1

Week 2 class
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4th Chart; The temperatures

Temperatures Fahrenheit °F Celsius °C “Centigrade”

Fahrenheit to Celsius 50 10
59
(t°F-32)/(1.8)= t°C 15
68 20
Celsius to Fahrenheit
(t°C x (1.8))+32= t°F 32 0
104 40

Or {t°C x (9/5)}+32= t°F 212 100

The Odd one!!! -40 -40

 Between friends 3

My cheat number;

OK, so can I fudge that 1.8 is equal to {2- 10% which is 0.2}
Therefore: 40°C will be calculated as such:
40x2=80 – 8= 72 +32 =104°F .

Here is another one:

100x2=200 – 20=180 +32=212°F. Neat eh? Try it. Super easy.

No, could not cheat for the other way, sorry!!! “0.55555555 or Multiply times
5 then divide by 10 -10%..... Too convoluted. So no use”
 4
5th Chart, the Pressure
Based on the famous hydraulic
laws of Pascal and others, the
pressure is normally presented by
the following equation:
F=PxA
Where F is the acting force
P is the pressure
A is the area
As you can see, all we talked about
so far is connected one to another
to help us in the design
maintenance and repairs of all
items of life, and our Rail system is
no different. Math and Physics and
Chemistry are Rail!!!!!
 5

“
So, let us try some examples.

”
Linear measurement and conversions.
 6

“ Ratios and Proportions

”
 7
The Ratios
Ratios present a simple
comparison between at
least same 2 elements.
The Subway line 1 have  Here how ratios can be used:
normally 8 cars with 2
motive cars at the front  2:8, or 2/8, or ¼ Motive power
and the back.  6:8, or 6/8, or ¾ are rail vehicles

16 line one rail subs are  16:32, or 16/32 or ½ are line 1 or

assigned to line 1 and line 2 cars
another 16 are assigned
 50% of all cars are assigned to
to line 2
one line.
Proportion present a simple 8
comparison between 2  In both examples, the elements are
ratios of different elements different, the quarter vs the dime, then
the medium vs the large pizza.

 The proportion is the same, 5(1/10) is

5 dimes to a Dollar are proportional to 2(1/4), they both equal
proportional to 2 quarters to ½. It can be written 5/10::2/4 or even
5/10=2/4

2 slices of a medium pizza  The proportion here is also the same,

2(1/8) vs 3(1/12) which is equal to ¼. So
are proportional to 3 slices
2/8::3/12 or even 2/8=3/12=1/4!!!! Odd
of a large pizza.
looking?
 9
Fractions
• The fraction, in simple language, is a description of a part
of a whole; the ratio we just talked about!!
• A slice of a pizza,
• A portion of a drink,
• A quarter, or a half or a 7/8 of an inch
• A percentage of a number…

• It is used in a huge amount of daily needs to describe

smaller portions of a dimension
• 1 Slice of a Pizza,
 10
Fractions
• In manufacturing industries, lots of measurements are
expressed in fractions a/b
• The upper number “a” is called numerator
• The lower number “b” is called denominator
• Mathematically, fractions are converted to decimals
• Like decimals, they can be added, subtracted, divided
and multiplied by either another fractions or decimals
• The use of fraction is very common in the SAE system,
and the decimals are commonly used in SI and
European systems
Some examples: 11

• Our denominator is 6, we divided the whole into 6

equal pieces and took, what is needed
• In this presentation, a whole can be divided by
many denominators

• Through proportion, one can see the repeated

similarities, different denominators, same ratios:
½ = 2x ¼ = 3x 1/6 = 4x 1/8
Fractions operations 12
1- Multiplications

 Multiplication is the easier way to

understand fractions operations.
 In multiplications, numerators are
multiplied by each other. The result will be
the new numerator of the final answer
 Denominators are also multiplied by each
other, and the result will be the new
denominator of the final answer.
 The final answer could be simplified to its
easiest ratio and Voilà, the solution is clear
 It is best practice to simplify fractions to
their smallest ratios.
 13
Multiplication Examples

 7/11 X 2 ¾
 ¾ x 6/16  In such case, we can multiply directly by the
integer 1st, then the fraction or convert the
 Num. multiplication: 3x6 = 18 integer into fraction then multiply, which is what
 Denom. multiplication: 4x16=64 we will do.
 Initial result: 18/64
 Simplify: 9/32, which is the final result  2 ¾ equals (2x4 + 3)/4 = 11/4
 Num. multi 7x11 = 77
 Den multi 11x4= 44
 Result 77/44
 Simplify 1 33/44, the final answer is 1 ¾.
 Fractions division is the next easier way to
understand in fractions operations.
14
In divisions, we convert the operation from divide to

½:¾ multiply
Then we , invert/flip the next term, then perform the
fraction multiplication
Will become
and Voilà, the solution is clear.

½ x 4/3 =4/6 Q & A: can we flip the 1st term and make the
multiplication?

or 2/3. Simple answer:

No!

2- Fractions divisions
 15

2- Fractions divisions
Examples
 Fractions operations 16
3- Additions and subtractions

3 + 5_ =  Fractions additions and subtractions

7 3 requires a bit of math knowledge.

Common denominator for 3 and 7 is 21  The first step is to establish a common

denominator for both fractions
Therefore, 3 becomes 9
 Next is to keep the ratio of the numerators
7 21
and 5 becomes 35 by multiplying each individually with the
3 21 factor that allowed the common
denominator
The new formula is now 9 + 35 = 44 = 2 2  Lastly, express the calculations, simplify
21 21 21 21 and Voilà!
 Fractions operations 17
3- Additions and subtractions

4 - 7_ =  Fractions additions and subtractions

9 5 requires a bit of math knowledge.
Common denominator for 9 and 5 is 45  The first step is to establish a common
denominator for both fractions
Therefore, 4 becomes 20
9 45  Next is to keep the ratio of the numerators
and 7 becomes 63 by multiplying each individually with the
5 45 factor that allowed the common
denominator
The new formula is now 20 - 63 = - 43  Lastly, express the calculations, simplify
45 45 45 and Voilà!
 Yes, a fraction can be negative too!
 18
Decimals mathematics

• Decimal math is the easiest math and the same used on most
digital calculators today
• All numbers are assigned to a location: unit, 10x, and 100x then
repeats infinitely
• 123,456,789.
• The 456 are unit, tens, hundreds but in the 1000s range.
• The 123 are unit, tens, hundreds but in the Million range and so on
• Mathematical functions apply
 Decimals mathematics 19

1- Addition
• In the addition function, units are first handled, then tens then
hundreds then units in the thousand range…
• Each operation is the result of the same units added together, PLUS,
the add-on from the unit before. Example:

• 6758 + 149 Proper arrangement will help

• 6,758 adding the 8 to the 9 in units, results in 17, but the column
• + 149 is allocated to units only, so we put the 7 in the units, then
• 6,907 add the 1 of 10 to the order of tens, and so forth.
 Decimals mathematics 20

2- Subtraction
• Each operation is the result of the same units removed from the one
above in the same allocation. When a number is larger than the above
number, then a unit from the next location, as a 10, and added to the
current which will allow the operation to be executed. Example:

• 6758 - 149 Proper arrangement will help

• 4
• 6,758 Removing 9 from 8 is not possible, converting 1 from the 5,
- 149 renders the 5 to 4, but increases the 8 to 18. Then the 9 can
be deducted from the 18 now, and resulting in 9.
• 6,609 and so forth. OR, adding 1 to the subtracted number
 Decimals mathematics 21

3-multipliction
• Multiplication of decimals is nothing more than
applying multiplication tables for every two numbers.
Then laying them down in the unity, tens, hundreds
location. The outcome of one multiplier will create a
line in the results area. After all lines are executed, all
these numbers are added to provide the final number.
 Decimals mathematics 22

• Example: 3-multipliction
• 235 x 52 244 x 123

Arranging 244
235 x 123
x 52 732
470 +488•
+1175• “a • or a 0” +244•• “• or 0”
=12220 =30012
 Decimals mathematics 23

4-Division
• Decimals’ division is the inverse of multiplication. In
case where 2 digits are divided by one, the solution
normally is within the multiplication table.
• For 3 numbers or more, the division is designed to have
the largest factor on each step of the division.
• Example will explain better the theory.
 Decimals mathematics 24

• Example: 4-Division
• 234/12 234 12 23412 234 12 234 12
11 1 114 19 114 19.5
60
00
 25
The percentages
 In Simple terms, the percentage is ratio of a number
compared to 100. That is why it is called percent.
“French word 100 cent.” It is denoted %
 So half the population in our class currently are
sitting; which represents ½.
 To make the denominator equal a 100, we multiply
both terms by 50. The result will be 50/100 or simply
50%
 26
The percentages

 Any ratio can be expressed as percent:

 7/8 = 87.50 %
 3 /4 = 75.00 %
 if the ratio is a bit complicated, then we use the fraction
multiplication
 7/11= ? %
 _7_= _x_ then x =7x100 , then X = 63.6363 %
 11 100 11
 27
The percentages

 Any ratio can be expressed as percentage:

 In the SI unit, any fraction of a number can be a percentage

 0.23456 = 23.456%
 It can also be a but it is really rarely used, “financial reports”
 234.56‰
 28

Mass or weight?
 Mass is the amount of a matter in a  Weight is a Mass that is subjected to the
volume earth gravitation force, F=mg
 One kg of Gold is the amount of gold  The weight of 1 kg of Gold is equal to the
contained in a volume it occupies mass x g “9.82m/s2” Called Newton
 Mass does not change by location or  Based on location, weight changes, the
altitude higher we go the less we weight, A 200
 In SI system the unit is the kilogram ”kg” kg mass, weighs 2000N on earth, or
321.43N. On the moon it is 33.03kg, neat,
 In the SAE system it is the “slug” not the eh? We can eat more & weigh less
commonly used lb
 In SAE the lb is the force unit, though
 1 kg is 2.2026 lb faultily confused with the mass unit “slug”
 29
Measurements
When measuring an item, before or after carrying out
any process on it, a thorough knowledge of the
measurement techniques and understanding must be
present:
• Dimensions √ we talked at length about them
• Units √ we talked at length about them
• Tolerances, From next slide
• Measuring devices, we will talk about them later
• Accept or reject the final product,
 30

Tolerances

Definition:

The permissible variations off a base measurement

that would still allow an item to work as if it was the
item with correct measurement.
Tolerances of a work piece are normally very small
and can be over {+} or below {-} the base.
 3131

Tolerance example
Despite the large tolerance seen 3232
in this part, the part will still fit in
the engine as designed.
The overall length is increased
by almost 2 mm or 0.2% of the
original part length.
Most measurements show ± tolerances.

Tolerance example
Another example of Tolerance. 33
The rings gaps though very small, 33
Due to many reasons, must
allow tolerances.
What are the most reasons of/for
Tolerances?
• Heat and expansions considerations
• Design matters “Factor of Safety”
• Manufacturing inconsistencies, etc…

Tolerance example