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APPENDIX E
Table Of Constants and Formulas for Control Charts

X and R Charts* X and s Charts*

Chart for Chart for
Avepges Avelgges Charts for
(x) Chart for Ranses (R) (x) Standard Deviations (s)
Divisors for Divisors for
Factors for Estimate of for
Factors Factors for Estimate of Factors for
Subgroup Control Standard Control Control Standard Control
Size Limits Deviation Limits Limits Deviation Limits
A2 D3 D4 B. B.
2 1.880 1.128 - 3.267 2.659 0.7979 - 3.267
3 1.023 1.693 - 2.574 1.954 0.8862 - 2.568
4 0.729 2.059 - 2.282 1.628 0.9213 - 2.266
5 0.577 2.326 - 2.tt4 t.427 0.9400 - 2.089

6 0.483 2.534 - 2.004 7.287 0.9515 0.030 1.970

7 0.419 2.704 0.076 t.924 1.182 0.9594 0.118 1.882
8 0.373 2.847 0.136 1.864 1.099 0.9650 0.185 1.815
9 0.337 2.970 0.184 1.816 1.032 0.9693 0.239 1.761
10 0.308 3.078 0.223 L.777 0.975 0.9727 0.284 1.716

11 0.285 3.173 0.256 1.744 0.927 0.9754 0.321 1.679

t2 0.266 3.258 0.283 1.717 0.886 0.9776 0.354 1.646
13 0.249 3.336 0.307 1.693 0.850 0.9794 0.382 1.618
t4 0.235 3.407 0.328 1.672 0.817 0.9810 0.406 1.594
15 0.223 3.472 0.347 1.653 0.789 0.9823 0.428 1.572
16 0.212 3.532 0.363 1.637 0.763 0.9835 0.448 L.552
t7 0.203 3.588 0.378 t.622 0.739 0.9845 0.466 1.534
18 0.194 3.640 0.391 1.608 0.718 0.9854 0.482 1.518
i9 0.187 3.689 0.403 1.597 0.698 0.9862 0.497 1.503
20 0.180 3.735 0.415 1.585 0.680 0.9869 0.510 1.490
2t 0.173 3.778 0.425 1.575 0.663 0.9876 0.523 t.477
.).)
0.167 3.819 0.434 1.566 0.647 0.9882 0.534 1.466
23 0.162 3.858 0.443 1.557 0.633 0.9887 0.545 1.455
24 0.157 3.895 0.451 1.548 0.619 0.9892 0.555 t.445
25 0.153 3.931 0.459 1.541 0.606 0.9896 0.565 1.435

UCL:I,LCLx=X* AzR UCLx,LCLr=F+ AsS

UCLp = !.f,- UCL, = gn5
LCLR = D3R LCL' = lr5
o =F/dz O = S/c4

* From ASTM publication STP-15D, Manunl on. the Presentation of Data and Control ChartAnalysis,
1976; pp 134-136. Copyright ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. Reprinted,
with permission.

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APPENDIx E - Tabte of constants and Formulas for contro! charts (cont.)

Median Charts, ** Charts for Individuals*

Chart for Chart for
Me{ians Individuals
fi) Chart for Ranges (R) fi) Chart for Ranges (R)
Divisors for Divisors for
Factors for Estimate of Factors for Factors for Estimate of Factors for
Control Standard Control Control Standard Control
Limits Deviation Limits Limits Deviation Limits
Subgroup
Size = Ds E2
A2 d2 D4 d2 D3 D4
2 1.880 1.128 - 3.267 2.660 1.128 - 3.267
3 1.187 1.693 - 2.574 1.772 1.693 - 2.574
4 0.796 2.059 - 2.282 1.457 2.059 - 2.282
5 0.691 2.326 - 2.114 1.290 2.326 - 2.tL4
6 0.548 2.534 - 2.004 1.184 2.534 - 2.004
7 0.508 2.704 0.076 1.924 1.109 2.704 0.076 L.924
8 0.433 2.847 0.136 1.864 1.054 2.U7 0.136 1.864
9 0.412 2.970 0.184 1.816 1.010 2.970 0.1M 1.816
10 0.362 3.078 0.223 r.777 0.975 3.078 0.223 t.777

.-
UCL;, LCL;= y 1 Az R UCLX,LCLX=F+ EzR
UCLp = troP- ucLR - D4F
LCLp = Pr[ LCL1 = Pr[
6 =F/dz o =F/dz

[91 AST-M publicjrtion SIP on the Presentation of Data and, Control Chart Analysis,
.1-5!,_Marutnl
19L6; pp 134-136. Copyright ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania igrOg. n"p"iritea,
with permission.
'f:1. E2Factors Derived from ASTM-STP-I5D Data and Efficiency Tables Contained in W. J. Dixon and
F.J..MtLssey, Jr., _Introd,urtion to Statistical Analysis, Third Edition, 1g6g; page n8g; McGraw-Hili
Book Company, NewYork.

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APPENDTX E - Tabte of constants and Formutas lor control charts (cont.)

Attribute Charts

p chart for proportion of units nonconforming, from

samples not necessarily of constant size:

UCLe, LCLp =F r 3,lift -A t l;

or

=pr* 3/p11-pl/n
np chart for number of units nonconforming, from samples of constant
size:

UCLne, LCLne = nF- * 3rGF(l -pl

c chart for number of nonconformities, from samples of constant
size:

UCLC, LCL"=e + 3tre

u chart for number of nonconformities per unit, from samples not

necessarily of constant size:

UCL,, LCL, = u- + 3 ,l-V /,li

u
=u * J

Memo: Guide for selection of charts for attributes:

Nonconforming
NUMBER Nonconformities
(Simple, but needs
constant sample size)
np c
PROPORTION
(More complex, but
adjusts to understandable
p u
proportion, and can cope
with varying sample sizes)

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