can be
rectangular in shape, moving the slide to be viewed from front to back, or circular, moving the slide to
be viewed in an arc.

Features of Slide Projector-

1. Magazines to load up to 120 slides with manual or automatic advance, backward movement per skip
facility
2. Remote control switches for the above well focusing and zooming
3. Automatic timing device show the slides, either at a regular intervals or at a desired present
differential intervals.
4. Synchronised slide projection with recorded sound commentary.

Advantages of Slide Projector

1. Inexpensive to Use
2. Better Quality
3. Focus of Attention
4. Assist in lesson development
5. Review instruction
6. Facilitates student teacher relationship
Disadvantage of Slide Projector
1. Slides have maximum impact when the room in completely dark
2. Slides can jam. The remote can break. The bulb can burn out.
3. Slide preparation requires a lot of predevelopment work
4. It requires significant amount of imaginative and creative skill.
5. Slides can easily get dirty and smudged with finger prints.

SLIDE PREPARATION
Slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or graphic image has
been photographed .A standard slide is made by using 35mm film. The size of the slide is celluloid is 24 *
36 mm and the outside size of the frame is 5 cm x5 cm or approximately 2 inches x2 inches.

 Types of Slides
1. Photographic slides
 Black & white in colour Colour
 Ideal Size 2 * 2 inches to 3 * 4 inches
2. Handmade slides
 Hand made using an acetate sheet, cello phane, plain glass or a lumarith (type of plastic glass)
3. Marker slides
 Clean glass piece
 Draw pictures/diagrams using fine tip marker pen
 Hold glass with cardboard/wooden frame
4. Etched Glass Slides
 Clean glass piece
 Rinse it with kerosene
 Draw the diagram with crayon glass marking pencil
 Planning for slides - Slide must consist of a combination of information by a written words,
sketches, cartoons, graphs, picture of objects, things in action etc.
 There are seven adjectives which describe good slides-
 Appropriate
 Accurate
 Comprehensive
 Legible
 Well-executed
 Interesting
 Memorable
 Effective use of Slides
 Slides are prepared in sets of ten, twenty or more for selected topics
 at least five to six slides should be there for a presentation
 All slides must be previewed and arranged in proper sequence before the session
 They must be preloaded in a magazine. The fat that projected image of a side is inverted both
vertically and laterally often presents a problem of loading it correctly.
 Before showing the slide a teacher may give a brief introduction unless a slide set is self
introductory.
 Slides must be shown frame by frame at a slow rate, taking care of slow learner because the slide
shows are not repeated.
 Some theme slides are referred to more than once in the same sequence,
 A long pointer, ie a stick or a long pointer should be used to point at appropriate places at the screen

 EPIDIASCOPE
 Introduction
The projection of real magnified images on a screen directly from pictures and drawings on papers is
called opaque projector. Opaque projector is done by an optical instrument called episcope. Flat
picture diagrams and other graphic material from books, magazines, periodicals, as well as those
drawn on glossy white paper can be straight away projected on a screen in a darkroom.
Definition of Epidiascope:
The word epidiascope is defined as an optical projector which is capable of performing both
transport and opaque objects.
Purposes of Epidiascope:
 It works as epidiascope when it is used to project on opaque object.
 It works as a diascope when it is used to project slides.

How Epidiascope is made:

Epidiascope can be made with a good projector lens, surface mirror and a fan and a box to hold
them. Bright light is used to illuminate the papers and a fan is therefore used to regulate the amount
of heat in the box. A surface mirror is important as it prevents from one getting a ghost reflection

Principles of Epidiascope:
No slide is required for this purpose. It works on the principle of horizontal straight line projections
with a lamp, plane mirror and projection lens. A strong light from the lamp falls on the opaque
object. A plane mirror placed at an angle of 45 degree over the projects reflects the light so that it
passes through the projection lens forming a magnified image on the screen.

Uses of Epidiascope: Epidiascope can play an important role in the teaching and learning of
various educational subjects in the following manner-
 Various slides related to the subject material can be easily shown by projecting to the screen in there
enlarged forms with the help of this device.
 The major advantage of epidiascope lies in its ability to directly project the non-transparent or
opaque objects available in their real form on the screen in an enlarged size. Consequently various
types of useful material related to teaching contents may be successfully presented for the proper
view of the entire class such material may Include-

 Graphic and pictorial materials like pictures, chart, maps, diagram, timelines, cartoons,
posters, graphs etc.
 All type of printed material
 Hand written material, drawing and sketches

Operation of episcope
 An episcope is operated in the following steps in a darkroom:
 Place the picture on the platform and close it.
 Switch on the blower or exhaust fan of the episcope.
 Switch on the bulb of the episcope.
 Slide the lens to focus the image on the screen.
  After showing and explaining about the picture, switch off the lamp.
 After a short interval switch off the blower.

Advantages of episcope
 The opaque projector has all the advantages of graphic aids as these are projected with
magnification on a screen.
 An episcope provides a method of tracing enlarged images on chart papers or
blackboard.
 There is no need of clipping pictures from book resources as they can be straight
away projected.
 Flat specimen like coins, cloth pieces, leaves, etc, can also be projected during
lessons.
 Because of possibility, of enlargement, the opaque projectors can be seen
conveniently by a large number of students.
 Software used with episcope is inexpensive.

Disadvantages of epidiascope
 It required electricity
 It is a wry bulky machine, so it is difficult to transport
 It is very expensive
 In demands total darkness of the room for clear projection.
  FILMSTRIPS
INTRODUCTION: -
A filmstrip is a continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames or pictures arranged in a sequence usually with
a specific title. In other words, filmstrips are a sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on a 35
mm film. Each strip contains between 12 and 18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a roll of a
35 mm or an 8 mm film.

USES OF FILMSTRIPS: -
 Filmstrips are basically used to present a process in a logical consistency and continuity with still pictures
so that the whole filmstrip makes a complete presentation.
 Filmstrips are used to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and point out problems.
 Filmstrips have been very commonly used for presenting the still pictures in a sequence and continuity
along with verbal or audiotape explanation to demonstrate common nursing procedures such as bed bath,
back care, crutch walking, intravenous cannulation and nasogastric tube insertion.

TYPES OF FILMSTRIPS: -
 Discussion filmstrip: It is a continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in a
sequence usually with explanatory titles.
 Sound slide films: It is similar to a filmstrip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken discussion, the
recorded explanation is audible and is synchronized with the pictures.

GUIDELINES FOR USING FILMSTRIPS: -

 Select the filmstrips carefully to meet the needs of the topic to be taught and preview them before actual
presentation.
 An appropriate and efficient congruence must be established between the filmstrip and the topic of study.
Before starting the presentation of the filmstrip, it must be appropriately introduced so that the audience is
adequately charged to receive the important message.
 The specific details and important points on the filmstrip must be focused by the presenter using a pointer.
 A part of the filmstrip may be shown again if the content needs to be stressed on or needs more specific
study.

ADVANTAGES OF FILMSTRIPS: -
 Filmstrips are compact, easy to handle and always in proper sequence.
 They can be supplemented with a recorded audiotape or verbal explanation.
  They are inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required.
 They are useful for group or individual study as the projection rate is controlled by the instructor of user.
 They are projected with a simple, lightweight equipment.

LIMITATIONS OF FILMSTRIPS: -
 Preparing the slides is a cumbersome job and requires a lot of effort.
 If the filmstrip is not supplemented with an audiotape, the verbal explanation becomes difficult to
understand, especially to the new learners.

 FILM PROJECTOR
The film or the motion picture is a powerful and valuable teaching tool that enables teachers to recreate real or
imagined events, actions, or processes that occur, have occurred, or may occur anywhere, anytime. Films
provide visual, motion, and auditory sensory experiences to students that serve as a basis for thinking,
reasoning, and problem solving. These also present a large amount of information quickly, create interest,
invoke moods, emotionalize specific learning, and develop a positive attitude, appreciation, and better social
relationships. It supplements laboratory instructions, reviews the content, and introduces a unit by presenting a
whole range of problems. Films are 8 mm, 16 mm, and 35 mm 70mm; 16 mm is the standard size of
instructional use films. Whereas 35mm and 70mm films are best used for entertainment purposes in theatres
and require special booths to operate them .Films are of different types: factual, pictorial, fictional, real drama,
training, and documentary films. These may be silent or sound motion picture films.

Film projector is a motion picture projecting instrument. Usually,

8 mm or 16 mm projectors are useful to project motion pictures. It has a feed reel arm, on which the full reel of the
film will go; a take-up reel arm, on which the empty or take-up reel will go; and a sprocket wheel that moves film
smoothly into the projector. There is a film channel between the lens and aperture and second sprocket, which holds
the film tight as it goes fast to the sound system. The optical sound system has an exciter lamp, sound drum, and
speaker. There are two guide roller, tilt knob, record button and lamp, two amplifier controls, recording level lamps,
line and lamp switches, condenser, automatic loop setter, and framers, and a lens to adjust the focus of the picture on
the screen. The film moves through a sound projector at a relatively high speed, 24 frames/second, to
project the pictures.

Teaching with films:

 Preparation: Select an appropriate film per topic and objective of teaching. Procure and read the film brochure
and watch a film before the presentation. Make necessary physical arrangements. Develop questions that may
partially answer through film.
 Film show: Discuss the objective and title of the film with the students. Make student clear about what they
would be watching and what expect from them after watching the film. Introduce them with keywords by
 listing them on the board. Show the film without interrupting in between, and ask them to note down/observe
the salient points and discuss afterward.
 After the film show: Encourage students' participation after the film show. Discuss with them relating original
questions. Take feedback and administer written or oral tests. Ask them to gather more information and assign
students to present the salient features and write a short essay on the same topic.

Advantages of films in teaching :

 Promote reality based learning by seeing and observing a particular demonstration or work in various stages e.g.
giving an injection, bandaging.
 Heighten reality by eliminating distractions and pointing out important relationships that might have been
overlooked otherwise.
 Compel attention of the viewers through motions, movements and activities.
 Enlarge or reduce the actual size of object by combining a camera and microscope to photograph objects and
actions too small to be seen by naked eyes e.g. amoeba.
 Condense time and space by omitting unnecessary material and concentrating on important aspects.
 working of a machine.

Limitations of films:
 Projecting equipment is heavy
 Darkening and electricity facilities are required
 Very costly – hardware and software both
 Has a fixed sequence, difficult to up-date
 Often seen as recreational devices
 Audience variability in relation to age, educational background and socio-cultural factors may affect its
effectiveness.

Size of films purposes

8mm films used for individual or domestic purposes

16mm films educational/entertainment

35mm films commercial/educational

70mm films commercial/ entertainment

Types of films
1. Silent films – has sprocket holes on both sides. No sound tract. This can be projected on both silent or sound film
projector
2. Sound films - has sprocket holes on one side and sound track on other. Can be projected only on sound film
projector.

Parts of the film projectors

 Feed reel
 Film gate
 Sprocket
 Take up reel and supply reel
 Focusing len
 Sound drum
 Projection lamp
 Shutter
 Photo electrical reel
  Editor lamp
 Amplifier

Steps in operating and after care

Secure suitable teaching films
Oder in advance, at least thirty days and review the film before using
Check accompanying instruction , manual and film guide
Set up the projector, have sufficient extension cord, plugs and extra projection lamp.
Check sitting arrangement , lights and ventilation
Darken the room after threading the films
Prepare students before presenting the film, explain them the objective of the films
Show the films in a smooth, professional manner
Evaluate students’ understanding of the lesson
Re-show films, if necessary
Replacement the film in a proper container and catalogue it, and also the projector after covering it.
Use films information as soon as possible.

Categories of educational films

The educational films can be classified into:

1. Entertainment films – the entertainment film aims at emotional rather than intellectual appeal. This may or may
not have educational contribution because it is designed particularly for entertainment. However, there are
entertainment films that do make contribution towards the educational objectives of the curriculum e.g. “eye of
the blind”, “woman in white “ films.
2. Advertising films – the primary purposes of these films is selling of the goods of the advertising sponsoring the
films. Recently many industrial films are also prepared in a way that they have utility in the course of studies.
3. Documentary films – the documentary films is one which deals wit a social situation. It attempts in a realistic,
undisguised and authentic manner, to interpret the events, the cultures of the problems of the day for the purposes
of assting man to understand his place in society and to stimulate thinking and planning for the future. Many
documentary films may be used for instructional purposes and are excellent teaching aids in the field of social
problems e.g. preventing of AIDS etc.
4. Text films – these films are specially prepared for integrating in a course. These may provide information, show a
process, and demonstrate a skill or any other activity. These are also called “how to do” films. Training can be
provided through these films by their proper selection and utilization.

A study conducted on Using film clips to enhance nursing education. Film clips in nursing education
provide a unique way to promote active learning. Several methods for using film clips and combining them with other
teaching strategies are discussed. Suggestions for the use of popular clips, logistical aspects of showing clips in class,
and legal issues associated with copyright are addressed. Faculty are encouraged to use this strategy to evoke
emotional responses, generate discussion, enhance clinical decision making, and provide vicarious learn
  OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
INTRODUCTION: -
The overhead projector (OHP) is mostly used in all audiovisual aids. It project transparencies with brilliant screen
images suitable for use in a lighted room The teacher can write or draw diagrams on the transparency while he
teaches, these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP.

PURPOSES OF OHP: -
 To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area.
 To make marginal notes on transparencies for the teacher's use that can carry without exposing them to the
class.
 To test student performances while other classmates observe.
 To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting colours.
 To give the illusion of motion in the transparency.

USES OF OVERHEAD PROJECTOR: -

OHP can be used:

 To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area, each component part can be presented as the
teacher senses the students' readiness for the next step.
 As a recording device for presenting minutes of a group discussion visually.
 To give illusion of motion in the transparency through the use of a special device attached to another overhead
projector. This is termed technimation.
 To show statistics and other graphs of mortality and morbidity rates of various diseases.
 To project a large number of institutional materials like diagrams, chart, maps.
 To maintain eye contact with students when teaching.

OHP TRANSPARENCIES: -
 Transparencies are a popular instructional medium. They are simple and easy to prepare and easy to operate
with the OHP which is lightweight.
 A 10 x 10-inch sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the projector and a
large image is projected on the screen.
 The projector is used from rear to the front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting beside the
projector, facing the student.

TYPES OF TRANSPARENCIES: -
 Single transparency: It can be prepared by writing on the cellophane sheets with the help of an OHP pen.
Coloured transparency can also be used in the classroom to give variety and attraction. Xeroxing from any
printed material can be made on transparencies and magnified or reduced according to requirement. Training
can be done on transparency from the original material.
 Roll transparency: Besides, single transparency, roll of transparency can be used on which writings and
pictures can be made in a sequence and can be projected on OHP in classroom while the teacher would be
explaining or narrating or demonstrating. The roll transparency can be moved backward and/or forward as
required.

GUIDELINES FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE TRANSPARENCIES: -

 Have one main idea on each transparency.
 Include only related figures and diagrams.
 Ensure that all transparencies are as simple as possible and as easy to read.
 Avoid too much information on any single transparency.
 Use a simple letter style in writing.
 Do not use all capital letters.
 Do not overcrowd the transparency with written content.
 Use diagrams in proportion to its lettering.
 Keep the message clear and simple.
 Emphasize the key messages.
 Use colour and words with discretion.
 Colour can enhance a visual but can also reduce the effectiveness of the message. Do not overuse the colours
in texts of a transparency.
 Be sure what the transparency says is immediately evident in the transparency in the form of an illustration to
enhance understanding.

POINTS TO REMEMBER DURING AN OHP PRESENTATION: -

 Keep the screen above the participants heads
 Keep the screen in full view of the participants.
 The presenter must make sure that he is not blocking anyone's view when presenting.
 Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming nearby light.
 Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two minutes.
 Talk to the audience, not to the screen.
 Switch off the bulb of the OHP when not in use to save electricity but the fan must keep running to keep the
OHP cool.
 Do not move the OHP when it is in use; it may increase the chances of losing the lamp of the OHP

ADVANTAGES OF OHP: -
 Permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling her to point out
features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at the projector itself and at the same time, to
observe the students' reactions to her discussion.
 Gains the students' attention.
 Permits face-to-face interaction with the students.
 Can be used in daylight with a slight darkening of the room.
 Can present information in systemic developmental sequences.
 Requires limited planning and can be prepared in a variety of inexpensive methods.
 Use of an OHP can be quite cheap and transparencies can be used repeatedly.
 Easily available and applicable for large group.
 Easy to operate and handle.

DISADVANTAGES OF OHP: -
  Non availability of teaching material.
 It is not possible to use outside the classroom.
 It is difficult to transport.
 Cannot be used in situations of power supply interruptions.
 Requires careful handling as OHP bulbs are very sensitive to power fluctuations.
 Preparing transparencies is a time-consuming process and requires good handwriting abilities.

CONCLUSION: -
Projected aids are pictures shown upon a screen by the use of a certain type of machines. Projected aids are
used to supplement teaching with projection of teaching material on screen. It is important to use variety of teaching
methods for students with varying preferences.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: -
1. Sodhi Jaspreet Kaur. Comprehensive Textbook of Nursing Education ;2nd edition; New Delhi. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers, 2022. Page no157-159.
2. R Pramilaa. Nursing Communication & Educational Technologies ;2nd edition; New Delhi. Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers, 2017. Page no370-371.

3. Sharma K Suresh, Sharma Reena. Communication and Educational Technology; 2nd edition. New Delhi.
ELSEVIER, 20117. Page no 330-333.

4. WWW.Epidiascope.com

5. WWW.slide projector.com