tt UNIT-3 Page aS Structune of the, pry Tunction © Entice semionducht is Zin cage an cderial Wd one veyion is otoped with accepht irmpunly BPs to form Po vepon and She adjaadegen is dopal uth donee ators de form h noenpan ® Guterfoce separating the. and peg 7) Mlarad te ag the metallurgical juncton- Me fig (b): the space < repon, he Wee te 5 ee acting on hee hong cobsiens. ‘ x=0 Fig): Simpli fied Geomebry of Pr junction and Doping Profle of an ideol uniformly doped pn- junction doping concanation Js uniform in ie i an abrupt Charge in doping at a ® Tritially , at dha sunction, tere ka vow in bot the elect R hols cen:® As elechons atiphure- from fae 1 refivn positively changed donk atoms ane left ae Lent , a holes aifuse from Sha poepion, Uncover magative chongesl accepln Se 4 Te et pte & ngs & date n- ond p-7apent induce an electic qield in ta, eegion near the “junction, fom te posite Fae nogplive change o% deem She nto perpen: in the direction j , a @ The net Gv) & YD by choyed nregiors ONE ghownr 19 he ) These too regione oe ceperned a Ai electons and hobs of swept _out of We pace Chge ¥°8" by the elechic. Field. i bile ® Qince the = Space ong rpegion “0 depleted of ome ™ Chaye, shin wegen iin also repre to @® he eloctic ancter Arce on She elachent and hele oposite direction fo Me dhhuvon Fsrce dor ade (©) dn Pwwal equllbrum, She dtfyusion Feber fore exactly Lalence ead ofr: LL LLLlLlLlUlmlmlmlmlmUmUmUmmUU PN ; FEIN Seton user Zeso Aint BAS ® RUILT- TN POTENTIAL BARRIER © TR no voltage is apphed acnes Ye Priejunction Ban the junction io in herma} -equiientura 3z fre Revert lok Ug constont cAWoupoot She entire dyin, @) belo - n ee x 3 Vy 4:8 ed ie ST, lsum im Far Fig): Energy Bord Diagram ef 0 pn junction @ Erections in dhe conlucKon Bond (6:8) o>. Aceigtmerina Soyoag dp rawve injo tha C& Of * bee a Potential barrier in the Povagion. Tha potential barvier is veferred do as She puilt-in potential barrierand i denoted by Age this balliein Polertial bawier maintain equilibrium belwsen cmaayority, coeier cotnias electrons in elactou Jn fle nevegion & De notegti ty he. poreqion » and cleo behewn rm§ ity copssed halos io De 1 the prvegion and cmingrity © ntinsic Fermi level is equidiztant Atom te © rouse He junction, Hun the builtin potential b be cbtvnined o& dhe diftersnce between Shae Dowels in dhe nm and peregions. Wherefore, Vist deel + Merl = =in dhe neve gion aa~ w @ can citine the poiedol 4, ad. = Fark 4, F F From 29%@, we get My= Mi EXPO een i > ap [Sh] = sating no Ny and Terking retro lig on bsth sides we gt Sieitanly, in the povsgton, the hole cone: i given by beNa= nex (F5] ashuai Nic eeu eran KT conconstion. Auo eda = Ere cs Foon 26" D ,@ KW just get Vs i a(S = Vm (At) \WF RN Sunction ner Biting ® Ferward Bic > G9) ferminad of the battery is connectes! N carnected to NPE yn ate. Ssuhun pn junckion is F&-, hole ove ftom dhe que ternind) Af Ba beny and ave, compellsd fo move Jowards fhe junction. a The elechons ave vepellid she negetive Jesuninal of the balbay be dij} towards de guncten. Recauee oh Hadar acquired ‘ awe cf the hale ond free elachont perulroleneeane SO a as This ~yeducae te potential barsies. “a wld dhe dapleton 7 hoducao and go does He basower ight. Ps a ~ op thio, ' smote. rnajerity cogsiess ‘rove across Hu junction. hese carriers recombine and couse rwrvement of chonge comes in the space ination, on election fom ta negative jerniral oP baitny eat the Netype material. Th tan dite towards She. junction, Sinilaly, wnton the Give) faminal of te betty in Ye p-type roaterial - breaks a bod in dhe Crptol anc crt the Cvs) 4ehmni —> for each elechon Hut breaks tb bond, a hole is Cre fowords ta junction. The cuvert in te PAype 77el vrrvement of hols & the coud in dhe N= ay the movement af elactont. Th. caw’ fn the Is ueto elechons only. > Tf the battery voltage fs incyeaned , tha, Pathe, seduced & mote wmajsrily Comers Tho ~yetults ip an increased Cunmnt ; Tint) . ien. — fix eath recombiL=4) Vv ‘ ad > Negative Jaminal of the baltry do connected to the pAyre nee S| fe Ho positive feuminal of the bali do termectedl tor dene 9 Tha holes in Sha peregen Ove attracted tooards Jhe CVO eS of the whores elechons in dhe Now agion aie as ee the positive eswnina) af te beiltoy. Tw , the come) Corsi ios drawn away fiom the unetion. Tw Qetien wickns the dep =f" ans) increases tre bobnich is 2 Tre incressed barrier potentiol Comivs to difhuse acwss De Gunction, Hove 7 . fe lelppul fo tha, rminotlty coseuina to conssing the junction. — As kaon > minstily Corvin fs tig dwhted cross the junction be cauce of Hab obmita polenta], The rate af generabien of minetily ttn wales Vo rR fee fe mejor trio base Corviers Aubin pen femperotane . Tp tu Sem ts fae nro ¥ 4 mingtity Conners vernains Comal Hoe Ludlow vole i low a Hifh Po thin ~ceanen, fs called Reverse. SATURKTION Current: Tus on ad y Hho reverse ion voltage. t rood te high. the PN junction Increanes abruptly. The voltage of J occunt 5 called Lveatdoum voltages f+ this voltage, tHe downs Tr arr two processes of Sunctiva inves ® Zener Bsrenkdown ® fvolanche BreakdownAvalanche. MValEOse Greatdaum - Ak TW — eceudy fy squnctions uslidh ane. ge Ss runctie deped. in fais cane, E-field acrwoss oe Je? fs not 30 ahog to preduce Zener Lreatdou7"” Uslin the reverse voltage {5 tH Increased , Hoa eingie ergy associated wile rinowity Gorkecd oles (aaa ME sulficently High revere voltege, ake KE of minty Coviers becomes fo Loge thot Hoy prock cur elects Rom the covalint bonds of the semaconduche, aferes 1° depletion —oegien . Tia Is callad Secendady ernissiv” The ewly bain electrons sith ponent elections OG Tune acquire emg & OF actelarsted by €- fad in more uallision Kk Prdher pen a Bees preston Cau ae chon “rea cem | seas Wig reverse orndhy verter] 10 jes ge elachiom vise breoucdaon of coystod chub - of Ipreamalown fe cabled qualanche brealedsun-e Small signal vovdl of PS Juncton ee ® Considn. the circuit shun jo fy@ bebe and cswveapen 1] Guba) -represeedaton fo fy &- P Stra tangent ot & sige= &) fy @ rae i ® hy de voltage, wepresttad Wy a battery is diode and a time verging Rigrol ye on the de voltage Ny: 3 2) Tn dhe absence of the signal ug She fs equal to, and the diode will conde! Tomes t cee " lb = Ag 2® when dhe sigral yy Be a dinde Meld Be qe by Yo= The InstentaneowsSubchhbng Ha vale af Uy (9 PO we HT KO= q ora hy Wu Jovy pene. / Usin eg O OD se amplitude. of he Ayral 6D Amalt puch tat ae (eee AV, Yoon eg?) Can be wniltenas : pie i, 2 ap [I+ oa Eq i shan hers —> ® bn election excited ty CO by © peal absvphon «Afi vyeaching fo conduction tare , excited elachon é losea energy to the Wolbice, shown oF dint G). Finally dha elechon and bale crests by thin aleterption process ane combined af point © © A photon with enngy Wa dom Ey fh uralle, to exdte ele chron Prom She VB Tpa bears of photons ttle hy > bq felleer & Bemiconduct Wen Ama absyphon Have place. © We 4otal amount of energy aiscerped by He SomP Con be. race ab — erg Ushne O absorption coeffi cient Lo Wunes' ef tha, sermple. Tp then beam infenshy pel Ov @® Typical ehovior oP o of a mativiel uohh vdau' gudiation is shown fy Pig (ed: “ The wavelength of which, the bransi tien : diem the opaque to Jrarspavenh behav occurs fs known ao atzstpHon cuk-off wavdargh rattrial,