Internet of “Things”:

The paradigm shift

DR. ARKA PROKASH MAZUMDAR
MNIT JAIPUR
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Internet of Things
COURSE
21CST820 OVERVIEW
(Previously CST-748)

(3-0-0)
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Course Outline

 Introduction: Internet of Things and Connected Products, IoT paradigm,

Smart objects, Goal orientation, Convergence of technologies; Business
Aspects of the Internet of Things.
 Internet and “Things”: Layers, Protocols, Packets, Services, Performance
parameters of a packet network and applications: Web, Peer-to-peer,
Sensor networks, and Multimedia.
 Hardware and Software: Hardware components, Microcontrollers and
Software; Operating Systems.
 Protocols and Platforms: IoT Communication Protocols, Transport Protocols,
Application Protocols; Cloud computing for IoT.
 Services and Attributes: Data creation, Data gathering and Data
dependency; Robustness, Scaling, Privacy, Security, Trust.
 Application: Implications for the society, IoT case study.
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Books

1. The Internet of Things: Key Applications and

Protocols, David Boswarthick, Olivier Hersent,
and Omar Elloumi, Wiley.
2. Building the Internet of Things with IPv6 and
MIPv6, Daniel Minoli, Wiley.
3. Introduction to Internet of Things with IPv6
and MIPv6, S Misra, A Mukherjee, A Roy,
Cambridge.
4. Latest research articles.
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Grading Scheme (Absolute
Grading)

 Mid-term: 30%

 End-term: 50%

 Assignments, Projects, Attendance: 20%

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Internet of
Things
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Outline

 Introduction
 Evolution of IoT
 Properties
 IoT Architecture
 The Roadmap
 Applications
 Challenges
 Take-away
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Introduction

 Internet of “Things”
 Internet of “Everything”
 Web of “Things”

 Internet of Things (IoT) is an

1. Environment that provides interconnection
2. Uniquely identifiable devices (objects)
3. Without Human intervention.
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Industrial revolution

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

1760s 1870s 1960s NOW
Steam engine Electricity Computers Hyper-connectivity
Mechanization Mass production Automation
Internet
 The Previous Scenario 10

 Technology/Application centric network

Image courtesy: venturebeat.com
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The Paradigm Shift

 Variety of
sensors
available

Image courtesy: venturebeat.com

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The Paradigm Shift (Contd.)

 “Things” are connected

 Daily-life devices
 Public infrastructure
 Healthcare

Image courtesy: venturebeat.com

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“Things”

 Physical Object
 Computing H/W + S/W + Sensors + Network
 Degree of Smartness
 Autonomous Behavior
 Decision Making
 Adaptive
 Ensure
 Trust, Privacy, Security
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The Paradigm Shift (Contd.)

 People are getting Connected to Internet

Image courtesy: venturebeat.com

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The Paradigm Shift (Contd.)

 “Things” communicating with

other “Things”
 Through Internet
 M2M communication

Image courtesy: venturebeat.com

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The Internet

 Global computer network

 Provides a variety of
information and
communication facilities
 Interconnected networks
 Heterogeneous &
Complex Network
 Heterogeneous &
Complex Data
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The Paradigm Shift (Contd.)

 The final ingredient

 Application-centric to
Human centric
 Move focus from Application/
Technology to the People
 Technology dissolves under the
Services to the end-user
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The Final Picture

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Outline

 Introduction
 Evolution of IoT
 Properties
 IoT Architecture
 The RoadMap
 Applications
 Challenges
 Take-away
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History

 1997, “The Internet of Things” entry in ITU Internet Reports

 Under the title “Challenges to the Network”.

 1999, Auto-ID Center founded in MIT

 2003, EPC Global founded in MIT
 2005, important technologies of the internet of things was
proposed in WSIS conference.
 2008, First international conference of internet of things: The IOT
2008 was held at Zurich.
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Evolution of IoT
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Where it all started

 1968 - DARPA creates ARPAnet

 1970 - First implementation with five nodes
 1974 - TCP protocol (Vincent Cerf)
 1984 - Internet adopts TCP/IP

 Is Internet the WEB?

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Protocol stack
look back

 Military technology
 Protocols are glued
together by TCP/IP

 What happened to
OSI model?
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Protocol StacK

Application Application
Layer
•HTTP/FTP/SMTP/etc. Layer • CoAP

Transport Transport
Layer
•TCP/UDP Layer • UDP

Network Network
Layer
•IPv4/IPv6 Layer • 6LoWPAN

•802.3-Ethernet/
Link Layer
802.11-Wireless Lan
Link Layer • 802.15/802.15e

Internet Protocol Suite IP Smart Object Protocol Suite

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The Service Layer
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Full Protocol Stack
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Protocol Stack - Possibilities
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Protocol Stack - Relationships
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“Things” - revisited

 2002 - Agenda for “low-cost” network peripheral

 Microcontrollers
 Communicate through - Bluetooth/low-cost Ethernet
 Adoption of TCP/IP stack??

 Aspects
 ROM and RAM usage?
 Stack type?
 Single/ Multi-tasking?
 Portability?
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“Things” - revisited

 Unique identification of each device?

 IPv4 is exhausted
 Need IPv6 support

 Handling heterogeneity of networks

 gateway

 Compatibility with existing Internet

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IP for constrained devices

 IPSO
 The IP for Smart Object alliance
 Marketing effort

 Contiki - μIPv6
 Joint project between Cisco, SICS, and Atmel
 The smallest, open-source, IPv6 Ready stack
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μIPv6 Stack – Over-view

 Open-source
 Released in October, now part of Contiki 2.2.2
 Available for commercial and non-commercial use
 Small footprint
3 addresses, 3 prefixes, 4
 Code size ≈ 11.5 KB neighbors, 2 routers + a
1280 packet buffer
 RAM usage ≈ 0.2+1.6 =1.8KB
 Fit on the most constrained platforms
 Certified
 IPv6 Ready Phase-1 Logo
 - Interoperable with stacks of all main vendors
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μIPv6 Stack – Design

μIPv6
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Observations to consider

 Fragmentation
 Per Neighbors Buffering

 Avoid large packets – ICMP errors

 Neighbour cache updates

 Options and extension headers processing
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Cloud

 1960 - First
conceptualized.
 Provide services (virtualized)
 Storage
 System
 Platform
 Infrastructure

 Moved data outside a

system
 Old concept - Thin Client
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The Gartner hype-cycle

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The hype-cycle
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See You
Next Day!!!
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Outline

 Introduction
 Evolution of IoT
 Properties
 IoT Architecture
 The Roadmap
 Applications
 Challenges
 Take-away
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Why IoT

 Dynamic control of industry and daily life

 Improve the resource utilization ratio
 Forming an intellectual entity by integrating human
society and physical systems
 Flexible configuration
 Universal transport & internetworking
 Accessibility & Usability
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Visions

Image courtesy: [4]

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Technological Perspective

Integration of:

 Different technologies
 Sensor and Actor Networks, RFID etc.

 Identification and tracking technology

 Enhanced communication protocol
 Distributed intelligence of smart objects
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Technological Progress
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 Heterogeneity
 Manage different
devices/technologies
/services/environments
Properties  Scalability
of IoT  Capability of the system to
System handle a growing size of data /
operations / network
(1)  Cost minimization
 Optimization of costs for
Development / Maintenance /
Energy consumption
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 Self-*
 Self-configuration,
 Self-maintenance,
 Self-organization,

Properties  Self-adaption,

of IoT  Self-stimuli
Flexibility
System 

Dynamic configuration/
(2)

reprogramming
 QoS
 Secure environment
 Robustness to Attacks/Authentication/
Integrity/Confidentiality/Privacy/Trust
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See You Next

Day!!!
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Outline

 Introduction
 Evolution of IoT
 Properties
 IoT Architecture
 The Roadmap
 Applications
 Challenges
 Take-away
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Basic IoT Structure

IMAGE COURTESY: KNOESIS.ORG

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Architectures

Source: [8]
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Technologies
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Components Outline

 Hardware
 Communication
 Backbone
 Protocols
 Software
 Data Brokers/Cloud Platforms
 Machine Learning
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Hardware

 Sensors
 Measurement of physical parameters
 E.g., Biosensors, Image sensors, Thermal sensors
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Hardware

 Wireless SoC
 Self-contained, RF certified
 TCP, UDP and IP on-chip
 E.g. GainSpan, Wiznet
 Prototyping boards
 Arduino
 Raspberry Pi
 BeagleBone Black
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Communication
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Communication

 RFID
 Tags or labels attached to the objects to be identified
 Transmitter-receivers (readers) send a signal to the tag
and read its response
 can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive
 EnOcean
 Energy harvesting wireless technology
 Used in Automation, Industry, Logistics, Smart home
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Communication

 NFC
 Set of short-range wireless techs
 Typical distance of 10 cm or less
 Initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a
passive target.

 Bluetooth
 WiFi (802.11)
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Communication

 Weightless
 Low-Power Wide-Area-Network
 Exchange data between base station and thousands of
machines
 Range: Upto 10KM
 LoRaWAN
 Others
 GSM
 3G/4G LTE
 WiMax
 QR Code/ Barcode
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Communication Features

 Different underlying networks:

 abstraction of the different underlying networks
 e.g., wired, wireless, cellular
 support for different communication modes
 e.g., access point-based, p2p fashion
 Addressing modes:
 support of any cast/unicast/multicast/broadcast transmissions
 dynamic replacing of broadcast with multicast/anycast to reduce
network load
 Massive device transmission:
 handling simultaneous or nearly simultaneous transmissions from huge
number of devices (i.e., efficient MAC protocols)
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Communication Features

 High reliability:
 guarantee of connectivity/reliable transmissions based on different
solutions
 e.g., link adaptation protocols, modulation/coding schemes, multi-path
establishment
 Enhanced access priority:
 management of priority levels of services and communications services
 e.g., preemption Mechanisms
 Path Selection:
 optimization of communication paths based on different policies
 e.g., network cost, delay, transmission failures
 dynamic metric selection
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Communication Features

 Mobility:
 seamless roaming and mobility
 communication management towards stationary and low-mobile
devices

 Sleeping Device:
 managing communication towards sleeping devices.

 Low power consumption:

 include mechanisms for reducing energy consumption
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Communication Features

 Notification and interaction:

 functions for supporting data acknowledgment, failure notifications,
and interaction mode

 Traffic Profile:
 management of data traffic with different traffic profiles
 e.g., continuous transmissions, long periods between two data
transmissions, small amount of transmitted data, burst of data,
bidirectional/unidirectional transmissions
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Backbone

 IPv6
 uses a 128-bit address
 more than 7.9×1028 times of IPv4

 6LoWPAN
 Encapsulation and Header compression mechanisms
 IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE
802.15.4

 μIPv6 (Contiki) & IPSO

 UDP and TCP
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Protocols

 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

 application layer protocol
 use in resource-constrained internet devices, eg. WSN

 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

 open message protocol for M2M
 transfer of telemetry-style data
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Protocols

 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

 Open technology for real-time communication
 Supports applications including instant messaging,
presence, multi-party chat, voice and video calls,
collaboration, lightweight middleware etc.

 Representational State Transfer (REST)

 Software architecture for distributed systems
 High-performance and maintainable architecture
 Mostly communicates over HTTP
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Software

 Riot OS
 OS for built IoT
 Based on a microkernel
 Energy efficient, hardware independent
development, high degree of modularity

 ThingSquare Mist
 Open source firmware
 Exceptionally lightweight, battle-proven,
and works with multiple microcontrollers
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Software

 Contiki
 Open source operating system for networked, memory-
constrained systems
 Focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things devices
 uIP TCP/IP stack, uIPv6 stack, RIME stack
 uIPv6, contributed by Cisco, one of the smallest
implementation

 FreeRTOS
 TinyOS
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Semantics

 Resource Description Framework (RDF)

 Standard model for data interchange on the Web
 Semantic Web (W3C)
 Web Ontology Language (OWL)
 Semantic Web language (W3C) designed to represent rich and complex
knowledge about
 Things
 Groups of things,
 Relations between things
 Efficient XML Interchange (EXI)
 Binary XML format
 Exchange of data on a computer network
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Cloud Services

 EVRYTHNG

 Open Sen.se

 Pachube (Xively)
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Machine Intelligence

 GROK Engine
 Complex pattern detection
 Automated modeling
 Adaptive learning
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The Whole Picture

Image courtesy: altera.com

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Outline

 Introduction
 Evolution of IoT
 Properties
 IoT Architecture
 The Roadmap
 Applications
 Challenges
 Take-away
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Technology Roadmap
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Outline

 Introduction
 Evolution of IoT
 Properties
 IoT Architecture
 The Roadmap
 Applications
 Challenges
 Take-away
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Applications of IoT
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Applications

 Management
 Retail
 Food
 Education
 Pharmaceuticals
 Security
 Transport and Logistics
 Smart Cities
 Smart Manufacturing
 Daily life and domotics
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Management

 Data Management
 Waste Management
 Urban Planning
 Production Management
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Retail

 Intelligent Shopping
 Bar Code in Retail
 Electronic Tags
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Pharmaceuticals

 Intelligent tags for drugs

 Drug usage tracking
 Enable the emergency
treatment to be given faster
and more correct
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Food

 Control geographical origin

 Food production management
 Nutrition calculations
 Prevent overproduction and shortage
 Control food quality, health and safety.
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Transportation

ContainerSafe
 Reduction in street and highway
road congestion
 Facilitate parking space selection
 Reduce vehicle emissions and
fuel consumption
 Reduce accident
 Highway system road and
bridges aging
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Smart City
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Outline

 Introduction
 Evolution of IoT
 Properties
 IoT Architecture
 The Roadmap
 Applications
 Challenges
 Take-away
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Challenges

 Scaling
 Addressing and Naming
 Architectural Dependencies
 Robustness
 Openness
 Mobility Support
 Transport Protocol
 M2M Communication
 Power Consumption
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Challenges

 Standards
 Traffic Characterization and QoS support
 Security
 Digital Forgetting
 Bandwidth
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Addressing and Naming

 Addressing
 IPv6 addressing scheme to identify billion of objects.
 IPv6 addresses are expressed by means of 128 bits
 whereas RFID tags use 64–96 bit identifiers, as standardized by
EPCglobal.

 How to enable the addressing of RFID tags into IPv6

networks?
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Addressing and Naming

Encapsulation of RFID message into an IPv6 packet.

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Mobility Support

 There are several proposals for object addressing

 but none for mobility support in the IoT scenario.
 Scalability and Adaptability to heterogeneous
technologies
 represent crucial problems in mobile scenario.
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M2M Communication

The High-level ETSI M2M Reference Architecture.

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M2M Communication

 End-to-end Reliability
 Connection setup and congestion control mechanisms may fail
 Require excessive buffering to be implemented in objects.
 TCP cannot be used efficiently for the end-to-end transmission
control in the IoT.

 Routing:
 Objects are resource-constrained devices
 The routing protocol must operate in very large networks
 Suffer low data rates, frequent packet losses and time-varying
channel conditions.
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Standards

 EPCglobal
 6LoWPAN
 NFC
 ZigBee
 M2M
 There are several standardization efforts but they
are not integrated in a comprehensive framework.
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QoS Support and traffic

 Data traffic with patterns

 expected to be significantly different from those
observed in the current Internet.

 Necessary to define new QoS requirements and

support schemes
 Maintain reliable communication between the
objects.
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Security

 The IoT is extremely vulnerable to attacks for several

reasons.
 First, often its components spend most of the time
unattended
 it is easy to physically attack them.

 Second, most of the communications are wireless

 makes eavesdropping extremely simple.

 Finally, most of the IoT components are characterized by

low capabilities
 they cannot implement complex schemes supporting security
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Digital Forgetting

 All the information collected about a person by the

IoT may be retained indefinitely as the cost of
 User Privacy
 Increase storage usage

 Data mining techniques can be used to easily

retrieve
 any information even after several years
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Power Consumption

 Thousands of IoT devices signaling and sending data

between one another
 takes a toll on power and CPU consumption.

 Need
 minimal battery drain
 low power consumption

 Not affordable to misuse small and expensive

embedded energy.
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Bandwidth

 Bandwidth is expensive
 Thousands of IoT devices on a network send
request/response signals to each other
 Require a large-scale server farm handling all this
data

 We need a lightweight network

 that can seamlessly transfer data between devices
and servers
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Outline

 Introduction
 Evolution of IoT
 Properties
 IoT Architecture
 The Roadmap
 Applications
 Challenges
 Take-away
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Take away

 IoT Paradigm
 Motivation
 Technologies involved in IoT
 Integration of the Technologies
 Applications
 Challenges
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References

1. J. Hendler, “Web 3.0 Emerging,” Computer, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 111-113, 2009.
2. http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-history.
3. J. Tan and S. G. M. Koo, “A Survey of Technologies in Internet of Things,” in IEEE
International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS),
2014, pp. 269-274.
4. L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito,“The internet of things: A survey,” Computer
Networks, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 2787-2805, June 2010.
5. M. R. Palattella, N. Accettura, X. Vilajosana, T. Watteyne, L. A. Grieco, G.
Boggia, and M. Dohler, “Standardized Protocol Stack for the Internet of Things,”
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 15,no. 3, pp. 1389-1406, 2013.
6. P. Mell and T. Grance, “The NIST definition of cloud computing,” 2011.
7. B. B. P. Rao, P. Saluia, N. Sharma, A. Mittal, and S. V. Sharma, “Cloud computing
for Internet of Things & sensing based applications,” in 6th International
Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), 2012, pp. 374-380.
8. Paula Fraga-Lamas, Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés, Manuel Suárez-Albela, Luis
Castedo and Miguel González-López, “A Review on Internet of Things for
Defense and Public Safety”, in Sensors, Vol. 16, No. 10, 2016.
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See You Next

Day!!!