IoT based Health Monitoring System

Harkirat Singh Ayush Kumar

Electronics and Communication Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department, Department,
Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Professional Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Professional
Studies, Delhi, India Studies, Delhi, India
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Feeza Faiz Kartik Agrawal

Electronics and Communication Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department, Department,
Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Professional Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Professional
Studies, Delhi, India Studies, Delhi, India
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT From the standpoint of healthcare professionals, remote

provisioning via the Internet of Things can potentially minimize
The Internet of Things, or IoT, is a concept of a world where device downtime. Additionally, the IoT is capable of accurately
billions of items connected via IP networks have inherent determining when different devices need their supplies refilled in
intelligence, communication channels, and the ability to sense order to function smoothly and continuously. IoT also ensures that
and act. These systems can include a variety of tiny physiological scarce resources are used optimally and that more patients are
sensor types, transmission modules, and computing power. As a served, which allows for the efficient allocation of scarce resources.
result, IoT based health monitoring systems can provide low-
cost, discreet wearable solutions for continuous, all day, The IoT architecture consists of four layers :
anywhere monitoring physical status. Health clinics are not
immediately accessible to the remote areas of India. However, a. Sensors/Actuators Layer: The initial layer of the Internet of
owing to the internet's quick expansion and low cost, about 919 Things architecture, known as the sensing layer, is in charge of
million people currently have access to it; by 2030, that figure gathering data from various sources.
will rise to 1.2 billion. Thus, it is possible to remotely monitor a b. Networking Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is
person's physiological status online by utilizing inexpensive in charge of facilitating connectivity and communication
Internet of Things (IoT) microcontrollers and sensors. amongst IoT system devices. Commonly utilized network
ThingSpeak, an IoT analytics platform service from technologies in the Internet of Things (IoT) include WiFi,
MathWorks, enables you to aggregate, visualize, and analyze Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks like 4G and 5G.
real-time data streams in the cloud for monitoring and analyzing c. Data Processing layer: The software and hardware elements in
the patient's data. The device is intended for home usage by non- charge of gathering, evaluating, and interpreting data from IoT
critical patients who require regular monitoring by clinicians or devices are referred to as the data processing layer of the
family members. An SMS is sent to the doctor or any family Internet of Things architecture.
member in the event of a critical condition, so that we may d. Application Layer: This layer in charge of giving consumers
simply save a great number of lives by giving them prompt access to and control over Internet of Things devices through
assistance. intuitive user interfaces and functionalities. In order to
communicate with the underlying IoT infrastructure, this layer
Keywords: IoT, physiological sensors, ThingSpeak contains a variety of software and applications, including web
portals, mobile apps, and other user interfaces.
1. INRODUCTION

Typically, it is challenging to manually monitor irregularities in the

Application Layer
patient's heartbeat count. Patients are not accustomed to the manual
treatment that doctors typically employ to monitor heartbeat counts.
Therefore, a gadget that would enable patients to monitor their own
Data Processing Layer
The Internet of Things, or IoT, is a concept of a world where billions
of devices would link across IP networks to share intelligence,
communication channels, sensing, and actuators. The network of
physical items that can be accessed over the Internet is known as the Networking Layer
Internet of Things (IoT). Embedded technology allows these things
to communicate with their surroundings or internal states. Stated
differently, the ability of objects to perceive and communicate
Sensors and Actuators
affects the where, how, and who makes decisions (see, for instance,
Nest thermostats). It is anticipated that IoT-based healthcare Layer9
services will save expenses, improve life quality, and enhance
customer satisfaction. Fig. 1 Layers of IoT architecture
2. SYSTEM MODEL

The system model consists of the configuration of the hardware and

the software components and their working using various
applications.

Fig. 2 Block diagram of the system model

2.1. SYSTEM DESIGN PROCEDURE

a. The very first step is sensor integration where we connect

different sensors to microcontroller, verify the sensors for its
accurate readings and test the data output individually. After
making the connection the voltage supply of +5 v is given to
the microcontroller and sensors. The developed system could
be adaptable to ideally monitoring 4-5 patients simultaneously
with different sensors for each patient.
b. In the microcontroller programming, we write the code to read
the sensor data and then implement data processing and
filtering, then transmit the data to wi-fi module(ESP8266).
c. Data storage: The sensors are connected with microcontroller
(ESP32). The sensors’ outputs are connected with the pins of
ESP32 which are selected as input of the ESP32. The analog
signal pin of pulse sensor i.e. A0 is connected with VP
(GPIO36) of ESP32. Similarly, the output pin of LM35 i.e. A0
is connected with SP pin of ESP32 and the SCL and SDA pins
of MAX30100 are connected with G22 and G21 pins of ESP32.
In this way the sensor data is stored in the microcontroller.
d. Data analysis: It involves collecting real time physiological
data from different sensors (body temperature, pulse rate,
oxygen level) are transmitted to cloud platform where they are
processed and analysed using algorithms or programs to
identify abnormalities and/or potential health risks, allowing
early detection and interference with the features like alerts

Fig. 3 Flow chart of IoT based health monitoring system.

Fig. 3 Circuit diagram of the model

2.2. COMPONENTS The Pulse Sensor is a plug-and-play sensor for Arduino (or ESP32).
A pulse sensor is a device that measures the heartbeat or pulse rate
of an individual. Clip the Pulse Sensor to your fingertip and plug it
into your Arduino (or ESP32), you are ready to measure heart rate.

Key features:

➢ Sensitivity: High sensitivity for weak signals

➢ Frequency range: 30-240 bpm
➢ Low power consumption
➢ Wearable design (for wearable devices)

c. LM35 Sensor (Temperature Sensor)-

Fig. 4 Connection of hardware of the system model

2.2.1. Hardware

a. ESP32-
Fig. 7 LM35 sensor (Temperature Sensor)

The LM35 is a popular, low-cost, temperature sensor. It gives an

analog output voltage proportional to the temperature. It is a 3-
terminal sensor used to measure temperature ranging from -55 °C to
150 °C. It detects the temperature when it is placed near the person.

Key features:

➢ High accuracy
➢ Low power consumption

d. MAX30100-

Fig. 5 ESP32 module (WiFi module)

The ESP32 is a powerful, low-cost microcontroller. It is a popular

choice for IoT projects, robotics and other applications requiring wi-
fi and Bluetooth connectivity.

Key features:

➢ Dual –core 32-bit LX6 microprocessor

➢ 4MB flash memory, 520 KB SRAM
➢ 34 programmable GPIOs
➢ Operating voltage: 2.3-3.6V4. 34 programmable GPIOs

Fig. 8 MAX30100 Sensor (SpO2 Sensor)

b. BMP180 (Pulse Sensor)-
The MAX30100 is an integrated pulse oximeter and heart-rate
sensor. It is designed to measure the oxygen saturation in the blood
and heart rate. Low power consumption, easy integration with
common microcontrollers due to I2C interface.

Key features:

➢ Fast data output capability and high sample rate

➢ Low power consumption (600 micro amps during
measurement)
➢ Accuracy of about 96.17%–97.67% while measuring SpO2
levels
Fig. 6 BMP 180 Sensor (Pulse Sensor)
2.2.2. Software The resultant analysis is presented in the tables that follow.

Table 1 Comparison between the Heart Rates measured by BMP180

a. ThingSpeak-
and commercial sensor

Sample Actual Heart Observed Relative error

Rate (BPM) Heart Rate (%)
(BPM)
(BMP180)
Sample 1 78 71 8.97

Sample 2 74 70 5.71

Sample 3 68 63 7.35

Sample 4 82 79 3.65

Average 76 71 6.42
Fig. 9 ThingSpeak Software

ThingSpeak is an open-source software written in Ruby which Table 2 Comparison of Body temperature measured by LM35
allows users to communicate with internet enabled devices. sensor and commercial sensor
ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform service that allows you to
aggregate, visualize, and analyse live data streams in the cloud. You Sample Actual Observed Relative error
Temperature Temperature (%)
can send data to ThingSpeak from your devices, create instant
(F) (F) (LM35)
visualization of live data, and send alerts. Sample 1 98.8 98.27 0.53

Key features: Sample 2 98.6 96.97 1.65

➢ Real-time data processing Sample 3 98.3 97.11 1.21

➢ Filtering and aggregation
Sample 4 98.7 96.53 2.20
b. MIT App Inventor-
Average 98.6 97.22 1.40

Fig. 10 MIT App Inventor Software

MIT App Inventor is a free, open-source, web-based visual Fig. 11 Body Temperature and Heart Rate as seen on the
programming platform. It allows users to create mobile apps for ThingSpeak software interface
Android devices without extensive coding knowledge.

Key features: Table 3 Comparison of SpO2 levels measured by MAX30100 and

commercial sensor
➢ Visual programming: Drag-and-drop blocks instead of text-
based code Sample Actual Observed Relative error
➢ No coding experience required SpO2 (%) SpO2 (%) (%)
(MAX30100)
➢ Android app development
Sample 1 97 95 2.06
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Sample 2 98 94 4.08
The system was used to measure the vitals of four different patients
which were then compared with the respective readings taken using Sample 3 97 94 3.1
commercial sensors.
Sample 4 97 96 1.03
These readings were also simultaneously viewed on the ThingSpeak
software interface.
Average 97 95 2.57
Table 1 presents a comparison between the SpO2 levels measured
using the MAX30100 sensor and a commercial sensor where the
relative error between the two averages 2.57%.

Similarly, Table 2 shows a comparative analysis of the Body

Temperatures measured using LM35 sensor and a commercial
sensor, showcasing a relative error averaging 1.40%.

Table 3 represents the comparison of Heart Rates read using the

BMP180 sensor and a commercial sensor. Here, the relative error
averages 6.42%.

4. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

Health monitoring systems will continue to evolve, becoming more

reliable, secure and integral to everyday health management,
contributing to a safer and healthier future.

➢ As better sensors are produced, they can be integrated in this

system, or additional sensors can also be added.
➢ With developments in the field of IoT, the potential of the
system can increase drastically.
➢ Machine Learning can be integrated into the system and used
to analyse current and past health record of the patient to predict
symptoms of a disease.

5. CONCLUSION

This research paper presents an IoT based health monitoring system

developed using efficient and low cost sensors and technology that
enables real time monitoring of various vital signs, while also
helping the patient keep track of their health data of the past 1 week
at a time which can be sent to a doctor or clinician via email or can
be accessed in the app. All the sensors have been analysed and
compared with commercial sensors. ThingSpeak and MIT App
Inventor have been used to build a user friendly interface. The
system can be effectively used as an IoT healthcare system.

6. REFERENCES

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