Scribd
Upload
5 views

Science

the only only one one i i know know of of the the one one i i have have a a lot lot more more to to learn learn about about the the world world than than i i know know of of any

Uploaded by

Xharmei Therese
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Science

the only only one one i i know know of of the the one one i i have have a a lot lot more more to to learn learn about about the the world world than than i i know know of of any

Uploaded by

Xharmei Therese
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

SCIENCE REVIEWER 1ST QUARTER ˚˖ ✧ ˚.

(BASED ON THE POINTERS)

Types of Plate Boundaries

 Convergent boundaries: Occur when two plates collide.


o Ocean-continental convergence: Denser oceanic plate subducts beneath the less
dense continental plate, forming deep ocean trenches and volcanic arcs.
 Example: The Andes Mountains in South America, formed by the
subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate.
o Ocean-ocean convergence: The older, denser plate subducts beneath the
younger, less dense plate, creating volcanic island arcs.
 Example: The Japanese archipelago, formed by the subduction of the
Pacific Plate beneath the Philippine Plate.
o Continental-continental convergence: Neither plate subducts, leading to the
formation of towering mountain ranges.
 Example: The Himalayas, formed by the collision of the Indian Plate and
the Eurasian Plate.
 Divergent boundaries: Occur when two plates move away from each other.
o Seafloor spreading: Magma rises from the mantle, cools, and solidifies, creating
new oceanic crust.
 Example: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the North American and
Eurasian plates are diverging.
o Mid-ocean ridges: Elevated areas where new oceanic crust is formed.
 Example: The East Pacific Rise, where the Pacific Plate and the Nazca
Plate are diverging.
 Transform boundaries: Occur when two plates slide past each other horizontally.
o Earthquakes are common along these boundaries.
 Example: The San Andreas Fault in California, where the North American
Plate and the Pacific Plate are sliding past each other.

Hotspots

 Hotspots: Areas of volcanic activity that are not located at plate boundaries.
 They are caused by plumes of hot magma rising from deep within the mantle.
 Examples include Hawaii and Yellowstone National Park.

Ring of Fire

 Ring of Fire: A horseshoe-shaped region around the Pacific Ocean.


 Characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity.
 Due to the presence of numerous convergent and transform plate boundaries.

Situational Events and Analysis

 Analysis of specific events: Examine historical earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and


other geological events to understand the impacts of plate tectonics.
o For example, analyze the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan to
understand the consequences of a major earthquake in a densely populated area.
 Case studies: Analyze specific examples to illustrate the concepts and processes
involved in plate tectonics.
o For example, study the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 to understand the
effects of a volcanic eruption on the surrounding environment.

Plate Tectonic Theory and Continental Drift Theory

 Plate tectonic theory: The theory that the Earth's outer layer is divided into large, rigid
plates that move over the mantle.
 Continental drift theory: The earlier theory that continents have moved over time.
 Wegener's evidence: Alfred Wegener's evidence for continental drift included the fit of
continents, fossil distribution, geological similarities, and glacial deposits.

Layers of the Earth

 Crust: The outermost layer, divided into continental and oceanic crust.
o Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.
 Mantle: The thickest layer, divided into the upper mantle and lower mantle.
o The upper mantle is partially molten and is responsible for plate movement.
 Outer core: Liquid layer composed primarily of iron and nickel.
 Inner core: Solid layer composed primarily of iron and nickel.

Convection Current and Convection Cell

 Convection current: The movement of material caused by differences in temperature


and density.
 Convection cell: A circular pattern of convection current.
 Convection currents in the mantle drive plate movement.

Earth's Mechanism

 Convergence, divergence, and transform boundaries: The three main types of plate
boundaries.
 Seafloor spreading: The process by which new oceanic crust is created at divergent
boundaries.
 Subduction: The process by which one plate sinks beneath another at a convergent
boundary.

How Plates Move

 Convection currents in the mantle: The primary driving force behind plate movement.
 Ridge push: The force exerted by the creation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges.
 Slab pull: The force exerted by the subduction of dense oceanic crust.

Evidences of Plate and Continental Theory

 Fossil evidence: The distribution of fossils across continents supports the idea of
continental drift.
o For example, the discovery of similar fossil species on different continents, such
as fossils of the dinosaur Mesosaurus in South America and Africa, suggests that
these continents were once connected.
 Geological evidence: Similar rock formations and mountain ranges found on different
continents suggest they were once connected.
o For example, the Appalachian Mountains in North America and the Caledonian
Mountains in Europe share similar geological features, suggesting they were once
part of the same landmass.
 Paleomagnetic evidence: The orientation of magnetic minerals in rocks provides
evidence for plate movement.
o By studying the magnetic polarity of rocks of different ages, scientists can
determine the location of continents at different times in the past.

Rock Formation Evidence, Driving Force Behind Rock Cycle

 Rock cycle: The continuous process of rock formation, alteration, and destruction.
 Driving force: The internal heat of the Earth and external forces like weathering and
erosion.
 Types of rock: Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Triangulation Method

 Triangulation: A method used to determine the location of an earthquake's epicenter by


measuring the arrival times of seismic waves at different stations.

Epicenter, Hypocenter, and Etc

 Epicenter: The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
 Hypocenter: The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates.
 Magnitude: A measure of the size of an earthquake.
 Intensity: A measure of the shaking caused by an earthquake.
Mountain Ranges

 Formation: Mountain ranges are formed by plate collisions, volcanic activity, and
erosion.
 Types of mountain ranges: Fold mountains, block mountains, and volcanic mountains.

Geological Features of Plate Collisions and Divergence

 Convergent boundaries: Mountain ranges, volcanic arcs, and deep ocean trenches.
 Divergent boundaries: Mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.

Type of Rock When Magma Cools Down

 Igneous rock: Formed when magma cools and solidifies.


o Intrusive igneous rock: Forms when magma cools slowly beneath the Earth's
surface.
o Extrusive igneous rock: Forms when magma cools quickly at the Earth's surface.

Asthenosphere

 Asthenosphere: The partially molten layer of the upper mantle.


 It is responsible for plate movement.

Two Scientists Who Prepared Seafloor Spreading

 Harry Hess: Proposed the theory of seafloor spreading.


 Robert Dietz: Provided additional evidence and support for seafloor spreading.

Internal Structure of the Earth

 Crust: The outermost layer.


 Mantle: The thickest layer.
 Core: The innermost layer.

Analysis of Seismic Waves

 Seismic waves: Vibrations that travel through the Earth.


 Types of seismic waves: P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves.
 Analysis: Seismic waves are used to study the Earth's interior structure and to locate
earthquakes.

Driving Force of Seismic Waves

 Energy released during an earthquake: The driving force behind seismic waves.

You might also like