PANCHSHEEL PUBLIC SCHOOL

PHYSICS
INVESTEGATORY
PROJECT
ON
Dependance on angle of deviation on the
angle of incidence using a hollow
prism filled with different transparent fluids

SUBMITTED BY : SUBMITTED TO :

Aditya Kumar Mr Manoj Berman

SIGN OF SUBJECT TEACHER SIGN OF EXAMINER SIGN OF PRINCIPAL

 INDEX

S.NO

1. Project title 1

2. Certificate 3

3. Acknowledgement 4

4. Introduction 5

5. Experiment 10

6. Result 15

7. Bibliography 18
PANCHSHEEL PUBLIC SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aditya kumar , a student of class XII
has successfully completed the research on the project
based on dependance on angle of deviation on the angle
of incidence using a hollow prism filled with different
transparent fluids under the guidance of Mr. Manoj
Berman subject teacher during year 2024-2025 in partial
fullfillment of informatics practices practical examnination
conducted by AISSCE , New Delhi

Name of the internal Name of the

internal Examiner Examiner

Signature Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully ,

many people have best owned upon me their blessings

and the heart pledge support , this time I am utilizing

to thank all the people who have been concerned with

this project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete

this project with success. Then I would like to thank

our principal, Miss Bharti and my physics teacher Mr

Manoj Berman , whose valuable guidance

has been the once that helped me patch this project

and make it full proof success

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who

have helped me with their valuable suggestions and

guidance has been very helpful in various phases of

the completion of the project

 INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with

flat, polished surfaces that refract light. The exact

angles between the surfaces depend on the

application. The traditional geometrical shape is that

of a triangular prism with a triangular base and

rectangular sides, and in colloquial use "prism" usually

refers to this type.

Some types of optical prisms are not in fact in the

shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from

any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for

which they are designed. Typical materials include

glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to

break light up into its constituent spectral colours

(the
colours of the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to

reflect light, or to split light into components with

different polarizations
 THEORY
Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to

another (for example, from air into the glass of the

prism). This speed change causes the light to be

refracted and to enter the new medium at a

different angle (Huygens principle).

The degree of bending of the light's path depends on the

angle that the incident beam of light makes with the

surface, and on the ratio

between the refractive indices of the two media (Snell's

law).

The refractive index of many materials (such as glass)

varies with the wavelength or colour of the light used, a

phenomenon known

as dispersion .This causes light of different colours to

be refracted differently and to leave the prism at

different angles, creating an effect similar to a

rainbow. This can be used to separate a beam of white

light into its constituent spectrum of colours.

Prisms will generally disperse light over a much larger

frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making

them useful for broad- spectrum spectroscopy.

Furthermore, prisms do not suffer from complications

arising from overlapping spectral orders, which all

gratings have. Prisms are sometimes used for the

internal reflection at the surfaces rather than for

dispersion.

If light inside the prism hits one of the surfaces at a

sufficiently steep angle, total internal reflection occurs

and all of the light is reflected. This makes a prism a

useful substitute for a mirror in some situations.

Refraction : The phenomena of bending of light from

its straight line path on the surface of separation of

two optical media is known as refraction of lights.

Refractive index : It is defined as the ratio of velocity
of light in vacuum of that in any medium.

Angle of incidence : The angle between the incident

ray and the normal.

Angle of deviation : The angle between the incident

ray and the emergent ray.

Minimum angle of deviation : The angle of incidence

where the angle of deviation in a prism is minimum is

called the minimum deviation position of the prism and

that very deviation angle is known as the minimum

angle of deviation (denoted by δmin, Dλ, or Dm).

Dispersion : The phenomena of splitting of white light

into its constituent colours when light rays pass through a

prism
 EXPERIMENT
AIM :

To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle

of incidence, using a hollow prism filled one by one ,with different
transparent fluids.

MATERIALS REQUIRED :

● Drawing sheet & Board

● Board pins

● A hollow glass prism

● Different transparent liquid

PROCEDURE :

 The sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing

board with drawing pins.

 The prism filled with liquids was placed on the

paper and its boundary ABC was traced.

 A point O was marked on one of the refracting

surfaces and a normal was drawn to the surface

at that point.

 A straight line PQ was drawn corresponding to the

incident
 ray drawn at a suitable angle with the normal.

 Two points P and Q were fixed about 5 cm apart

on the incident ray and its image was viewed with

one eye closed from that side AC of the prism.

 Two pins R and S were fixed such that the tips of

these pins and the tips of image of the incident ray

pin P, Q lied in the same straight line.

 The pinpricks on the paper were encircled.

 The pins P and Q were removed and also

encircled their pinpricks.

  Points S and R were joined and produced

backward to meet the incident ray PQ produced.

Thus RS is the emergent ray corresponding to the

incident ray PQ.

 Arrowheads were drawn to show the direction of

the rays.The angle of deviation and prism were

measured with the help of protector.

 The above steps were repeated for different

angles of incidence.

 The experiment with different liquids was repeated.

CALCULATIONS:

Working Formula : μ= sin (A+Dm)/ 2 sin (A/2)

 A = Angle of Prism
 Dm = Minimum angle of deviation
 μ=refractive index of medium
 OBSERVATION
COCONUT

Experimental refractive index = 1.40

Calculated refractive index = 1.43

KEROSENE

Experimental refractive index = 1.46

Calculated refractive index = 1.44
 GLYCERINE

Experimental refractive index = 1.46

Calculated refractive index = 1.44
 RESULT
The angle of deviation first decreases with increase

in angle of incidence, attains a minimum value and

then increases with further increase in angle of

incidence

SOURCE OF ERROR
 Pin pricks may be thick.

 Measurement of angles may be wrong

 PRECAUTION
 Angle of incidence should be between 35 and 60 for

better observations and accurate readings.

 Pins should be vertically fixed and should not be bent

or damaged as reading can change.

 Same hollow prism should be used for all

observations to minimise error due to prism.

 Error or deviation in obtained refractive indices must

not be more than 0.1.

 The distance between the pins should be more than

10mm
 APPLICATION
 Refractive index has a large number of

applications. It is mostly applied to identify a

particular substance, confirm its purity, or

measure its concentration.

 Generally it is used to measure the concentration

of a solute in an aqueous solution. For a solution

of sugar, the refractive index can be used to

determine the sugar content.

 It can be used to determine drug concentration

in the pharmaceutical industry. It is used to

calculate focus power of lenses and dispersing

power of prisms
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Physics NCERT Textbook Class XII.

 Wikipedia.in