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CE 207 -Hydromechanics

Dr. Srineash V K
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT BOMBAY.
Dr. Srineash V K, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. email: [email protected] 1

Hydromechanics – Course Details

Course Schedule
SLOT-3

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Marking Scheme

Quiz I 10 % As per schedule

Mid Semester 30 % Acad Calendar  14-22 Sep ‘24
Quiz II 10 % As per schedule
Class Participation/Assignment 10 % As per schedule  Moodle/Pen & Paper
End Semester 40 % Acad Calendar  11-23 Nov ‘24

• If attendance less than 80%  DX grade would be awarded as per institute norms

Note: Re-exam will be permitted only on medical grounds on production of valid proof as per institute norms

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

What is Hydromechanics?

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CE 207 - Course Contents

 Module1 – Fluid Properties: Solids and Fluids; Dimensions & Units; Density; Specific Wt., Viscosity;
Surface Tension; Fluid Flow
 Module2 – Hydrostatic Forces: Pascal’s law; Fluid statics; Pressure; Manometer; Submerged Plate;
Buoyancy; Rigid body rotation
 Module3 – Fluid Kinematics: The concept of streamlines, circulation and vorticity, continuity
equation, irrotational and rotational flow, potential and stream functions.
 Module4 – Fluid Dynamics: Reynolds Transport Theorem, Linear Momentum Equation; Equation of
motion; viscous fluid flow, Navier-Stokes equations, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s theorem and its
applications
 Module5 – Solution to NS Equation: Couette flow, velocity variation in open channels, Hagen-
Poiseuillle equation, drag force on spherical object.
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Hydromechanics – Course Details

CE 207 - Course Contents (Contd..)

 Module6 - Laminar and Turbulent flows: Reynold’s experiment, Reynold’s equation, Prandl’s mixing
length, Velocity distribution, Boundary layer flow, drag force on horizontal plate, resistance to flow in
conduits
 Module7 – Dimensional Analysis and Similitude: Dimensional Homogeneity; Buckingham Pi
Theorem; Scaling Laws.
 Module8 – Pipe Flow: Losses in pipe flow; Pipe flow in Series and Parallel; Pipe network analysis.
 Module9 – Open Channel Flow: Gradually and Rapidly varied flow; Hydraulic structures; Froude’s and
Reynold’s number for open channel flow; Specific Energy; Critical Depth; Chezy’s and Manning’s
Equations; Most Efficient Channel; Hydraulic Jump.

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References

1) Cengel, Y., & Cimbala, J. (2013). Fluid mechanics fundamentals and applications. McGraw Hill.
2) Pritchard, P. J., & Mitchell, J. W. (2016). Fox and McDonald's introduction to fluid mechanics. John Wiley & Sons.
3) Elger, D. F., LeBret, B. A., Crowe, C. T., & Roberson, J. A. (2020). Engineering fluid mechanics. John Wiley & Sons.
4) Chaudhry, M. H. (2008). Open-channel flow (Vol. 523). New York: Springer.
5) Subramanya, K. (2009). Flow in open channels. Tata McGraw-Hill.
6) Pani, B. S. (2016) Fluid Mechanics: A Concise Introduction, PHI Learning, New Delhi.
7) Streeter, V. L., (2010) E.B. Wylie and K.W. Bedford, Fluid Mechanics, Tata McGraw Hill.
8) Granger, R.A., (1985) Fluid Mechanics, CBS College Publishing, New York.
9) Douglas, J. F., (1999) J.M. Gasiorek, and J.A. Swaffield, Fluid Mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Harlow.
10) Shames, I H., (1992) Mechanics of Fluids, McGraw Hill, New York, 1992.
11) Daugherthy, R.L., Franzini. J.B. and Finnemore, E.J., (1985) Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications,
McGraw Hill, Newyork.

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Class Activities Include…

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Introduction to Hydromechanics

NOTE: This lecture material consists of figures and texts adopted from various sources and intended solely for class
explanation. The sources are suitably acknowledged. There might be some inadvertent errors. Constructive suggestions
to improve the contents are welcome

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Disclaimer: The slides are a supplementary resource to aid class explanation! Taking notes
during the lecture is strongly recommended for better understanding.
Strictly NOT for last minute preparation!!

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How do you refer to all of these?

Liquids / Gasses?

Fluid: A Substance in liquid or gas phase

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Application of Fluid Mechanics

Civil Engg.

Climate Mech.
Science Engg.

Ocean Fluid
Aero. Engg.
Engg. Mechanics

Material Chem.
Science Engg.
Bio-Med.
Engg.

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Application of Fluid Mechanics

Automobiles

 Fuel Injection
 Flow field within the engine’s cylinders
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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Application of Fluid Mechanics

Aerodynamics of Vehicles
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Hydromechanics – Course Details

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Application of Fluid Mechanics

Aerodynamics of Skyscrapers
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Application of Fluid Mechanics

Biomedical Engineering

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Application of Fluid Mechanics

How deep the submarines can dive?

Marine Vessels/Vehicles

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Application of Fluid Mechanics

Energy Extraction

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Gateway to CFD

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

CE 207 -Hydromechanics

Dr. Srineash V K
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT BOMBAY.
Dr. Srineash V K, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay. email: [email protected] 22

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Application of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Mechanics in Nature

Are they Streamlined?
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History & Facts

Fluid Mechanics has a long history!

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

The History of fluid mechanics is associated

with Archimedes Principle (285-212 BC)

 How to loose weight in 10 s

 Titanic – when it sank some objects floated and some sank
 Force Balance

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Activity 1

Object 1 (Plastic) Object 2 (Steel)

Mass in air
Mass in water
Mass of Displaced water

It’s time to Open Moodle!

Q1) Provide a ‘Unique’ Name for this experiment
Q2) What is the density of object 1 and object 2 respectively

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

How do I calculate buoyant force?

𝑏
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Archimedes Principle
“When an object is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, the upward force or thrust
exerted will be equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object”

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Density and Archimedes’ Principle

FACTS:

 Objects denser than the fluid will sink.

 The extent to which a floating object is submerged depends on how the object’s density is related to that
of the fluid.

For instance, an unloaded ship has a lower density and less of it is submerged compared with the same ship
loaded.

We can derive a quantitative expression for the fraction submerged by considering density.

The fraction submerged is the ratio of the volume submerged to the volume of the object

Volume of complex bodies  Density

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Hydrostatic Pressure

A B C

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Pascal’s Barrel
From the expression, 𝑷 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉 it is clear that the pressure at a point is a
function of the height of the fluid column.

Thus, it is possible to create generate very high pressure in a container with a

water column of small diameter but with a significant height of water
column.

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Hydromechanics – Course Details

Submersibles designed to withstand hydrostatic pressure

‘More people have walked on the moon than have
been to the deepest place in the ocean.’

The quote by Renowned explorer Dr. Don Walsh

reflects his historic 1960 dive in the Marianas
Trench.

Submersibles Vs Submarine?
Are they same??

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Titan submersible implosion

On 18 June 2023, Titan, a submersible operated by American tourism and expeditions company
OceanGate, imploded during an expedition to witness the titanic wreck in the North Atlantic Ocean off
the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.

• Communication with Titan was lost 1 hour 45 minutes

into its dive. Authorities were alerted when it failed to
resurface at the scheduled time later that day.

• After four days, a remotely operated underwater

vehicle (ROV) discovered a debris field containing
parts of Titan, about 500 metres from the bow of
the Titanic.

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Mariana Trench
The deepest portion on earth called “Mariana
Trench” is 10,912 m deep and the pressure is over
12600 tons/m2 – equivalent to person holding up 48
jumbo jets.

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Thank you!

Module 1 – Fluid Properties

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