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Code 3Check Electrical

®

8th Edition

Based on the 2017 NEC – Including selected changes to the 2014 & 2017 NEC
®

BY DOUGLAS HANSEN, REDWOOD KARDON & SKIP WALKER

Illustrations & Layout: Paddy Morrissey
© 2017 by the authors and The Taunton Press, Inc. ISBN xxx-x-xxxxx-xxx-x
Code Check® is a registered trademark of The Taunton Press, Inc., registered in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office.

C
ode Check Electrical 8th Edition is a field guide to common code issues in residential electrical installations. It is based on the 2017 National Electrical
Code (NEC)®. Significant changes in the 2017 NEC and the 2014 NEC are highlighted throughout the text and summarized on p.64, so this book is current
for areas using either the 2014 or 2017 NEC. Before beginning any electrical project, check with your local building department to determine the code edition
used in your area. In addition to a model code, energy codes and utility rules may also apply to electrical installations. The smoke & carbon monoxide alarm rules here
are from the 2015 edition of the International Residential Code, published by the International Code Council.

KEY TO USING CODE CHECK ELECTRICAL

Each line that begins with a checkbox is a rule in the 2017 NEC, and the specific References to figures and tables in this book are shown by bold colored letters and
code section is at the right end of the line. The following example is from p.6: numbers, as in this example from p.9:
n Max 6 disconnects to shut off power at service____________________230.71 n Cover from top of cable or conduit to finish grade per T1, F4________300.5A
This line summarizes the code rule found in section 230.71 requiring no more This line tells us that the amount of cover required over underground conduits
than 6 disconnects to shut off all power at the service. and cables is found in Table 1 and is illustrated in Figure 4.
A line might have more than one code rule, and the code sections are separated Exceptions are noted by text lines that end in EXC, and the following line then
by an ampersand - the “&” symbol, as in this example from p.19: shows the exception to the rule just cited, as in this example from p.8:
n Min #6 Cu to bond IBT to service or GEC___________________ 250.94A4&5 n Each building or structure req’s GES F3, F6 EXC_______________ 250.32A
This line tells us that the intersystem bonding terminal must be bonded to the • Building or structure w/ only 1 branch circuit & w/ EGC________ 250.32AX
service or the grounding electrode conductor, and the rules for this are found in These lines tell us that each building or structure requires a grounding electrode
250.94(A)(4) and in 250.94(A)(5). This line is also an example of the way that system, with the exception of buildings supplied by a single branch circuit that
Code Check uses abbreviations (see next column) to condense information. contains an equipment grounding conductor.
Also note that the actual code citation uses parantheses around letters and num-
bers after the initial code section, and we omit those parantheses to save space.

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Code changes are highlighted by placing the code citation in a different color. The EVSE = electric vehicle supply equipment NM = nonmetallic-sheathed cable
superscript number at the end of the citation refers to the code change number on EXC = exception(s) OBC AFCI = Outlet Branch Circuit
p.65, as in this example from p.28, under the subheading of “Locations requiring FMC = flexible metal conduit AFCI
GFCI protection” ft. = foot, feet O.C. = on center
GEC = grounding electrode conductor OCPD = overcurrent protection device
n Outlets supplying dishwashers________________________________ 210.8D32 (breaker or fuse)
GES = grounding electrode system
This line tells us that all dishwashers in residential construction now require GFCI = ground-fault circuit interrupter PV = photovoltaic
GFCI protection. The reference number for code change 32 on page 31 tells us GFPE = ground-fault protection of equipment PVC = rigid polyvinyl chloride conduit
this change took place in the 2014 NEC. req = require, requiring, requirement
hp = horsepower
The 2017 NEC had a follow-up change to this section, also noted on p.42: IMC = intermediate metal conduit req’d = required
n DW cords 3 ft.— 61/2 ft. measured from back of appliance______422.16B2(3)52 in. = inch(es) req’s = requires
n DW receptacle in space adjacent to dishwasher____________ 422.16B2(6)52 IBT = Intersystem Bonding Terminal RMC = rigid metal conduit
IRC = International Residential Code RS = rapid shutdown (photovoltaics)
These lines tell us that dishwasher receptacles can no longer be in the space RTRC = reinforced thermosettting resin
kcmil = 1,000 circular mil units
directly behind the dishwasher, and the maximum allowable cord length has conduit
(conductor size – formerly MCM)
been increased since the cord must reach to the adjacent space. This is also an SCC = short circuit current
L&L = listed & labeled, listing & labeling
example of how sections of the NEC are interconnected. GFCI devices must be SCCR = short circuit current rating
readily accessible (a rule that first came into the 2011 NEC) and a receptacle LCDI = leakage-current detector-interrupter
LED = light-emitting diode SER = service entrance cable (round)
directly behind the dishwasher would be accesssible, but not readily accessible.
lb. = pound(s) SEU = service entrance cable (flat)
LFMC = liquidtight flexible metal conduit SFD = single-family dwelling
ABBREVIATIONS LFNC = liquidtight flexible nonmetallic sq. = square, as in sq. in.
conduit temp = temperature
A = amp(s), amperage, amps stated as “number” (#8 = 8 AWG)
max = maximum TR = tamper-resistant
AC = air conditioning CO = carbon monoxide
MC = metal-clad cable UF = underground feeder cable
AC = alternating current COM = communication wire
MFR = manufacturer(s) USB = universal serial bus
AC = armored cable, a.k.a. “BX” cu. = cubic, as in cu. in.
min = minimum USE = underground service entrance
AFCI = arc-fault circuit interrupter Cu = copper
n/a = minimum cable
AFF = above finished floor or grade DC = direct current
NEC = National Electrical Code V = volt(s), such as a 120V circuit
AHJ = Authority Having Jurisdiction EGC = equipment grounding conductor
NEMA = National Electrical Manufacturers VA = volt-ampere(s), units of apparent
Al = aluminum EMT = electrical metallic tubing power
Association
AMI = in accordance with manufacturer’s ENT = electrical nonmetallic tubing, a.k.a. w/ = with
NFPA = National Fire Protection
instructions “Smurf tubing”
Association W = watt(s), units of true (useful) power
AWG = American Wire Gauge, commonly EV = electric vehicle
WR = weather-resistant

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GLOSSARY Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI): A device to protect against shock hazards
by interrupting current when an imbalance of 6 milliamps or more is detected.
Accessible: Not permanently concealed or enclosed by building construction. A piece Grounded conductor: A current-carrying conductor that is intentionally connected to
of equipment can be considered accessible even if tools must be used or other earth (a neutral).
equipment must be removed to gain access to it.
Grounding electrode conductor (GEC): A conductor used to connect the service
Accessible, readily: Capable of being reached quickly for operation or inspection neutral or the equipment to a grounding electrode or to a point on the grounding
without the use of tools, portable ladders or the need to remove obstacles. electrode system F6 .
Approved: Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). The AHJ will usually Interrupting rating: The highest current an OCPD (breaker or fuse) can interrupt
approve materials that are listed and labeled. without sustaining damage.
Arc-fault: An electric current propagated through air. Luminaire (formerly lighting fixture): A complete lighting unit including parts to
Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI): A device intended to provide fire protection by connect it to the power supply, and possibly parts to protect or distribute the light
recognizing arc characteristics and de-energizing the circuit when arcing occurs. source. A lampholder, such as a porcelain socket, is not itself a luminaire.
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ): The building official or persons authorized to Neutral conductor: The conductor connected to the neutral point of a system and
act on his or her behalf. that is intended to carry current under normal operating conditions F16,19.
Bonded, bonding: Connected to establish continuity and conductivity. Outlet: The point on a wiring system at which current is taken to supply equipment. A
Branch circuit: The circuit conductors located between the last OCPD (breaker or box for a receptacle, luminaire (fixture), or smoke alarm is an outlet; most boxes for
fuse) and the outlet or outlets protected by the OCPD. switches are not outlets.
• Branch circuit, general purpose: Branch circuit that supplies 2 or more Overcurrent: Any current in excess of the rating of equipment, device, or conductor
receptacles or outlets for lighting and appliances. ampacity. Overcurrents are produced by overloads, ground faults, or short circuits.
• Branch circuit, individual: Branch circuit supplying only 1 piece of equipment. Overfusing: A fuse or breaker that has an overload rating greater than allowed for the
conductor or equipment it is protecting.
• Branch circuit, multiwire, residential: Branch circuit consisting of 2 hot
conductors having 208V or 240V potential between them and a grounded neutral Overload: Equipment drawing current in excess of the equipment or conductor rating
having 120V potential to each hot conductor F17. and in such a manner that damage or dangerous conditions would occur if it contin-
ued for a sufficient time. Short circuits and ground faults are not overloads.
• Branch circuit, small appliance: Branch circuit supplying portable household
appliances in kitchens and related rooms. Service: The conductors and equipment providing a connection to the utility F1,16.
Device: A piece of equipment that carries or controls electrical energy as its primary Service drop: The overhead conductors supplied by the utility F1.
function, such as a switch, receptacle, or circuit breaker. Service equipment: The equipment at which the power conductors entering the
Equipment grounding conductor (EGC): A wire or conductive path that limits volt- building can be switched off to disconnect the premises’ wiring from the utility power
age on metal surfaces and provides a path for fault currents F17. source. A meter can be a part of or separate from the service equipment.
Feeders: Conductors supplying panelboards other than service panels. Service lateral: Underground conductors from the utility to the service point F4.
Flexibility after installation: Anticipated movement after initial installation, such as Short circuit: A direct connection of current-carrying conductors without the interpo-
that caused by motor vibration or equipment repositioning. sition of a load, resulting in high levels of current.
Ground, Grounded: The earth, connected to earth. Short Circuit Current Rating (SCCR): The amount of current that panelboards and
switchboards must be able to carry during a short circuit condition without
Ground fault: An unintentional connection of a current-carrying conductor to equip- sustaining damage. See “Interrupting rating.”
ment, earth, or conductors that are not normally intended to carry current.

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CODE CHECK ELECTRICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
n INTRODUCTION & REFERENCE DOCUMENTS_____________ 1 n KITCHENS ____________________________________________ 33
n KEY TO USING THIS BOOK______________________________ 1 n BOXES_____________________________________________34–36
n ABBREVIATIONS________________________________________ 2 n LIGHTING __________________________________________37–38
n GLOSSARY_____________________________________________ 3 n SWITCHES ____________________________________________ 39
n OVERHEAD SERVICE DROP CLEARANCES________________ 5 n APPLIANCES _______________________________________40–42
n SERVICE ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS _____________________ 6 n WIRE AMPACITY ____________________________________43–44
n SERVICE PANELS_____________________________________ 6–7 n CABLE SYSTEMS____________________________________45–48
n WORKING SPACE_______________________________________ 7 n VOLTAGE DROP________________________________________ 49
n SEPARATE BUILDINGS__________________________________ 8 n RACEWAYS _________________________________________50–54
n UNDERGROUND WIRING________________________________ 9 n KNOB & TUBE (K&T) / FUSES___________________________ 55
n TEMPORARY WIRING___________________________________ 10 n REPLACEMENT RECEPTACLES & LUMINAIRES___________ 56
n SERVICE & FEEDER LOAD CALCULATIONS____________11–14 n ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING_________________________ 56
n GROUNDING ELECTRODES__________________________15–16 n OLD NM CABLE________________________________________ 56
n GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTORS (GECS)_____16–17 n ALUMINUM WIRE______________________________________ 57
n BONDING__________________________________________18–19 n PHOTOVOLTAICS____________________________________58–60
n EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTORS (EGCS)_____19–20 n SWIMMING POOL___________________________________61–62
n PANELBOARDS & CABINETS_________________________20–24 n FOUNTAINS___________________________________________ 63_
n ARC-FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (AFCIS)_________25–26 n HOT TUB/SPA_________________________________________ 63
n GROUND-FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (GFCIS)____27–28 n SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE 2014 & 2017 NEC_____64–66
n BRANCH CIRCUITS & OUTLETS______________________29–32

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FIG. 1 Overhead Conductor Clearances
≤6 ft..

3 ft.
8 ft.
.B ≥18 in.
.A
3 ft. .C
.I .
18 ft. or .C
10 ft.
per utility
.G 12 ft.
.E .F 10 ft. ≤4 ft..
.D
3 ft.
.H

OVERHEAD SERVICE DROP CLEARANCES Vertical above Grade F1 17 NEC

n 10 ft. above final grade to lowest point of drip loop______________ 230.24B1
Service drop conductors are protected by isolation; they typically have no protec-
n Area accessible only to pedestrians: 10 ft. .D __________________ 230.24B1
tive outer jacket and no overload protection at their source. Utility rules may over-
ride the specifications in the code, so check with the AHJ to determine variations n General above grade & driveways: 12 ft. .E ____________________ 230.24B2
from the clearances below. These clearances also apply to overhead feeders. n Above roads or parking areas subject
to truck traffic: 18 ft. .F _____________________________________ 230.24B4
Vertical above Roof F1 17 NEC
n Any direction < 10 ft. horizontal from swimming pool water: 221/2 ft.___680.8A
n < 4-in-12 slope: min 8 ft. .A EXC_____________________________ 230.24A
• 3 ft. OK if roof area guarded or isolated_____________________ 230.24AX5 Clearance from Openings & Communication Wires F1 17 NEC
n ≥ 4-in-12 slope: min 3 ft. .B EXC___________________________ 230.24AX2 n Vertical above decks & balconies: 10 ft. .G ______________________ 230.9B
• Over eaves 18 in. OK for ≤ 4 ft. horizontal 6 ft. of conductor .C _ 230.24AX3 n From side of area above decks & balconies: 3 ft. .H ________________230.9A
n Maintain req’d distance for 3 ft. past roof edge EXC_______________ 230.24A n Below or to sides of openable window: 3 ft. .I ____________________230.9A
• Edge clearance above roof is not req’d where overhead n Communications wire min 12 in. to parallel power wires__________ 800.44A4
conductors attach to side of building________________________ 230.24AX4 n Communications wires above roofs same as power conductors_____ 800.44B
n Metal support structures for conductors passing over Window & door clearances apply to open conductors – not to conductors contained inside a
roofs req bonding to neutral of service drop_______________________ 230.291 raceway or a cable with an overall outer jacket. Clearance req’s above a window are typically
per the local utility.

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Service Entrance (SE) Cables (cont.) 17 NEC
SERVICE ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS
n Secure SE cable min 30 in. O.C. & 12 in. from terminations_________ 230.51A
The splice at the weatherhead from the service drop to the permanently installed n Overhead cable req’s service head listed for wet locations EXC____ 230.54B
building wiring is typically the “service point”—the handoff from the utility to the • SE cable OK w/ gooseneck & taped connections______________ 230.54BX
customer. On overhead systems, the conductors from the service point to the
disconnecting means are service entrance conductors. Though the utility does not n Use waterproof gland or equivalent to prevent water entry to box___ 230.54G
have exclusive control of these conductors, they may still have jurisdiction over Service Entrance Conductor Size
them.Dwelling unit service conductors, & feeders that carry the entire load of the n Conductor ampacity must meet load of T2,3 (p.6,7)________________230.42
service, are allowed to be sized in accordance with T14. The service must be large n Conductor ampacity per T11 (p.43) EXC_______________________ 310.15A
enough to meet the calculated load (see p.12–14) and for a SFD must be at least
• 83% of T11 allowed for SFD & individual units of
100 amps.
2-family & multifamily dwellings T14 (p.44)_____________________ 310.15B73
Service Riser 17 NEC n Sum of ratings of mains allowed to exceed T11 if
n Raceway size, material, & bracing per utility________________________90.2C conductors adequate for calculated load per T2,3______________ 230.90AX3
n Wiring method listed for electrical (no plumbing pipe)______ 110.3B & 230.43
n Listed for wet location & arranged to drain where exposed to weather _230.53
SERVICE PANELS
n Overhead raceway req’s service head listed for wet locations______ 230.54A
n Riser req’d to have adequate strength & bracing_________________ 230.28A The switches, circuit breakers, or fuses that disconnect power from the utility at
the customer’s end of the service conductors are part of the service equipment. A
n No couplings between structural support & weatherhead__________230.28B2
meter socket is not considered service equipment (230.66), though it may be with-
n Attachment of service drop below service head EXC______________ 230.54C in the service equipment. Working space must be maintained at service equipment.
• OK up to 24 in. above when necessary (sidewall)_______________ 230.54CX
General 17 NEC
n Only power conductors on service risers—no communication cables __230.28
n Enclosure L&L as suitable for service equipment___________________230.66
n Conductor fill in raceway 40% T21__________________________Ch 9-T1&T4
n NEMA enclosure type must be marked on equipment_______________ 110.28
Service Entrance Conductors n No NEMA Type 1 (indoor use) equipment outdoors______ 110.26E2, 110.28
n Conductors & cables exposed to sunlight listed sunlight-resistant n Protect outdoor installations from vehicle traffic (bollards)________ 110.26E2
or covered with material listed as sunlight-resistant_______________ 310.10D n Max 6 disconnects to shut off power at service____________________230.71
n Identify both ends of neutral w/ white marking or tape_______________200.6B n Disconnects must be grouped in one location___________________ 230.72A
n No branch circuits or feeders in same _raceway w/ service conductors 230.7 n Each service disconnect durably marked to indicate load served____ 230.72A
n Conductors through separately bushed openings at n Max height AFF of breaker or switch 6 ft. 7 in.___________240.24A & 404.8A
service head, length per utility specifications_____________230.54E & 90.2C n Provide working space from face of enclosure EXC F2________________110.26A
n Form drip loop in conductors__________________________________230.54F • Meter may extend into working space______________________ 110.26A3X2
Service Entrance (SE) Cables n Barriers req’d over supply terminals & buses in services EXC F16___ 408.3A24
n Where subject to damage, protect SE cables with RMC, IMC, • Buses & terminals of panels w/ 2 – 6 mains__________________ 408.3A2X4
PVC-80, EMT, or other approved means F56–58_________________ 230.50B

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2-Family & Multifamily Dwellings FIG. 2

n Only 1 service per building______________________________________ 230.2 Working Space around Equipment
3 ft. min. depth
n Adjoining units considered separate buildings if firewall separation_______100 measured from front
n Each occupant of multi-family to have access to their disconnect EXC__230.72C 30 in. min. edge of panel
• where under continuous building management supervision______ 230.72CX width or
n 2-family & multi-family dwellings req house meter for common areas_ 210.25B width of
equipment if
n Service conductors may not pass through another building___________ 230.3 > 30 in. Panel need not
2-family & multi-family dwelling services can use a multi-meter panel, or the service entrance be centered in
conductors may land in a “hot gutter” with splices ahead of separate individual service working space.
disconnects. See p.18 for bonding requirements on such gutters. Door must be
openable to at
WORKING SPACE least 90º.

Working space is essential for worker safety. These requirements apply to panels
and all electrical equipment that requires examination, adjustment, servicing, or
maintenance while energized. Working space should not be used for storage.
General F2 17 NEC Working space height
n Front working clearance min 36 in. deep_______________________ 110.26A1 6 ft. 6 in. AFF, or Req’d working space
n Distance measured from exposed live parts or face of enclosure____ 110.26A1 height of equipment, must extend to floor
n Min headroom 61/2 ft. AFF or equipment height EXC_____________ 110.26A3 whichever is greater or grade.
• Existing service equipment up to 200A OK < 61/2 ft.____________ 110.26A3X1
n Work space extends from floor to req’d height EXC_____________ 110.26A3
• Related equipment may extend 6 in. beyond panel front_____________ 110.26A3
n Clear width min 30 in. wide or width of equipment______________ 110.26A2
n Equipment doors or hinged panels must be openable at least 90º_ 110.26A2
n Working space not to be used for storage______________________ 110.26B
n Illumination req’d for working space at all indoor panels___________ 110.26D

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FIG. 3
SEPARATE BUILDINGS
Separate Buildings
To avoid objectionable currents on conductive paths between buildings, an EGC
must be installed in addition to the insulated neutral feeder conductor. Existing Service
panel Each building or structure Subpanel
installations with bonded neutrals can remain if there are no parallel current paths.
containing more than 1 branch
Outside Feeders 17 NEC circuit req’s its own GES.
n Trees may not support overhead conductors______________________ 225.26
n Overhead feeder mast – same rules as services F1____________ 225.17—19 Cover depth per T1
n Height above roofs < 4:12 slope 8 ft. 6 in. F1___________________ 225.19A5
n Provide proper cover for buried cable or conduit F4, T1______________ 300.5
n Each building or structure req’s GES F3, F6 EXC_______________ 250.32A
• Building or structure w/ only 1 branch circuit & w/ EGC________ 250.32AX Feeders to separate buildings req an
n Raceways entering building from outside must be sealed___________ 225.276 Service insulated neutral in addition to an EGC.
lateral Panels in separate buildings are subpanels F17.
n Max 1 feeder or branch circuit to or back from each building EXC_____225.30
• EV chargers L&L for more than single branch circuit or feeder____225.30A77
n Disconnect req’d at each building F3____________________________ 225.31
n Disconnect must consist of max 6 switches or breakers_____________ 225.33
n 4-conductor feeder to panel in separate building –
do not bond neutral to EGC or GEC EXC______________________ 250.32B
• Existing installations to separate buildings with no continuous metal
paths, e.g., metal water pipe, etc., between the 2 structures____ 250.32BX1
n Disconnect rated as service equipment when using above exception__225.36

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UNDERGROUND WIRING TABLE 1 MIN. COVER REQUIREMENTS IN TRENCH 300.5

Where underground conduits end on significantly different elevations, a drainage RMC or GFCI ≤ 20A
box may be needed near the lower elevation to prevent water from rising up from Cover UF Cable PVC ≤ 30V
IMC Circuit
the conduit. See p.52 for additional requirements for cable protection.
General 17 NEC General 24 in. 6 in. 18 in. 12 in. 6 in.
n Cover from top of cable or conduit to finish grade per T1, F4________300.5A ≥ 2 in. concrete 18 in. 6 in. 12 in. 6 in. 6 in.
n Service laterals concrete-encased or warning ribbon 12 in. above F4_ 300.5D3 Under building racewayA 0 0 racewayA racewayA
n Backfill w/ smooth granular material—no rocks F4__________________ 300.5F
n Provide running boards or sleeves if subject to damage from backfill____ 300.5F ≥ 4 in. slab,
18 in. 4 in. 4 in. 6 in. 6 in.
no vehicles
n OK to splice or tap direct-buried conductors w/out boxes
where splicing means listed for the purpose (e.g.: resin kits)_________300.5E Street 24 in. 24 in. 24 in. 24 in. 24 in.
n Seal underground raceway entries at either or both ends___________ 300.5G Driveway 18 in. 18 in. 18 in. 12 in. 18 in.
n Spare or unused raceways to also be sealed_____________________ 300.5G
A. MC or MI cable identified for direct burial or concrete encasement is also acceptable.
n All conductors of circuit in same trench or raceway EXC____________ 300.5I
• Parallel raceways OK if each raceway contains conductors
of all phases, neutrals, and EGC of circuit______________________300.5IX1
n Provide for earth movement (settlement or frost) using FIG. 4
“S” loops, flexible connections &/or expansion fittings________________ 300.5J Conductors in Trench
n Cables & raceways for directional boring approved for
the purpose (specialized fittings typically req’d)____________________300.5K
n Interior of underground raceways considered a wet location________ 300.5B Cover depth
n Conductors installed underground must be L&L for wet locations___ 310.10C (measure from Warning ribbon
top of conduit) 12 in. above service
lateral
Plywood to protect
conduit from rocks Smooth, granular
(where necessary) material

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TEMPORARY WIRING
General 17 NEC
n Allowed only during period of construction________________________590.3A
n Services same height, grounding, clearance, etc., as permanent F1,5_ 590.4A
n NM & SE allowed in any height building & SE OK underground__ 590.4B&C8
n No receptacles on branch circuits supplying temporary lighting_____ 590.4D1
n Lampholders req guards_______________________________________ 590.4F
n Splices in NM cable or MC cable OK without splice box if EGC
continuity maintained (including listed metal cable fittings)__________590.4G9
n Protect cords & cables from accidental damage__________________ 590.4H
n Cords & cables not OK on floor or ground exc extension cords______ 590.4J10
n GFCI req’d on all 125V 15, 20 & 30A temporary receptacles_____ 590.6A111
n Listed GFCI cord-sets OK only to supplement GFCI on temporary
receptacles or as first device on permanently wired receptacle__590.6A1&211
n Other receptacles GFCI, special purpose GFCI, or assured grounding_ 590.6B12

FIG. 5
Temporary Power Pole
Typical 6×6 post with 18 ft. or per
block above weatherhead utility

Temporary power services

follow the same NEC rules as
permanent services as well as
standards set by the utility.

GFCI Receptacles

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SERVICE & FEEDER LOAD CALCULATIONS

The calculation methods in the codes take into account that not all of the
possible electrical loads will be used at the same time. Each of the calculation
methods allows the use of “demand factors.” The “long form,” shown below and
in T2, is the most common calculation method. For information on multifamily load
calculations, refer to the examples in Annex D of the NEC.
Load Calculation Steps (Long Form) T2 17 NEC 17 NEC
1. Determine the sq. ft. area of the residence & multiply 10. Enter larger of fixed space heating or AC load____________________ 220.60
by 3VA (exclude garage & covered patios)_______________________ 220.12 11–18. Enter nameplate ratings of appliances that are fixed in place.
2. Min of 2 small-appliance circuits at 1,500VA each________________220.52A For appliances rated in amps, multiply amps times voltage to determine
3. Each additional small appliance circuit at 1,500VA_______________220.52A watts. If nameplate ratings unknown, use estimates in T4___________ 220.53
4. Minimum 1 laundry circuit at 1,500VA__________________________220.52B 19. Enter total load of fixed appliances_____________________________ 220.53
5. Enter total of appliance circuits & general lighting_________________ 220.42 20. If there are < 4 fixed appliances, enter number from line 19
6. First 3,000VA counted at 100% (carries to right column)__________ T220.42 in right column______________________________________________ 220.53
7. Subtract 3,000 from amount in line 5 & enter difference in 21. If there are ≥ 4 fixed appliances, multiply line 19 by 75%
middle column. Multiply the middle column amount by 35% & & enter in right column________________________________________ 220.53
enter in right column________________________________________ T220.42 22. Add 25% of the largest motor load. Skip this step if a nameplate
8. Range loads are calculated at nameplate rating. If a single range is rated AC is largest load since that number has already been
> 8,000VA & < 12,000VA, it still counts as 8,000VA (8kW); factored into nameplate min conductor ampacity_________________220.18A
if > 12,000VA, add 5% of each additional 1,000VA of 23. Add numbers in third column__________________________________ 220.40
nameplate load. Nameplates of a counter-mounted range & 24. Divide line 23 by 240 to find req’d min amperage_________________ 220.40
up to 2 wall ovens can be added together & computed as if they
were 1 range. Enter in right column_____________________________ 220.55
9. Enter dryer circuit at 5,000VA (or nameplate rating if greater)_______ 220.54

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TABLE 2 LOAD CALCULATIONS 220.40 TABLE 2 LOAD CALCULATIONS 220.40

General Lighting & Receptacle Loads Appliances Fastened in Place
1 Sq. ft. × 3VA 11 Water heater
Small Appliance & Laundry Loads 12 Microwave
2 2 small appliance circuit 3,000 13 Dishwasher
3 Additional small appliance 14 Compactor
4 Laundry circuit 1,500 15 Disposer
5 Subtotal general light, 16 Attic fan
small appliance & laundry
17 Spa—per MFR.
6 First 3,000VA @ 100% 3,000 3,000
18 Other
7 Balance @ 35% × .35 =
19 Subtotal
Special Appliance Loads 20 If <4 appliances, enter subtotal @100% or
8 Range 8,000 up to 12kW nameplate 21 If ≥4 appliances, enter subtotal × 75%
9 Dryer 5,000 (or nameplate if >) 22 Largest motor × 25%
10 Heating or AC @ 100% 23 Total load
24 Total load ÷ 240V = SERVICE AMPS

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Size Requirements—General 17 NEC TABLE 3 MIN. SIZE OF ELECTRICAL SERVICE 220.82

n Min size for SFD 100A______________________________________ 230.79C
1. Indoor sq. ft. × 3VA/ft.
n Service conductors adequate for load to be served_________________230.42
n Service conductors allowed to be 83% of T11_________________310.15B73 2. Min. 2 small appliance circuits @ 1,500VA each 3,000
n Feeders adequate for load to be served________________________ 215.2A1 3. Laundry circuit @ 1,500VA 1,500
n Branch circuits adequate for max load to be served______________ 210.19A1 4. Nameplate VA of fixed appliances:
n Optional method allowed ____________________________________ 220.82A
Dryer @ 5,000VA
The “optional” method is simpler & can be used to determine if an existing service is adequate
for expansion. These methods apply to both services & feeders. Oven(s)
Cooktop
Water heater
Dishwasher
Disposer
Other
5. Subtotal of fixed appliances
6. First 10,000VA @ 100% 10,000 10,000
7. Balance @ 40% (subtract line 6 from line 5) × .40 =
8. Largest of heating or cooling load
8a. Nameplate rating(s) of air-conditioning & cooling equipment OR
8b. Heat pump nameplate if no supplemental electric heat OR
8c. Continuous electric thermal storage @ nameplate rating OR
8d. 100% of heat pump nameplate rating plus 65% of supplemental
electric heat or central electric heat OR
8e. Space heaters @ 65% of nameplate rating if < 4 units OR
8f. Space heaters @ 40% of nameplate rating if ≥ 4 units
9. Total load in VA
10. Divide by 240 = minimum service rating

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Optional Method (Short Form) 17 NEC TABLE 4 TYPICAL APPLIANCE LOADS

1. 3VA per ft. (exclude garage & covered patios)__________________ 220.82B1
Use actual nameplate ratings when known. This table is for estimating
2. Min 2 small-appliance circuits at 1,500VA each, each purposes when appliances are not yet specified.
additional small appliance circuit at 1,500VA___________________ 220.82B2
Appliance Typical Appliance Typical
3. Min 1 laundry circuit at 1,500VA______________________________ 220.82B2
Load (VA) Load (VA)
4. Nameplate ratings of fixed appliances (see T4 if ratings not known);
these include full nameplate rating of ranges & ovens without Central AC 1,800/ton Electric clothes dryer 5,000
applying reductions allowed in the “long form” method___________ 220.82B3 Dishwasher 1,200 Water heater 4,500
5. Enter sum of items 1–4______________________________________ 220.82B Food waste disposer 900 Electric cooktop 3,600
6. 100% of first 10,000VA______________________________________ 220.82B Trash compactor 1,200 Single wall oven 4,800
7. Subtract line 6 from line 5, multiply by 40% _____________________ 220.82B
Microwave 1,500 Double wall oven 8,000
8. Determine largest of the heating or cooling load. When using nameplate
rating of heat pumps or AC, multiply “minimum circuit ampacity” times Central furnace 1,000 Pool pump 2,000
the voltage (240). If only size (tonnage) is known, refer to T4_______ 220.82C Central vacuum 1,500 Well pump 2,000
9. Add numbers in right column & enter total_______________________ 220.82A
10. Divide by 240 = amperage
Adding Loads to an Existing Dwelling
n If no new heating or AC equipment to be installed, add the following
and count the first 8,000W @ 100% & the remainder @40%:______220.83A
• 3W per ft. (exclude garage & covered patios)
• 1500W for each small-appliance circuit and laundry circuit
• Nameplate rating of all installed appliances or those for specific circuits
n If new heating or AC equipment to be installed, add 100% of the larger
of the heating or air conditioning to the above calculation__________ 220.83B

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FIG. 6
OK to use building steel to Service OK to use water pipe within 5 ft. of entry Single rod with
Grounding interconnect GECs panel to building to interconnect GECs resistance > 25 ohms
must be supplemented
Electrode
by another electrode
Conductors Size Per T5
Size Per T5 other than water pipe
#2 OK to use Ufer extension to Water pipe
interconnect GECs in location w/10 ft. in
#4 Ufer #4 #6
Ground protected from corrosion contact with
ring earth

GROUNDING ELECTRODES Water Pipe

Grounding provides a path for lightning and reduces electrical “noise” on commu- n Use metal water pipe if ≥ 10 ft. in contact with soil F6___________ 250.52A1
nications equipment. Common grounding electrodes in residential construction are n Bond around water meters, filters, etc.________________________ 250.53D1
metal underground water piping, ground rods, and concrete-encased electrodes. n Water pipe cannot be the sole electrode– it must be
Other types include ground rings, metal plates, metal well casings, listed grounding supplemented by another type of electrode____________________ 250.53D2
electrode systems, underground tanks, and the steel frame of a building connected n Pipe, rod, or plate that supplements water pipe must comply with
to earth as described below. Gas piping is not an acceptable grounding electrode. 25 ohm rule or be supplemented by another electrode____________ 250.53D2
Grounding Electrode System (GES) F6 17 NEC n Metal well casing OK as electrode (e.g., plastic water service)______ 250.52A8
n Use all electrodes that are available on premises Ground Ring
during the course of construction________________________________250.50 n Min #2 copper encircling building in direct contact w/ earth F6___ 250.52A4
n Bond all electrodes to form a GES______________________________250.50 n Min 30 in. below surface of earth_______________________________250.53F
n Gas pipe not OK as grounding electrode______________________ 250.52B1

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GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTORS (GECs)

Metal In-Ground Building Structure The GEC that connects the system of metal grounding electrodes in earth to the
n Metal in-ground support structures w/10 ft. in direct contact electrical system must have adequate size and protection. Individual GECs can
w/ earth or encased in concrete in earth (piles)_________________ 250.52A2 be run to each electrode of the GES, or a single GEC can be run to one of them,
Ground Rods 17 NEC provided all the other GECs are connected by bonding conductors.
n Unlisted pipe electrodes min 3/4 in. diameter & galvanized_______ 250.52A5a Connection Locations 17 NEC
n Copper-clad rods min 5/8 in. diameter unless listed for less______ 250.52A5b n GEC connects EGCs, service equipment,
n Rods min 8 ft. in contact with soil F6___________________________ 250.53G & service neutral to the grounding electrodes____________________ 250.24D
n Drive rods vertical & fully below grade EXC_____________________ 250.53G n Connect GEC to service neutral at any accessible point from
• If bedrock encountered, rod may be buried horizontally load end of service drop to neutral bus in service disconnect______ 250.24A1
21/2 ft. deep or driven at 45° angle____________________________ 250.53G n Bare Al GEC not OK in masonry or earth_______________________ 250.64A
• Clamp above grade OK if protected F8–10____________________ 250.53G n Where outside, no Al terminated within 18 in. of earth____________ 250.64A
n Must be supplemented by another electrode n Connect GEC to metal water pipe that is continuous from
that is not a water pipe EXC_________________________________ 250.53A2 underground ≤ 5 ft. from point of pipe entrance to building F6_____ 250.68C1
• Not req’d if rod resistance ≤ 25 ohms_______________________ 250.53A2X n Metal structural building frame OK to interconnect GECs________ 250.68C2
n Supplemental rods/plates spaced min 6 ft. apart (16 ft. preferred)__ 250.5A3 n Hold-down bolts of metal structural building frame OK as
Concrete-Encased Electrode (Ufer) connection to Ufer w/ tie wires, welding, or other means________250.68C213
n Ufer = 20ft #4 or larger rebar near bottom of footing or 20 ft. of n Additional Ufer bar may extend through foundation to accessible
min #4 Cu wire near bottom of footing, min 2 in. encasement______ 250.52A3 point for connection where not subject to corrosion F6_________250.68C314
n Ufer must be used if present during construction___________________250.50 Methods of Connection
n Ufer not req’d in existing building if concrete would n No splices between service & GES EXC_______________________ 250.64C
have to be disturbed to gain access___________________________ 250.50X • Listed irreversible compression connectors or exothermic welding 250.64C
n OK to bond sections of rebar with ordinary steel Note: The GEC does not need to be continous from one portion of the GES to another;
individual conductors can connect to components of the GES.
tie wires to obtain 20 ft. continuous length_____________________ 250.52A3
n GEC can connect to any electrode of GES or GECs can
n Can be 20 ft. of vertical steel in pier in direct earth contact_______ 250.52A3
connect individually to electrodes comprising GES________________ 250.64F
n Where multiple Ufers present, only 1 req’d to be bonded to GES__ 250.52A3
n Buried clamps L&L for direct burial (marked “DB”) F6_______________ 250.70
Pipes & Plates n Cu water tubing clamps L&L for Cu tubing _______________________ 250.70
n Pipe electrodes min 3/4 in. diameter & galvanized________________ 250.52A5 n Ufer clamps L&L for rebar & encasement F6______________________ 250.70
n Ferrous plates min 1/4 in. thick & min 2 sq. ft. in contact with soil___ 250.52A7 n Strap-type clamps suitable only for indoor
n Aluminum not permitted as grounding electrode________________ 250.52B2 telecommunications___________________________________________ 250.70

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Methods of Connection (cont.) 17 NEC Protection F7-10 17 NEC

n Max 1 conductor per clamp unless listed for more__________________ 250.70 n ≥ #6 req’s protection if subject to physical damage EXC_________ 250.64B2
n Connections must be accessible EXC_________________________ 250.68A • if following building contour & not subject to damage F7________ 250.64B1
• Buried or encased connections____________________________ 250.68AX1 n #8 always req’s protection by raceway or armor F8_____________ 250.64B3
Size n Bond each end of ferrous raceways enclosing GECs
n Size bonding conductors that connect GES per GEC rules_______ 250.53C to the enclosure or electrode or to the GEC F9___________________250.64E1
n Size GEC based on largest size req’d among n Bond protective conduit using same methods as for
all electrodes in the GES_____________________________________250.64F supply side bonding (see p.10) ________________________________ 250.64E2
n Size GEC per service conductor size T5 EXC_____________________250.66 n If connection to rod is above grade and located where subject
• #6 Cu largest size needed if ending at rod or plate electrode_______ 250.66A to damage, protect with wood or metal enclosure_________________ 250.53G
• #4 Cu largest size needed if ending at Ufer_______________________ 250.66B
• #2 Cu largest size needed if ending at ground ring_________________250.66C FIG. 7 FIG.8
Bare GEC Armor-clad GEC
“Acorn”
TABLE 5 GEC SIZING 250.66 clamp
Service Entrance Conductor (AWG) GEC (AWG)
#8 must be protected.
Cu Al Cu Al
≥ #6 following the Clamp must
≤2 ≤ 1/0 8 6 building contour does not bond metal
1 or 1/0 2/0 or 3/0 6 4 need protection. sheath to GEC.
2/0 or 3/0 4/0 or 250kcmil 4 2
FIG. 9 FIG. 10
4/0–350kcmil > 250–500kcmil 2 1/0 GEC in Metal GEC in PVC
> 350–600kcmil > 500–900kcmil 1/0 3/0 Raceway
> 600–1100kcmil > 900–1750kcmil 2/0 4/0
Ferrous metal protective
> 1100kcmil > 1750kcmil 3/0 250kcmil conduits must be bonded
at both ends, making
PVC a simpler solution.

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BONDING Supply-Side Bonding F12,13,16 17 NEC

n Bond all service equipment, raceways, & cable armor_____________ 250.92A
Bonding ensures electrical continuity to limit voltage potential between conductive
components. On the supply side (ahead of the main disconnect F16), it provides n Threaded fittings OK for bonding service conduit_______________ 250.92B2
a path back to the utility transformer for faults on service conductors and limits n Meyers hub OK for bonding service conduit F13________________ 250.92B2
voltage potential to other systems, such as telephones or cable TV. On the load n Standard locknuts not OK on supply side of service F12____________ 250.92B2
side (after the main overcurrent protection F17), bonding and equipment ground- n Bonding locknuts OK if no remaining concentric knockouts F12______ 250.92B4
ing provide a path to clear faults and protect against shocks. n Jumpers req’d around impaired connections (concentric
Bonding & Equipment Grounding Methods 17 NEC knockouts or reducing washers) on supply side of service F13______250.92B
n Use listed connectors, terminal bars, exothermic welding, n Service neutral can bond supply-side equipment________________ 250.142A
machine screws engaging 2 threads or secured w/ nut, or n Size supply-side bonding jumpers per T5______________________ 250.102C
thread-forming machine screws engaging 2 threads. F11 250.8A n Service enclosure main bonding jumper must connect enclosure,
n No sheet metal or drywall screws F11____________________________250.8A service neutral, & equipment grounds F16______________________ 250.24B
n Connections may not depend solely on solder____________________ 250.8B n Bond lightning protection systems to the GES__________________ 250.106
n Clean nonconductive coatings from contact surfaces________________ 250.12
FIG. 12
Fittings with No Remaining Concentric Knockouts
FIG. 11
Box Grounding Methods Bonding
Connect all
equipment locknut
Listed connec-
tors OK (barrel grounding
crimps, wire connectors
in box Meyers
nuts, push-in
FIG. 13 hub
connectors) Bonding at Impaired Connections
Bonding jumpers

Machine
screws OK
Sheet metal
screws NOT
OK Continuity must be Grounding
maintained if device Bonding Grounding
wedge
is removed. bushing wedge

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Intersystem Bonding F14 17 NEC Load-Side Bonding (cont.) 17 NEC
n Separate electrodes for phone/CATV req #6 bond to power GES______ 800.100D n Size gas pipe bonding per T6________________________________ 250.104B
n Accessible Intersystem Bonding Termination (IBT) n Gas bond may be from EGC of circuit likely to energize piping____ 250.104B
device req’d external to service equipment______________________250.94A15 n Bond metal well casings to EGC of pump motor________________ 250.112M
n IBT req’d at disconnecting means of separate buildings___________ 250.94A
n IBT req’s min 3 terminals listed for grounding & bonding_________ 250.94A2 EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTORS (EGCS)
n IBT device not to interfere w/ enclosure cover__________________ 250.94A3 EGCs limit voltage on enclosures and provide a path for fault current. Without
n Min #6 Cu to bond IBT to service or GEC___________________ 250.94A4&5 EGCs, the frame of an appliance could remain energized if there is a fault.
n GEC or nonflexible raceway OK as bond point in existing buildings_ 250.94X Equipment grounding provides a low-impedance path so the overcurrent device
will open the circuit. The purpose of equipment grounding system is completely
n IBT not req’d if communications systems not likely to be used_____ 250.94X16
different than that of earth grounding; earth plays no part in helping clear faults.
FIG. 14 Electrical service General 17 NEC
Bond wire
Intersystem Bonding min. n EGC must provide effective ground-fault current path_____________ 250.4A5
#14 n Earth is not an effective ground-fault current path________________ 250.4A5
Cu
CATV n Size EGCs per T6_________________________________________ 250.122A
Telephone
n Remove paint from contact surfaces of pipes for
field-installed equipment such as ground clamps___________________250.12
n EGCs must run with other conductors of circuit EXC_____250.118 & 300.3B
Intersystem bonding terminal bar • Replacement of nongrounding receptacles (see p.56)__________ 250.130C
n Neutral not to be used for grounding equipment EXC____________ 250.142B
Bond wire
min. #6 Cu • Existing ranges & dryers_________________________________ 250.142BX1
Types & Identification of EGCs
CSST gas pipe
with #6 bond wire n Wire EGCs can be bare, covered, or insulated___________________250.118
Tracer wire n Conductors ≤ #6 must be bare or factory insulated
Ground rod w/ green (or green with yellow stripes)__________________________250.119
Gas Meter
n Conductors ≥ #4 OK bare for entire exposed length
or use green tape or labels encircling the conductor_____________ 250.119A
Load-Side Bonding 17 NEC n Green not OK for neutral or ungrounded conductors______________250.119
n Bond any metal piping system capable of becoming n RMC, IMC, EMT, AC cable armor, electrically continuous
energized, including hot & cold water & gas F14,15______________ 250.104 raceways & surface metal raceways OK as EGC__________________250.118
n Size water pipe bonding per T5_____________________________ 250.104A1 n FMC & LFMC not OK as EGC exc for non-motor circuits in combined
n Size gas pipe bonding per T6________________________________ 250.104B lengths to 6 ft. with grounding fittings F59,60____________________250.118

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FIG. 15 Enclosures (Cabinets)
Hot n Enclosures weatherproof ( ≥ NEMA 3) in wet or damp locations 312.2
Cold
Bonding Interior Gas n Surface-mounted wet or damp location metal enclosures
Min. min 1/4 in. air gap between enclosure & wall________________________ 312.2
Piping #8 Cu
n Equipment rated for dry or damp locations must be protected
All interior piping systems against damage from weather during construction__________________ 110.11
capable of becoming energized To GES
n Open knockouts & twistouts durably filled EXC__________________ 110.12A
must be bonded, & connecting
• MFR holes such as those for mounting OK____________________ 110.12A
them at a gas water heater
provides an easy way to check n Protect bus bars & other internal parts from contamination
for compliance. (paint or plaster) during construction___________________________ 110.12B
n Max setback in noncombustible wall (steel studs) 1/4 in._______312.3Enclosures
(Cabinets) cont. 17 NEC___________________
n Max setback in noncombustible wall (steel studs) 1/4 in._________________312.3
TABLE 6 EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTORS (EGCs) T250.122 n Flush (no setback allowed) in combustible (wood-frame) wall_________ 312.3
n Max plaster gap at side of flush mount panel 1/8 in.__________________ 312.4
Size of Breaker or Fuse Size of Size of
Protecting Circuit (Amps) Cu EGC (AWG) Al EGC (AWG) n Dead-front cover req’d_________________________________________ 408.38
n Circuit directories to distinguish each circuit from all others____________ 408.4
15 14 12
n Directory labeling not based on transient conditions_________________ 408.4
20 12 10
n Unused (spare) breakers labeled_________________________________ 408.4
25–60 10 8
70–100 8 6 Equipment Grounding Conductors in Panels
110–200 6 4 n Grounding terminal bar req’d if wire EGCs present F17_____________408.40
225–300 4 2 n EGCs not on neutral bar in subpanels___________________________ 250.24A5
400 3 1 n > 1 EGC (not neutrals) can be connected in
a terminal if allowed by L&L of panel___________________ 110.14A & 408.40
n EGCs & neutrals may not share same terminal, even in service
PANELBOARDS & CABINETS
equipment where they are allowed on same terminal bar______________408.41
What we commonly call an “electrical panel” is referred to as a panelboard (NEC
408) inside a cabinet (NEC 312) F16. See p.7 for working space requirements.
Clearances & Location 17 NEC
n OCPDs readily accessible & max height AFF 6 ft. 7 in.____________ 240.24A
n No panels or OCPDs in clothes closet or bathroom____________ 240.24D&E
n No panels or OCPDs over steps of a stairway____________________240.24F

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Neutral Conductors 17 NEC Wire Space
n Bond neutral, EGCs, & enclosure in service panels F16___________ 250.24B n Avoid crowding of conductors___________________________________ 312.7
n Isolate neutrals in subpanels F17_______________________________ 250.24A5 n Splices & taps in panels OK to 40% fill, 75% max cross-section__ 312.8A1&2
n Continuity of neutrals not to depend on enclosures_________________200.2B n Power-monitoring devices OK if listed & meeting above fill req’s____ 312.8B19
n Each neutral conductor req’s individual terminal____________________408.41 n Feed-through conductors OK to pass through panel if warning
n Neutral cannot serve more than one circuit or MW circuit____________200.4A label applied that identifies power source is applied to enclosure___ 312.8A3
n Identify or group each neutral with its circuit conductors EXC_________ 200.4B17 n Min bending space for conductors not entering or leaving
• When grouping is obvious, such as a cable system____________ 200.4BX117 wall opposite terminals (“L” bend) per T7A, F18_________________ 312.6B1
• When passing through a box with no loop or splice___________ 200.4BX217 n Min bending space for conductors entering or leaving
n Neutrals factory-applied white or grey EXC_______________________200.6A wall opposite terminals (“S” bend) per T7B, F18 EXC____________ 312.6B2
• Conductors ≥ #4 white or grey tape encircling ends_______________200.6B • T7A distance from terminal to wall OK if conductor enters
n White not OK on ungrounded conductors EXC____________________ 200.7A or leaves in gutter & meets distance per T7A, F18____________ 312.6B2X1
• White conductors of a cable assembly OK as ungrounded n Conductors entering from back wall req T7A distance
conductors with tape (not white or green) encircling ends__________ 200.7C to cover and T7B distance from terminals F18__________________ 408.55C20
n Torque all breakers & terminals AMI__________________ 110.3B & 110.14D18
OCPDs
n Bus req’s overcurrent protection on supply side EXC F16,17________408.36
• Service equipment bus w/ >1 main disconnect______________ 408.36X1–3
n Breakers must be listed or classified AMI for panel_________________110.3B
n Protect ungrounded conductors w/ OCPDs T11,15_________________ 240.4
n 2-pole breaker or 2 single-pole breakers w/ approved handle
ties req’d for multiwire circuits or for 240V circuits F17________ 240.15B1&2
n 2-pole breaker or 2 single-pole breakers w/ approved handle
ties req’d for receptacles on shared yoke___________________________ 210.7
n Backfed breakers secured in place EXC________________________ 408.36D
• Output circuits from listed utility interactive PV inverter__________ 705.12B5
Panel Wiring 17 NEC
n Torque all breakers & terminals AMI__________________ 110.3B & 110.14D18
n Antioxidant on Al conductors AMI_______________________________ 110.14
n Secure each cable entering panel AMI F16,17,49_________________ 312.5C

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FIG. 16 FIG. 17
Barriers over
Service
exposed service
Panel lugs or bus bars Subpanel
Bonding
bushing F13 SUPPLY SIDE
req’d for All multiwire
service LOAD SIDE circuits req.
conductors handle ties or Do not bond
entering single-handle neutral in
Neutral conductor 2-pole breaker.
through subpanel.
identified (white
concentric
tape encircling If more than one
knockouts.
end of conductor) circuit in raceway,
Bond neutral in tie neutrals to their
GEC associated circuit
service enclosure
conductors, or use
tags or numbers
Panelboard on each wire. Also
(article 408) EGC applies to race-
Breaker ways with more
protects Cabinet
(article 312) No wire tie than one multiwire
panel & circuit.
subpanel needed for
4-conductor multiwire
feeder circuit in cable.

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FIG. 18 MINIMUM WIRING SPACE OPPOSITE TERMINALS21

Wire Bending TABLE 7
WIRE SIZES & REQ’D DISTANCES (INCHES)
Space B
L Bends – Wire not through wall S Bends – Wire through wall
(For clarity, neutrals & EGCs not shown)
opposite terminal A B opposite terminal
Dimension T7B from panel wall to lug B
determines max conductor size
Cu Wire Al Wire1 Distance2 Cu Wire Al Wire1 Distance3
14–10 12 –8 n/a 14 – 10 12 –8 n/a
The conductors from this breaker
are allowed T7A size because 8–6 6 –4 1½ 8 6 1½
they exit the side wiring space to 4–3 2 –1 2 6 4 2
A
an adjacent gutter that has T7B
space. The adjacent gutter space B 2 1/0 2½ 4 2 3
is measured from the boundary
1 2/0 3 3 1 3
posts above the main lugs.
1/0–2/0 3/0–4/0 3½ 2 1/0 3½
Conductors exiting wall opposite
terminals limited to T7B size A 3/0–4/0 250–300 4 1 2/0 4½
B
Conductors not exiting wall 250 350 4½ 1/0 3/0 5½
opposite terminals limited to T7A 300–350 400–500 5 2/0 4/0 6
size A 400–500 600–750 6 3/0 250 6½
Back wall entry conductors
limited to T7A measured to front 600–700 800–1000 8 4/0 300 7
panel edge & T7B measured to 1. Compact stranded aluminum conductors using AA-8000 series alloys.21
breaker terminal 2. When a lug lies at an angle, the distance can be measured along the length of the wire in the direction
that the wire leaves the terminal.
3. The distance is measured in a straight line from the lug in a direction perpendicular to the panel wall.

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Multiwire Circuits 17 NEC FIG. 19
n Ungrounded conductors must originate from opposite poles____________100 Multiwire Circuits

Open neutral
n All conductors must originate from same panel____________________210.4A
n Neutrals may not feed through devices whose removal would 240V Utility Transformer Secondary
interrupt continuity (use pigtails from neutral to devices in box)_____ 300.13B 120V
n All multiwire circuits req handle ties or single handle breaker_________ 210.4B
n All conductors of multiwire circuit must be identified or grouped
(wire ties or other means) inside enclosures EXC F17___ 200.4B & 210.4D22
• Cable systems where grouping is obvious F17________________ 200.4BX1
• Where passing through box w/out splice or loop______________ 200.4BX222

0.83A

0.83A
0.5A

2.5A

2.5A

2.5A
Most utility transformers for 1- and 2-family dwelling services have two unground-

2A

5A
Neutral
ed “hot” conductors and a neutral derived from the center of the transformer, as
point
depicted in F19. The neutral is connected to earth and is a “grounded” conductor.
The neutral limits the voltage on either of the hot conductors to 120V to ground. 120V 120V 120V 120V 200V 40V
The service is a “3-wire” shared-neutral circuit. 120V branch circuits with shared
neutrals are known as multiwire circuits (also called “Edison” circuits). If the neutral
is broken or loose, voltages become erratic, as in F19 .C . TV sets, motors, and
computers don’t do well with fluctuating voltages. Signs of unstable voltage, such
as incandescent bulbs growing brighter or dimmer as other loads change, could 60W 60W
.A 300W 300W .B 300W .C 300W
indicate a loose neutral either at a branch circuit or at the utility.
.A PROPER CIRCUIT 2 unequal loads are fed by a 3-wire circuit. The
neutral carries the imbalance between the 2 loads1.
.B OVERLOADED NEUTRAL Without voltage potential between the
hot conductors, the neutral carries the sum of the loads. In a 3-conduc-
tor NM cable, the black & red wires must originate from different poles.
.C OPEN NEUTRAL Two unequal loads in series across 240V from the
transformer. The load with lowest resistance sees the lower voltage.
Voltage at each load depends on other loads and is unstable.
1. On 120/208 systems, the neutral always carries current, even in properly
balanced circuits. The principles here still apply.

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FIG. 20
ARC-FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (AFCIs) AFCIs — Replacements & Extensions
AFCIs provide fire protection by tripping when an arcing fault is detected. AFCI
breakers and GFCI breakers look similar F21,24, and you must read the label to New Box &
determine if a breaker is an AFCI or a GFCI. Dual function breakers that provide Existing Receptacle
Receptacle
both AFCI & GFCI protection are also available F21. Outlet branch-circuit type Protected on extended
Replace with
(OBC) AFCIs are also available, including ones that are also GFCIs, and the codes extension circuit
OBC AFCI at
have changed substantially to recognize these new methods.
first outlet of
The number of areas requiring AFCI protection expands in each code cycle. The branch circuit
Unprotected
time to plan for the AFCIs is during the rough wiring, so that separate cables are being extended
home run
provided for the circuits requiring AFCI protection. Not all brands and models of
AFCI are compatible with multiwire circuits.
Replace with
Beginning January 1, 2008, all AFCIs were req’d to meet the UL standard for “com- dual-function GFCI
bination” types rather than the older “branch/feeder” type. Combination AFCIs pro- & OBC AFCI with
vide a broader range of protection than branch/feeder types. OBC AFCIs provide AFCI at origin
of branch appropriate labels
the same range of protection as combination types, and when installed at the first (see p.28)
outlet box on a circuit protected by an older “branch/feeder” AFCI, that circuit then circuit Replacement
complies with the 2014 and 2017 NEC. of Existing
New Box & Ungrounded
Areas Requiring AFCI Protection 17 NEC Receptacle Receptacle
n Req’d for all 120V 15A & 20A branch circuits supplying outlets
or devices in family rooms, dining rooms, living rooms, parlors,
libraries, dens, bedrooms, sunrooms, recreation rooms, closets,
hallways kitchens, laundry areas & similar rooms EXC____________ 210.12A23
• May be omitted on individual circuit to a fire alarm circuit in RMC, IMC,
EMT, or steel-armored AC or MC cable w/ metal junction boxes that is
part of central-station system in accordance w/ NEC Article 760 __ 210.12AX
n Req’d for all 120V 15A & 20A branch circuits supplying
outlets & devices in dormitory unit bedrooms, living rooms,
hallways, closets, bathrooms, & similar rooms__________________ 210.12B24

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FIG. 21 Extensions, Modifications, & Replacements 17 NEC

AFCIs
n If wiring extended, modified, or replaced in areas where
protection currently req’d, provide protection by
combination AFCI at origin of branch circuit or OBC
AFCI at first outlet of existing branch circuit F20 EXC_____________ 210.12D
• Not req’d when extension of conductors ≤ 6 ft. &
does not include added outlets or devices __________________ 210.12DX26
Labeled
“AFCI” n Replacement receptacles in areas where AFCI
on face protection currently req’d must be OBC AFCI or be
protected by combination AFCI or OBC AFCI EXC F20__________ 406.4D4
• Replacements w/ GFCI receptacle in older 2-wire systems
where panel does not accept AFCIs & no practical means
available to install EGC & no added wiring to receptacle &
Two-Pole AFCI
Outlet Branch Circuit Dual function Breaker for dual-function AFCI/GFCI receptacles not available_________ 406.4D4X1–427
AFCI (OBC) AFCI/GFCI Multiwire Circuits

AFCI Protection Methods 17 NEC

n Combination-type AFCI at origin of branch circuit_______________ 210.12A1
n Branch/feeder-type AFCI at origin of branch circuit &
OBC type at first outlet box on branch circuit,
w/ outlet box marked as first on circuit_______________________ 210.12A225
n Ordinary circuit breaker at origin of circuit & RMC,
IMC, EMT, Type MC, or steel-armored AC cable to
first outlet, with OBC AFCI at first outlet_______________________ 210.12A5
n Ordinary circuit breaker at origin of circuit & metallic or
nonmetallic conduit or tubing encased in min. 2 in. concrete
to first outlet & OBC AFCI at first outlet_______________________ 210.12A6
In addition to the 4 methods above, the NEC also includes “supplemental arc protection
breakers” & “system combination” AFCIs. These non-AFCI breakers are used in conjunction
with OBC type AFCIs as the first outlet on the circuit to create a system that is listed. As of
this writing, neither of these systems actually exists. These two additional methods depend
upon UL testing that is ongoing, and will not work with older circuit breakers.

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GROUND-FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (GFCIS)
A properly functioning 120V circuit is balanced – the current that travels to the
outllet on the ungrounded conductor is balanced by the current returning on the
neutral conductor. When a ground fault occurs, current travels on a path that is not
designed to carry current, such as the metal body of an appliance, or the human
body touching that appliance. This fault current creates a detectable imbalance in
the appliance’s circuit. GFCIs respond to these very low levels of current imbal-
ance in a circuit, and limit the duration of the fault to safe levels. Ironically, even
During a ground fault F23 more current flows to the load than from the load. This
though the earth is not a good enough conductor to trip a breaker, it is a good
differential creates a magnetic field that induces voltage on the sensing coil. The
enough conductor to carry the low levels of current that can cause electrocution.
resulting current on the coil signals the relay mechanism, which opens the circuit.
GFCIs have substantially reduced the number of electrocutions since they were
first implemented. AFCIs reduce fire hazards; GFCIs reduce electrocution hazards. FIG. 23
In F22, equal currents are flowing to & from the load. The magnetic fields gener- Ground Fault
ated by the flow of electrons in these 2 conductors are of opposite polarity & their Fault to enclosure
magnetic fields cancel each other. The circuit passes through a coil of wire inside Circuit opens
the GFCI & the GFCI accounts for the electrons on each conductor. As long as when GFCI
the currents are balanced, the GFCI allows current on the circuit. detects imbal-
nce
FIG. 22
Resistor Test button

GFCI Circuit Current

closed to load Balanced
load
between
hot &
neutral
Fault path:
Sensing Enclosure
Current
coil Current to person to
from load
Utility Returning grounded
transformer Sensor relay to source object

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A GFCI receptacle can provide protection for other receptacles downstream on Locations Requiring GFCI Protection 17 NEC
the circuit. GFCI protection can be provided by GFCI breakers, blank face devic- See p.62 for GFCI req’s for pool equipment
es, or GFCI receptacles F24 n GFCIs req’d to be in readily accessible locations___________________ 210.8
n Distance measurements = shortest path w/out piercing
FIG. 24 GFCIs floor, wall, ceiling, fixed barrier, doorway, or window_______________ 210.828
GFCI protection is req’d for 15A & 20A receptacles in the following locations:
n Bathrooms ________________________________________________ 210.8A1
n Garages & accessory buildings (no exceptions)__________________ 210.8A2
n Outdoors EXC_____________________________________________ 210.8A3
• GFPE circuit dedicated to non-readily accessible receptacles
for snow-melting or deicing equipment_______________________ 210.8A3X
n Crawl spaces at or below grade level__________________________ 210.8A4
n Unfinished portions of basements or basement areas
not intended as habitable rooms EXC__________________________ 210.8A5
• Permanently installed fire or burglar alarm system (see p.14)_____ 210.8A5X
n Where serving kitchen countertop surfaces F25_________________ 210.8A6
n Within 6 ft. of all sinks______________________________________ 210.8A729
Receptacle Type Blank face Circuit breaker n Within 6 ft. of tub or shower stalls F43________________________ 210.8A930
n Laundry areas_____________________________________________210.8A1031
A GFCI will operate properly without an equipment ground. The receptacle should n Outlets supplying dishwashers________________________________ 210.8D32
be labeled “no equipment ground” & any downstream protected receptacles should n Hydromassage (whirlpool) tubs_________________________________680.71
also have that label as well as a label stating that they are GFCI protected. Labels Modern GFCIs have greater resistance to corrosion & surges. They are more
are not req’d for properly grounded GFCI-protected receptacles. reliable than earlier verions & do not have the problem of “nuisance tripping.” The
numerous exceptions that once existed for GFCIs have been removed from the
code. Installation instructions for GFCIs are now standardized for consistency
and they require checking GFCI operation after installation to ensure that devices
are properly wired. They should be tested on a regular basis thereafter.

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BRANCH CIRCUITS & OUTLETS Receptacles — General 17 NEC

Branch circuits are the permanent wiring between the final OCPDs (overcurrent n Receptacles for specific appliances (laundry, garage door opener)
protective devices – fuses or breakers) and the outlets that provide power to within 6 ft. of appliance location_______________________________ 210.50C
electrical equipment. Separate circuits are required for the kitchen small appliance n Flexible cords not OK as fixed or concealed wiring_________________400.12
circuits, bathroom receptacles, laundry, garage, central heating equipment, and n Receptacles must be mounted with 6–32 machine screws__________406.533
large appliances. In some cases, as described below, these are “individual” circuits, n All receptacles on 15A & 20A circuits grounding type______________406.4A
with only one piece of equipment on the circuit. With few exceptions, required n Receptacles for direct Al connection marked “CO/ALR”_____________ 406.3C
receptacle outlets must be listed tamper-resistant types.
n Receptacles req’d by 210.52 listed TR type EXC______________________406.12
Circuit Sizes, Number & Load Limitations 17 NEC • Receptacles located > 51/2 ft. above floor___________________ 406.12X134
n Rule of thumb: min 1 general-purpose circuit per 500 sq. ft._________ 220.12 n Replacement receptacles listed TR type EXC___________________ 406.4D5
n Load not to exceed rating of branch circuit________________________ 220.18 • Replacement non-grounding type receptacles (see p.28)________ 406.4D5
n Min size = 125% of continuous load + 100% of noncontinous load_ 210.19A n 15 & 20A nonlocking receptacles in damp or wet
n Continuous load = max current for 3 hours or more____________________100 locations listed weather-resistant types_______________________ 406.9A&B1
n Min size for branch circuit wiring #14 Cu______________________ 210.19A4 n Single receptacles rated not less than branch circuit____________ 210.21B1
n Individual circuit = supplying only one piece of equipment______________100 An example would be a single (not duplex) 20A receptacle on an individual branch circuit
n Branch circuit ratings for other than individual circuits for a microwave oven / range hood with a cord & plug connection allowed by 422.16B4.
must be 15A, 20A, 30A, 40A, or 50A____________________________ 210.18 n Multiple receptacles on branch circuit per T8___________________ 210.21B3
n Single piece of cord-&-plug-connected equipment not permanently For the purposes of these rules, a duplex receptacle is 2 receptacles, not a “single” receptacle.
fastened in place max 80% of 15A or 20A branch circuit_________ 210.23A1 Receptacle Types and Ratings
n Max single cord-&-plug-connected load on multi-receptacle n All receptacles on 15A & 20A circuits grounding type______________406.4A
circuit not to exceed 80% of receptacle rating__________________ 210.21B2 n Receptacles for direct Al connection marked “CO/ALR”_____________ 406.3C
n Lights & receptacles OK on same 15A or 20A except small n Receptacles req’d by 210.52 listed TR type EXC______________________406.12
appliance circuits, bath receptacle circuit, laundry circuit__________ 210.23A • Receptacles located > 51/2 ft. above floor___________________ 406.12X134
n Replacement receptacles listed TR type EXC___________________ 406.4D5
RECEPTACLE RATINGS FOR MULTIPLE
TABLE 8 • Replacement non-grounding type receptacles (see p.28)________ 406.4D5
RECEPTACLES ON 1 CIRCUIT 210.21.B3
n 15 & 20A nonlocking receptacles in damp or wet
Circuit Rating Receptacle Rating Circuit Rating Receptacle Rating locations listed weather-resistant types_______________________ 406.9A&B1
15A not over 15A 40A 40 or 50A n Single receptacles rated not less than branch circuit____________ 210.21B1
An example would be a single (not duplex) 20A receptacle on an individual branch circuit
20A 15 or 20A 50A 50A for a microwave oven / range hood with a cord & plug connection allowed by 422.16B4.
30A 30A n Multiple receptacles on branch circuit per T8___________________ 210.21B3
For the purposes of these rules, a duplex receptacle is 2 receptacles, not a “single” receptacle.

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FIG. 25
Receptacle Spacing
6 ft. max 6 ft. max 6 ft. max 6 ft. max
Patio
Fireplace

Full height
cabinet
Foyer

2 ft. Hallway ≥ 10 ft. Wall ≥ 2 ft.

4 ft. max max
4 ft. max

Full height cabinet Max. 12 ft.

TV outlet > 51/2 ft.

6 ft. max
between wall
receptacles
AFF does not count
Bar-type counters are considered measured at as req’d receptacle
wall space and a receptacle is floor/wall line
Refrigerator can be req’d on the wall within 6 ft. of
2 ft. max

on individual circuit the end.

When wall placement

Kitchen

12 ft. max
not possible due to
Countertop

6 ft. Max
Peninsula

glass to floor, install

This receptacle serves floor receptacle within Cabinet with
peninsula countertop. 18 in. of wall. counter req’s wall
2 ft. max

It cannot count as a Glass door receptacles

wall space outlet fixed side
Glass door
sliding side

12 ft. max
4 ft. max 2 ft. max 2 ft. max 4 ft. max 12 ft. max 6 ft. max 6 ft. max

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Receptacle Outlet Locations F25,26 17 NEC FIG. 27 Island Countertops

n Walls ≥ 2 ft. wide req receptacle in habitable rooms_____________ 210.52A2 Max. 6 in.
n Partitions & bar-type counters count as walls___________________ 210.52A2
Island countertops that
n Doorways, fireplaces, & cabinets w/out counters not walls_______ 210.52A235 are flat across the top
n Receptacles req’d so no wall space > 6 ft. from receptacle only require one
measured horizontally along floor line of wall___________________ 210.52A1 receptacle for each
n Receptacle req’d for hallways ≥ 10 ft. in length__________________ 210.52H countertop space.
The receptacle can be on Listed “pop-up” Max. 12 in.
n Receptacles that are part of electric baseboard heaters
the side of the cabinet no receptacles can
OK as req’d outlets – may not be on heater circuit_________________ 210.52
more than 12 in. from the be placed in
n Receptacles > 51/2 ft. above floor do not count as req’d outlets______ 210.52 countertop surface if the countertop
n Floor receptacles > 18 in. from wall do not count as req’d outlets__ 210.52A3 overhang of the counter- surface
n Switched receptacles installed as req’d lighting do not count top does not exceed 6 in.
as part of req’d receptacle outlets unless “half hot”_________________ 210.52
n Req’d each wall ≥ 3 ft. in foyers > 60 sq. ft. EXC__________________ 210.52I
• Sidelite windows to floor do not count as wall space____________210.52I36
FIG. 26 Outlet Spacing FIG. 28
Wall receptacles serve the spaces 6 ft. to each side of the receptacle. Island Range or Sink
Therefore, the maximum spacing between receptacles is 12 ft.
6 ft. wall 6 ft. wall If X < 12 in., the
2 ft. countertop 2 ft. countertop countertops are
considered X
12 ft. max. wall spacing separate spac-
es and each
4 ft. max. countertop spacing requires a
receptacle

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Bathrooms (see p.28 for GFCI req’s) 17 NEC Basements, Garages, & Outbuildings (see p.28 for GFCI req’s)
n Receptacle req’d within 3 ft. of each basin, located in wall or n Garages req min one receptacle______________________________210.52G1
side or face of cabinet ≤ 12 in. below top of basin or countertop_____ 210.52D39 n Garages req min one 20A circuit w/ no other outlets on circuit___ 210.11C441
n No face-up receptacle outlets on vanity countertop________________ 406.5G n Min one receptacle each vehicle bay max 51/2 ft. above floor_____ 210.52G142
n Listed countertop-mounted (pop-up) receptacles OK_____________ 210.52D n Min one receptacle each accessory building w/ power____________210.52G2
n No receptacles within or directly over tub or shower_______________ 406.9C n Min one receptacle each unfinished basement area______________210.52G3
n Separate 20A circuit for bath receptacles only EXC_____________ 210.11C3
• Dedicated 20A circuit to each bathroom____________________ 210.11C3X
n Max rating of fixed space heater shared w/ general lighting
circuit: 15A circuit — 900W; 20A circuit — 1,200W_____________ 210.23A2 FIG. 30
Outdoor Covers
Laundry (see p.28 for GFCI req’s)
n Min 1 20A circuit for laundry receptacle(s)_____________________ 210.11C2 Damp Locations Wet or Damp
n No other outlets (including lights) on laundry receptacle circuit____ 210.11C2 Locations
n Receptacle within 6 ft. of intended appliance location_____________ 210.50C
n Electric dryer min 30A circuit _______________________________________ 220.54 Extra duty
n Electric dryer req’s 4-conductor branch circuit EXC______________ 250.140 in-use cover
• Existing 3-wire circuits allowed to remain in use
provided neutral is min #10 & either insulated
or part of SE cable originating from service____________________ 250.140X
Outdoors (see p.28 for GFCI req’s) Cover that is
n Receptacle readily accessible from grade req’d at front & weatherproof
rear of 1- & 2- family dwelling max 61/2 ft. above grade ___________ 210.52E1 only when
n Receptacle max 61/2 ft. above walking surface req’d at closed, not In-use covers
attached decks, porches, & balconies w/ interior access______________210.52E3 while in use must be identified
“extra duty”
n 15A & 20A nonlocking receptacles in damp or wet locations
req’d to be listed weather-resistant type (says “WR” on face) F24_ 406.9A&B
n Damp location (covered porch) reqs weatherproof cover F30________406.9A
n Wet location reqs in-use covers - box hoods must be “extra duty” F30____ 406.9B40

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KITCHENS
At least two 20A small-appliance branch circuits are req’d in kitchens and dining
areas. These circuits are in addition to those for lighting or permanently installed
appliances. Additional circuits can be installed for specific appliances, such as
refrigerators. Receptacles are req’d for countertop spaces1 ft. or more in width.
See p.14 for rules on AFCIs & p.15 for rules on GFCIs.
Branch Circuits 17 NEC Receptacles for Countertops & Work Surfaces (cont.) 17 NEC
n Min 2 20A small-appliance circuits req’d_______________________ 210.11C1 n Each island countertop space w/ ≥ 24 in. long dimension
n Small-appliance circuits must serve all countertop & exposed wall & 12 in. short dimension req’s receptacle F27,28_______________ 210.52C2
receptacles in kitchen, dining room, pantry & similar areas EXC_____ 210.52B1 n Sink or range with < 12 in. behind divides island or peninsula
• Switched receptacles (dining room light) ___________________ 210.52B1X1 countertops into separate countertop spaces __________________ 210.52C4
• 15A or 20A individual branch circuits for specific appliances_ 210.52B1X237 n Receptacles OK ≤ 12 in. below top of flat islands & peninsulas
n No other outlets (including lights) on small appliance circuits EXC_ 210.52B2 where overhanging counter ≤ 6 in. past support base F27_______ 210.52C5X
• Receptacles for clock or gas range ignition OK_______________ 210.52B2X n No face-up countertop receptacles_____________________________ 406.5G
n Dishwasher & disposer req separate circuits if combined rating n Listed pop-up receptacle assemblies OK F27_________ 210.52C5 & 406.5E
exceeds branch circuit rating________________________________ 210.19A1 n Counter receptacles do not count as wall space receptacles F25_ 210.52A4
n 40A 240V circuits OK for range receptacle outlets______________ 210.21B4
n 40A or 50A 240V circuits OK for built-in cooking appliances______ 210.23C FIG. 29 Corner
Receptacles for Countertops & Work Surfaces Sink
n Receptacles req’d all wall counter spaces ≥ 12 in. wide______________ 210.52C1
n No point along wall line > 24 in. horizontally from receptacle F25__ 210.52C1
n Countertop spaces separated by rangetops, refrigerators,
If X <18 in. X
or sinks considered separate countertop spaces F25____________ 210.52C4
outlets not
n Area behind sink or range considered countertop space required here
if ≥ 12 in. to wall or ≥ 18 in. to corner F29____________________ 210.52C1X
n Max 20 in. above countertop_________________________________ 210.52C5
If X <18 in. If X ≥ 18 in.,
n Multioutlet assembly in bottom of upper cabinet OK as measure countertops not
req’d receptacles if ≤ 20 in. above countertop__________________ 210.52C5 from here considered separate
n Peninsulas req receptacle if long dimension spaces & the 2 ft./4 ft.
≥ 24 in. & short dimension ≥ 12 in. ____________________________ 210.52C3 rule applies to the entire
countertop.
n Peninsulas measured from connected perpendicular wall F25____ 210.52C338

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BOXES
Boxes must be large enough to prevent crushing & overheating of wire and devic-
es. Wires must be long enough so splices & connections can be worked on clear of
the box opening. Luminaires supported from boxes are generally designed for con-
nections inside the box, rather than inside the luminaire canopy. Device boxes are
threaded for 6–32 screws used to mount switches and receptacles. Lighting outlet
boxes provide 8–32 (for luminaires) or 10–24 screws (for listed paddle fan boxes).
General 17 NEC Support & Rating (cont.) 17 NEC
n Boxes req’d for each outlet, splice or pull point EXC________________300.15 n Ceiling luminaire boxes req 50 lb. rating F32___________________ 314.27A2
• Wireways w/ removable covers & boxes integral to equipment_ 300.15A&B n Ceiling luminaires > 50 lb. req independent support_____________ 314.27A2
• Insulated wiring splice & tap devices listed for NM________________ 300.15H n Paddle fans req L&L paddle fan box____________________________ 314.27C
n Metal boxes must be grounded__________________________________ 314.4 n Ceiling mounted boxes w/ spare separately switched
n Box & conduit body covers must remain accessible________________ 314.29 ungrounded conductors req listing for paddle fan________________ 314.27C
n Boxes must be closed w/cover, faceplate, or luminaire______________ 314.25 n Smoke & CO alarms OK to support on device boxes______________ 314.27DX
n Attach cover AMI — screws must match thread gauge of box_________ 314.25
n Wet location boxes req listing for wet locations____________________ 314.15
n Damp or wet location boxes must keep out water__________________ 314.15 FIG. 31 FIG. 32
n OK to drill 1/8 –¼ in. drainage holes in wet location boxes____________ 314.15
Position in Walls & Ceilings Device Support Luminaire
n Max ¼ in. setback from noncombustible surface F33________________ 314.20 Device box Support
n Boxes flush or projecting if combustible surface F33_______________ 314.20
n Listed box extenders OK to correct excess setback________________ 314.20
n Plaster gap max 1/8 in. for flush cover boxes F33___________________ 314.21 Luminaire mud ring

3 9/32 in.
8-32 mounting holes
Support & Rating
n Boxes must be supported______________________________________ 314.23
n PVC & EMT not OK for box support_________________________ 314.23E&F
n PVC & EMT OK for conduit body support_____________________ 314.23E&F 6-32 Octagonal box 8-32
Example of mounting mounting holes
n Wall luminaire boxes rated other than 50 lb. must be so marked_____ 314.27A1
overfilled holes
n Luminaires only in boxes designed for luminaires EXC_____________ 314.27A 18 cu. in. box,
• Wall sconces ≤ 6 lb. on device boxes F31 w/ 2 #6 screws__________314.27A1X see T10
Paddle fans req. 10-32 screws on L&L fan box.

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Conductor Length 17 NEC TABLE 9 METAL BOX VOLUMES (CONT.) 314.16A

n Min 6 in. conductor brought into box F31_________________________300.14 Size (AWG) and
n Min 3 in. free conductor past face of box F31______________________300.14 Box Trade Cu. in. Number of Conductors
Shape or Type
Box Fill Size volume
6 8 10 12 14
n Size must be sufficient to provide free space for conductors_________ 314.16
n Standard metal boxes per T9________________________________ 314.16A1 411/16 × 21/8 Square 42.0 8 14 16 18 21
n Include volume of marked mud rings & extensions________________ 314.16A
3 × 2 × 1½ Device1 7.5 1 2 3 3 3
n Spaces within boxes with barriers counted separately ___________ 314.16B43
n Barrier volume as marked or 1/2 cu. in. metal boxes, 1 in. plastic ___ 314.16A43 3×2×2 Device1 10.0 2 3 4 4 5
n Plastic boxes are marked w/ their volume______________________ 314.16A2
3 × 2 × 2¼ Device1 10.5 2 3 4 4 5
n 4 in. (6 cu. in.) pancake OK only end of 14/2 run F34_________________314.16B
n 18 cu. in. box too small for 3 12/2 Romex T10, F31________________314.16B 3 × 2 × 2½ Device1 12.5 2 4 5 5 6

TABLE 9 METAL BOX VOLUMES 314.16A 3 × 2 × 2¾ Device1 14.0 2 4 5 6 7

Size (AWG) and 3 × 2 × 3½ Device 1

18.0 3 6 7 8 9
Box Trade Cu. in. Number of Conductors
Shape or Type 4× 21/8 × 1½ Device 1
10.3 2 3 4 4 5
Size volume
6 8 10 12 14
4× 21/8 × 17/8 Device 1
13.0 2 4 5 5 6
4 × 1¼ Round/octagonal 12.5 2 5 5 5 6
4 × 21/8 × 21/8 Device 1
14.5 2 4 5 6 7
4 × 1½ Round/octagonal 15.5 3 5 6 6 7
3¾ × 2 × 2½ masonry box/gang 14.0 2 4 5 6 7
4 × 21/8 Round/octagonal 21.5 4 7 8 9 10
3¾ × 2 × 3½ masonry box/gang 21.0 4 7 8 9 10
4 × 1¼ Square 18.0 3 6 7 8 9
FS single cover/gang 13.5 2 4 5 6 6
4 × 1½ Square 21.0 4 7 8 9 10
FD single cover/gang 18.0 3 6 7 8 9
4 × 21/8 Square 30.3 6 10 12 13 15
FS multiple cover/gang 18.0 3 6 7 8 9
411/16 × 1¼ Square 25.5 5 8 10 11 12 FD multiple cover/gang 24.0 4 8 9 10 12
411/16 × 1½ Square 29.5 5 9 11 13 14 1. Device boxes accept #6 screws.

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Box Fill Factors T9,10 17 NEC TABLE 10 BOX FILL WORKSHEET NEC 314.16
n Count each conductor exiting box EXC________________________ 314.16B1
• EGCs from luminaires or up to 4 conductors < #14 Item Size # Total
from luminaires with domed canopies ________________________ 314.16B1X #14 conductors exiting box 2.00
n Unbroken conductors passing through box count #12 conductors exiting box 2.25
as only 1 conductor EXC_____________________________________314.16B1 #10 conductors exiting box 2.50
• Looped unbroken conductors > 12 in. count as 2_________________314.16B1
#8 conductors exiting box 3.00
n Do not count pigtailed conductors to devices__________________ 314.16B1
n Internal clamps count only 1, based on largest conductor in box___ 314.16B2 #6 conductors exiting box 5.00
n Support fittings (studs or hickeys) count as 1 conductor for Largest grounding conductor—count only one 1
each fitting type based on largest conductor in box______________ 314.16B3 Devices: 2× connected conductor size
n Count devices as 2 conductors based on connected wire size____ 314.16B4 Internal clamps—one based on largest wire present 1
n All EGCs count only as 1 based on largest____________________ 314.16B5
Fixture fittings—one for each type based on largest wire
TOTAL

FIG. 33
Max. plaster FIG. 34
gap 1/8 in.
Improper Box
Installation
Pancake
Boxes
Box set too
deep into wall
Opening cut 3 in. diameter
4 in. diameter
too large 4 cu. in. volume
6 cu. in. volume
Box A 6 cu. in. pancake box can be used at the end of a run of 14/2 NM cable
Max. setback 1/4 in. if extender if there is no internal clamp in the box. Otherwise, pancake boxes can only
noncombustible surface, (goof ring) be used with luminaires having a raised canopy with the volume that is
zero if combustible sufficient and is marked in the luminaire.

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LIGHTING Lighting Outlets 17 NEC
n Wall-switch controlled lighting outlets req’d in every habitable
Lighting outlets and luminaires must be installed with no exposed live parts that
room, kitchen, & bathroom EXC______________________________ 210.70A1
pose a shock hazard. Lights rated “type IC” are suitable for insulated ceilings.
• Lighting outlets may be wall-switch controlled receptacles
General 17 NEC in rooms other than kitchen & bathroom_____________________ 210.70A1X1
n All luminaires, lampholders, & retrofit kits listed_____________________ 410.6 n Occupancy-sensor wall switches with manual override OK_____ 210.70A1X2
n Exposed metal parts grounded EXC_____________________________ 410.42 n Wall-switch controlled lighting outlets req’d in hallways, stairways,
• Incidental metal parts such as mounting screws__________________ 410.42 attached garages & detached garages with power____________ 210.70A2(1)
n Wet location luminaires L&L for wet location____________________ 410.10A n Lighting outlet req’d on exterior side of all
n Damp location luminaires L&L for damp or wet location_____________410.10A grade level doors including garages EXC____________________ 210.70A2(2)
n Screw shells for lampholders only—no adapters____________________410.90 • Lighting outlet not req’d at garage vehicle doors_____________ 210.70A2(2)
Recessed Lights n Interior stairs w/ ≥ 6 risers req switch at each
n Non-Type IC min 1/2 in. from combustibles____________________ 410.116A1 level that includes an entry to the stairs______________________ 210.70A2(3)
n Non-Type IC min 3 in. from insulation__________________________ 410.116B Track Lighting
n Type IC OK in contact with combustible material_______________ 410.116A2 n Branch circuit rating ≤ track rating____________________________ 410.151B
n Type IC OK in contact with insulation_________________________ 410.116B n Connected load ≤ track rating_______________________________ 410.151B
n Luminaires that req > 60°C wire must be marked__________________ 410.74 n No track < 5 ft. above finished floor unless < 30V, concealed,
n Connect proper temp-rated wire to luminaire F35_______________ 410.117A extended through walls or partitions, or in damp or wet locations __ 410.151C
n Tap conductors per NEC 210.19A4X1 (#14 on 20A circuit) n Track must be securely fastened_______________________________410.154
OK if complying with note at bottom of F35____________________ 410.117C n Track must be grounded____________________________________ 410.155B
FIG. 35
Recessed Lighting with Old Wiring

New high-
temp wire #14 conductors can be used on a
Old low- 20A circuit between the added box &
temp wire the luminaire box if the added box is
min. 12 in. from the luminaire box &
the wire is AC or MC or in a raceway
& min. 18 in. max. 6 ft.
Added box

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Low-Voltage Lighting 17 NEC Tub & Shower Areas F37 17 NEC

n Can be listed system or assembly of listed parts________________ 411.4A&B n No cord-connected or pendant luminaires, lighting track, or
n Transformer must remain accessible_____________________________ 314.29 ceiling-suspended paddle fans within 8 ft. above tub rim or
n Low-voltage and line voltage conductors separated by barriers, shower threshold & for zone extending 3 ft. outside________________ 410.10D
tubing, or routing to maintain ¼ in. separation____________________725.136 n Luminaires < 8 ft. above tub & shower listed for damp locations
Closet Lights F36 (or wet locations if subject to shower spray)_____________________ 410.10D
n Incandescent bulbs & LEDs req’d to be fully enclosed___________ 410.16A1
n Partially enclosed incandescent bulbs prohibited, no pendants_____ 410.16B
n Surface-mounted only on ceiling or wall above door___________ 410.16C1&2
n Surface incandescents or LED min 12 in. from storage______________ 410.16C1 FIG. 37 Luminaires directly above tub/shower & < 8 ft.
n Recessed incandescents or LED min 6 in. from storage______________410.16C3 above must be rated for damp or wet location
Bathrooms
n Recessed or surface fluorescents min 6 in. from storage_______410.16C2&4
n Surface fluorescent or LED OK in storage area if listed for same__ 410.16C5 No pendants, track
lights, or paddle fans
FIG. 36 in zone 8 ft. above
Surface fluorescent or
recessed incandescent tub and extending
Closet Lights or LED 3 ft. past edge
8 ft.
Surface LED or 6 in.
12 in.
incandescent
12 in. Storage
area Receptacle within 3 ft. of
24 in. sink edge on wall or on
vanity within 12 in. of top 3 ft.
Surface wall lights Storage of basin or counterop
OK only over door area

Shaded areas are designated as 72 in.

storage. The storage area above the
shelf is the shelf width or 12 in.,
whichever is greater.

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SWITCHES FIG. 38
Switches (Equipment ground not shown for clarity)
Switches with electronic lighting controls such as occupancy sensors or vacancy
sensors are always active. A neutral is needed at the switch to complete the circuit Placing the switch in the location
for the sensor. Older switch legs with retrofitted electronic controls often use the shown on the left allows a “vacancy
equipment ground for the return current. Up to a 0.5mA load, this has been allowed 120V Switch sensor” switch to connect to the
by the UL standards, though beginning January 1, 2020 these older switches will neutral wire.
require retrofitting unless doing so would require removing finish materials.
General 17 NEC 2 wire+g NM
n Screws used for mounting switches must be 6-32 or Switch legs such as the one
to the right are not allowed
be installed AMI as part of listed assembly_____________________ 404.10B33 to be arranged this way in 120V
n All switching in ungrounded conductors F38___________________ 404.2A&B habitable rooms, bathrooms,
n Provide neutral in switch box controlling lighting in hallways, bathrooms, hallways, & stairways
stairways, & habitable rooms as defined in building code EXC_______ 404.2C Reidentified (taped or marked) white wire
Black wire is the return ungrounded “hot” wire to the luminaire
• In raceway with sufficient room to add neutral__________________ 404.2C1
• Where switch wiring not enclosed by building finishes___________ 404.2C2 3-Way & 4-way-
• Where lights controlled by central lighting control panel_________ 404.2C444 Switches:
• Switches controlling receptacles____________________________ 404.2C544 120V
n Electronic switches cannot introduce current on EGC____________ 404.2245
n Snap switches & dimmers req grounding EXC____________________ 404.9B
• Replacements where no grounding means present 2 wire+g NM 3 wire+g NM 2 wire+g NM
OK with plastic faceplate or GFCI protection___________________ 404.9BX
n Grounding OK by screws to grounded metal box________________ 404.9B1
n Metal faceplates must be grounded_____________________________ 404.9B 120V
n Faceplate must completely cover wall opening_____________________404.9A
n Switch at each entrance of stairs with ≥ 6 risers______________ 210.70A2(3) A 3-way switch connects a common conductor to one or the other “traveler”. All switch-
n Dimmers only for incandescent lights not receptacles_______________404.14E ing must be done in the ungrounded “hot” conductors. A 4-way switch is a double-pole
n Current-carrying conductors of circuit grouped F38_______________ 300.3B double-throw switch. Any number can be placed between the 2 3-way switches..
n OK to re-identify white wires as ungrounded w/ tape at ends F38___ 200.7C
n Reidentified white wires only OK for supply to switch,
not for return to luminaire F38_________________________________ 200.7C
n “CO/ALR” switch req’d if direct Al wire connection_______________ 404.14C

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APPLIANCES
Whether portable or permanent, all appliances req a means of disconnecting the
power source so the appliance can be safely serviced or replaced.
Disconnecting Means 17 NEC Smoke Alarms F40 15 IRC
n All appliances req disconnecting means__________________________422.30 n Alarms must comply w/ NFPA72 & be listed to UL 217 F40_________314.148
n Cord & plug OK for appliances that are portable, frequently n Alarms req’d in each sleeping room & in adjoining areas F40__________ 314.3
interchanged, or listed for cord connection____________________ 400.10A&B n Req’d each story including basements & habitable attics F40_________ 314.3
n Attachment plug OK as req’d disconnect for above______________ 422.33A n Min 3 ft. from door or opening to bath w/ tub or shower_____________314.348
n Additional disconnect req’d if plug not accessible________________ 422.33A n Min 3 ft. from outlet of forced air or tip of ceiling paddle fan blade_____314.148
n Disconnect for permanently connected appliances n Min 20 ft. from permanently installed cooking appliance EXC______ 314.3.148
can be circuit breaker if within sight or lockable EXC F39_____ 422.31A—C46 • 6 ft. for photoelectric 10 ft. for ionization w/ hush button_________ 314.3.148
• Unit switch opening all ungrounded conductors OK_____ 422.31X & 422.34 n Interconnect so activation of 1 alarm sets off all alarms_______________ 314.4
n Breaker lockouts req permanent hasp F39______________________ 110.2547 n Power from building wiring & battery backup EXC___________________ 314.6
• Battery only OK for alterations, repairs, & additions_____________ 314.6X249
FIG. 39
Hasp frame fits behind n No disconnecting means allowed other than branch circuit OCPD_____ 314.6
dead-front cover and n AFCI protection req’d (see NEC 210.12A & B)__________________ 3902.16
Breaker remains in place.
Lockout FIG. 40
Smoke Alarm Distances
Bathroom with No smoke alarms
tub or shower within 3 ft. of bath-
room door Distance
to cooking
appliances:
Smoke CO alarm 20 ft. for
alarms ionization
Carbon Monoxide Alarms F40 15 IRC (10 ft. w/
n Req’d in dwellings /w fuel-fired systems or w/ attached garages F40___ 315.2 Smoke alarm hush
n Req’d outside each sleeping areas & in in each bedroom button)
min. 3 ft. from Min. 3 ft. 6 ft. for pho-
bedrooms w/ fuel-fired appliance_________________________________ 315.3 Kitchen
heating register or to-electric
n Primary power from building wiring______________________________315.550
paddle fan
n No disconnecting means allowed other than branch circuit OCPD____315.550

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General 17 NEC Air-Conditioning 17 NEC
n All appliances > 50V must be listed_____________________________422.651 n All outdoor conduits in wet locations must contain
n Branch circuit rating ≥ rating of appliance_______________________ 422.10A wet-rated conductors - no NM cable____________________ 300.9 & 310.10C
n Branch circuit rating 125% of rating of appliance if continuous load_ 422.10A n Wiring & OCPD per nameplate of L&L equipment
Central Heating System (OCPD usually larger than number shown in T15)_________________ 440.4B
n Central heating requires individual circuit EXC_____________________ 422.12 n Disconnect on or within sight of condenser F42___________________440.14
• Related equipment allowed (filters, pumps, humidifiers, etc.)_________422.12X1 n Disconnect not OK on compressor access panel__________________440.14
• Permanently connected AC equipment allowed___________________422.12X2 n Working space req’d in front of disconnect F42_________________ 110.26A
n In-sight disconnect req’d_________________Mechanical Codes & 422.31A—C n Room AC reqs EGC__________________________________________440.61
Refer to MFR instructions for possible supplemental OCPD requirements F41 n Room AC max rating 80% of individual branch circuit rating_______ 440.62C
n Lighting outlet at equipment space w/ switch at entry to space____ 210.70A3 n Room AC cord & plug OK as only disconnect if controls ≤ 6 ft. of floor__ 440.63
n 120V receptacle req’d within 25 ft. on same elevation_______________ 210.63 n Max cord length 120V = 10 ft., 240V = 6 ft._______________________440.64
n AFCI or leakage current detection interrupter (LCDI) in
Water Heater (WH)
cord or plug for room AC units__________________________________440.65
n Considered continuous load for sizing circuits (size at 125%) 422.13
n In-sight disconnect or lockable breaker or switch req’d F39________ 422.31B
n Bond hot, cold & gas pipes F15_______________________________ 250.104
n Instantaneous WH w/ > 1 circuit must have disconnects
grouped & identified as the WH disconnecting means______________422.30
FIG. 42
Air­-Conditioning
FIG. 41 “SSU” Switch Condenser
Fuseholders
Type S Fuse
Manufacturer’s instructions must be
supplied Conductors in outdoor
may require supplementary raceways must be suit-
overcurrent protection, with Type
able for wet locations
which can be provided by S adapters, - no NM cable
which Switch not to
a fused switch. An exam- be installed
ple might be a furnace prevent
replacement directly behind
requiring 15A overcurrent All ACs require an condenser.
protection installed on a with the
in-sight disconnect.
20A circuit. wrong size
Adapter fuse.

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Hydromassage Tub (Whirlpool Bathtub) 17 NEC FIG. 43
Hydromassage Tub (Whirlpool)
n Individual branch circuit req’d____________________________________ 680.71
n Readily-accessible GFCI protection req’d_________________________680.71
n All receptacles within 6 ft. req GFCI protection F43_________________ 680.71 Receptacles within
n Electrical equipment (pump motor) must be accessible______________ 680.73 6 ft. GFCI-protected
n Cord & plug connection receptacle max 12 in. from
hatch opening & receptacle face in view F43_______________________ 680.73
n Bond metal piping, surfaces, raceways, cables, motors, & electrical devices
within 5 ft. of tub, & metal parts that contact circulating water F43___680.74A
n Bonding conductor min solid #8 Cu F43_______________________ 680.74B
n Connect bonding conductor to motor lug EXC F43_______________ 680.74A
• Double-insulated motor (install bond wire for future)___________ 680.74AX2
n Bonding conductor need not connect to panelboards_____________ 680.74B
#8 conductor bonded
to motor lug intended
Built-In Kitchen Appliances 17 NEC for bonding Bond to metal piping
n Flexible cords (not NM cable) OK for appliances Cord and plug receptacle for motor systems & any grounded
placed in direct view through access metal parts in contact
identified (listed) for flexible cord connection____________________ 422.16A
opening & <12 in. from opening with circulating water
n Garbage disposer cords OK min 18 in. max 36 in.______________ 422.16B1
n Compactor cords 3 ft.— 4 ft. measured from back of appliance___ 422.16B2(2)
n Compactor receptacles in appliance space or adjacent space__ 422.16B2(5) Central Vacuum 17 NEC
n DW cords 3 ft.— 61/2 ft. measured from back of appliance______422.16B2(3)52 n Max 80% individual branch circuit rating, 50% of
n DW receptacle in space adjacent to dishwasher ___________ 422.16B2(6)52 multi-outlet branch circuit rating______________________422.15A & 210.23A
n Range hoods cord & plug OK if L&L for cord, protected from n Cord ampacity ≥ branch circuit conductor ampacity______________ 422.15B
physical damage, & on individual branch circuit_________________ 422.16B4 n Bond non-current-carrying metal parts to EGC__________________ 422.15C
n Range hood cords min 18 in. max 48 in.___________________ 422.16B4(2)53 Electric Furnaces & Space Heaters
n Grounding type plugs for appliances above EXC ________________ 422.16B n Considered continuous load for sizing circuits (size at 125%)________424.3B
• Listed double-insulated appliances___________________________ 422.16B n Disconnect in sight or lockable breaker or switch F39______________ 424.19
n Cord & plug ovens & cooking units OK if L&L___________________ 422.16B3 n Unit switch that opens all ungrounded conductors OK as
disconnect for space heater with no motor > 1/8hp_______________ 424.19C

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WIRE AMPACITY TABLE 11 WIRE AMPACITIES 310.15B16
To determine the correct wire size for a given OCPD (fuse or breaker), factors such 60°C 75°C 90°C 60°C 75°C 90°C
as the temperature rating of insulation, ambient temperature, proximity to other
140°F 167°F 194°F 140°F 167°F 194°F
conductors, and function of the circuit must all be considered.
General 17 NEC INSULATION TYPES
n Protect conductors at their T11 ampacity EXC_____________________ 240.4 THHN
THHW
• Small conductors protected per note A in T11__________________ 240.4D THHW
Cu TW THW TW XHHW USE-2, Al
• AC protected AMI, motors per article 430______________________ 240.4G THW-2
(AWG) UF THWN UF USE XHHW-2 (AWG )
THWN-2
n When ampacity between 2 standard size OCPDs, OK to use USE
USE-2
next larger OCPD if not branch circuit w/ >1 receptacle__________ 240.4B
Cu Al
n Protect per lowest rated device, terminal, or wire in circuit_________ 110.14C
14A 15 20 25 — — — —
n Use 60°C column for conductors ≤ #1 or ≤ 100 amps T11_______ 110.14C1
n Use 75°C column for conductors > #1 or > 100 amps T11_______ 110.14C1 12A 20 25 30 15 20 25 12A
n Use 90°C column only for derating conductors rated 90°C T11–13_ 110.14C 10A 30 35 40 25 30 35 10A
n Service conductors allowed to be 83% of T11 ampacity T14_____ 310.15B7 8 40 50 55 35 40 45 8
Derating 6 55 65 75 40 50 55 6
n Apply temperature correction factor T12_______________________ 310.15B2 4 70 85 95 55 65 75 4
n Add 30°C to T12 for conduits or cables < 7/8 in. above roofs___ 310.15B3c54 3 85 100 115 65 75 85 3
n Derate for > 3 current-carrying conductors in raceway or cables 2 95 115 130 75 90 100 2
grouped without spacing > 24 in. in length T13________________ 310.15B3a 1 110 130 145 85 100 115 1
n Neutrals count as current carrying conductors for T13 EXC__________310.15B35 1/0 125 150 170 100 120 135 1/0
• Neutral of multiwire circuit or feeder from 120/240V system___ 310.15B35a
2/0 145 175 195 115 135 150 2/0
n Derate > 2 NM cables in caulked (fireblocked) hole or installed
3/0 165 200 225 130 155 175 3/0
without spacing in contact with thermal insulation T13______________334.80
4/0 195 230 260 150 180 205 4/0
n Use 90°C for derating NM cable; base OCPD on 60°C ampacity_____334.80
250 215 255 290 170 205 230 250
n Add 30°C to T12 for conduits or cables < 7/8 above roofs______ 310.15B3c54
300 240 285 320 195 230 260 300
350 260 310 350 210 250 280 350
400 280 335 380 225 270 305 400
500 320 380 430 260 310 350 500
A. For Cu wire: max OCPD 30A for #10, 20A for #12, & 15A for #14.
For Al wire, max OCPD 25A for #10 & 20A for #12.

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Ambient temperature adjustments must be applied to the ampacity listed in T11.
Use the appropriate column in T11 for the type of wire being used T22.

TABLE 12
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CORRECTION1 TABLE 14 DWELLING UNIT SERVICE CONDUCTOR SIZEA,B,C
310.15B2a
Rating Cu Wire Al Wire Rating Cu Wire Al Wire
For Ambient Temp. > 30°C (86°F), Multiply the (Amps) Size (AWG) Size (AWG) (Amps) Size (AWG) Size (AWG)
Ambient Ampacity in T11 by the Following Percentages: Ambient
Temp. °C Temp. °F 100 4 2 200 2/0 4/0
60°C 75°C 90°C 125 2 1/0 225 3/0 250 kcmil
31–35 0.91 0.94 0.96 87–95 150 1 2/0 400 400 kcmil 600 kcmil
36–40 0.82 0.88 0.91 96–104 A. Based on 83% of ampacity in T11 per 310.15B7 3

B. 2014 NEC restricted to 120/240V systems, 2017 NEC also allows 120/208V.55
41–45 0.71 0.82 0.87 105–113 C. This table is allowed for service conductors or main power feeders that carry the entire
load of the service to an individual dwelling using conductors rated ≥ 75°C.
46–50 0.58 0.75 0.82 114–122
51–55 0.41 0.67 0.76 123–131 TABLE 15 BRANCH CIRCUIT & FEEDER SIZES (SIMPLIFIED)A
56–60 — 0.58 0.71 132–140 Fuse or Wire Size (AWG) Fuse or Wire Size (AWG)
61–65 — 0.47 0.65 141–149 Breaker Cu Al Breaker Cu Al
66–70 — 0.33 0.58 150–158 15 14 12 100 2 1/0
1. This table is important in remodels with older (pre-1984) 60°C wire, especially with hot attic spaces. 20 12 10 110 2 1/0
DERATING FOR CONDUCTOR BUNDLING 30 10 8 125 1 1/0
TABLE 13
310.15B3a 40 8 6 150 1/0 2/0
Number of Current-Carrying Wires Ampacity Correction 50 6 6 175 2/0 3/0
4–6 0.80
60 6 4 200 3/0 4/0
7–9 0.70
70 4 4 225 4/0 250 kcmil
10–20 0.50
90 3 1 400 500 kcmil (2)250
Modern 90°C small conductors that do not req an ambient temperature correction can have as many as 9
current-carrying conductors and still be within the sizes in the simplified table T15. A. Based on T11 before application of derating or temperature correction

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FIG. 44 duplication prohibited
Nail-Plate Protection
CABLE SYSTEMS Cable Stacker
Protect cable
Cable systems are the most common residential wiring methods. Cables contain Cables cannot be
when < 11/4 in.
all conductors of the circuit inside a protective outer sheath of metal or plastic. placed side-by-side
to face of
Cable Protection Indoors (NM, UF, AC, MC, SE) 17 NEC framing. on a 2x4 & maintain
n Bored holes for cable min 11⁄4 in. setback from face req’d 1¼ in. setback.
< 11/4 in.
of framing members or protect w/ steel plate F44________________ 300.4A1 No staple is rated
n Protect cables in notches w/ 1⁄16 in. steel plate__________________ 300.4A2 for more than one
n Cables parallel to framing members req min. 1¼ in. setback 3-conductor+g cable
from surface F45____________________________________________ 300.4D or two 2-conduc-
tor+g cables.
NM—Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable F47 17 NEC A listed cable stacker
See p.23 for derating and selection of proper OCPD solves the problem
n OK in dry locations only – not allowed in damp or wet locations___ 334.12B4 of how to maintain
n Interior of conduits outdoors or underground is a wet location______ 300.5&9 req’d clearances for
n Protect cable from phsical damage where necessary_____________ 334.15B bundles of cables.
The stacker should
n Listed grommets req’d to protect from holes through metal framing_ 300.4B1
be within 12 in. of
n Secure to boxes w/ NM-rated clamp F49 or integral clamp EXC _ 314.17B&C Steel plate the box
• Single gang (21⁄4 × 4 in.) plastic box OK w/o clamp if cable(s) min. 1/16 in.
secured within 8 in. of box & min 1⁄4 in. sheathing into box________ 314.17CX thick
Min. 6 in.
n Min 1⁄4 in. sheathing into boxes past edge of clamp___________ 314.17B&C56
of conductors
n Secure within 12 in. of enclosures & max 41⁄2 ft. intervals____________334.30 into box,
n Cable ties & stackers listed & identified for securement & support__ 334.3057 min. 3 in. past
The box should project past
n Do not overdrive staples or staple flat cable on edge_______________334.30 face of box
the face of the stud to be
n Min bend radius 5× cable diameter______________________________334.24 flush with the face of the
n Running board for small cable under joists F48__________________ 334.15C drywall; no more than ¼ in.
setback is allowed with a
noncombustible wall finish,
and no setback is allowed if
the wall surface material is
combustible.

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FIG. 46
Licensed exlusively to TonyFIG.47
Escamilla Cable
- unauthorized
Protectionduplication prohibited
In Attics F50 17 NEC
UF Cable NM Cable n Provide guard strips for cables on face of floors, joists,
rafters, or studs within 6 ft. of attic scuttle_______________________ 320.23A
n If attic has permanent stair or ladder, protect
cables to height of 7 ft. in entire attic___________________________ 320.23A
NM is only suitable for dry n Running boards or guard strips not req’d for cables on sides
locations; UF is suitable for of framing members if set back 11⁄4 in. from face_________________ 320.23B
dry, damp, or wet locations.
n Cables min 11⁄2 in. below sheet steel roof decks___________________300.4E
FIG. 48 The code citations above are for AC cable. For NM the citation is 334.23, for MC
Underfloor Cable in Basement or Crawl Space 330.23, for UF 340.10(4), and for SE 338.10B4.

FIG. 50 Cables in Attics

NM, UF, or SE
Setback 1¼ in. from
rafter face
< 8/3 cable Not allowed on face
of framing within 6 ft.
of access opening
≥ 8/3 cable
Bored holes min. 2 in.
from surface
< 8/3 cable
1 × 2 guard strips
1×4 backing strip protect cable
Guard Cable Guard
FIG. 49
NM & MC Connectors
Cable bend too
Cross section sharp

Clamp suitable NM cable Connector MC cable clamp

for NM or MC (no locknut style)

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SE—Service-Entrance Cable - Type SE F51 17 NEC UF—Underground Feeder Cable F46 17 NEC
n OK as service entrance conductor (see p.6)____________________ 338.10A n May be installed as NM & also in wet locations or buried T1, F52_____340.10
n Interior installations follow same rules as NM__________________ 338.10B4a n Protection where emerging from grade use RMC, IMC,
n Not OK underground, including inside raceways EXC_____________ 338.12A RTRC-XW, PVC-80 conduit, or equivalent F52__________________ 300.5D4
• Temporary power during construction (see p.10)______________ 590.4B&C8 n Bushing or gland req’d between underground
n Uninsulated conductor only for EGC EXC_____________________ 338.10B2 cables & their protective conduit F52___________________________ 300.5H
• Existing feeder to qualifying separate building (see p.8)________ 338.10B2X n Protective conduit must extend from req’d depth (max 18 in.) & 8 ft.
• Existing clothes dryer circuit originating from service panel_____ 338.10B2X above grade or to conductor termination, whichever is less F52____ 300.5D1
n Min bend radius 5× cable diameter______________________________338.24 n Must be marked as sunlight resistant if exposed outdoors ___________340.12
n Not OK strung through air without support messenger_______________ 340.12
FIG. 51 n Min bend radius 5× cable diameter_______________________________ 340.12
SE Cable
SE cable Style R is used for feeders
& for appliances such as ranges & FIG. 52
dryers.
Protecting Underground Cable

SE cable Style U is used for

service entrances & equipment UF cable req’s protection where it emerges PVC
not requiring a neutral conductor. from the ground & to a height of at least 8 ft.

The protection should extend underground to

the burial depth or 18 in., whichever is less. 8 ft. min.
SE—Service-Entrance Cable - Type USE (Underground) 17 NEC
n OK as service entrance conductor_____________________________ 338.10A
n Same rules as UF when installed underground__________________ 338.10B
n Not OK as interior or above-ground wiring______________________ 338.12B
Per T1 Must have bushing
UF

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FIG. 53
MC—Metal-Clad Cable F53 17 NEC MC Cable
n Dry locations only EXC______________________________________ 330.10A
• Where supplied w/ corrosion-resistant jacket___________________ 330.10A
n Not OK where subject to physical damage________________________330.12
n Secure & support at max 6 ft. intervals_______________________330.30B&C
• Holes in studs OK as support for horizontal runs________________ 330.30C
n Secure within 12 in. of box or other termination EXC______________ 330.30B
• Where fished_____________________________________________ 330.30D MC cable contains an insulated EGC. The metal
sheath of AC cable, supplemented by an aluminum
• Whip ≤ 6 ft. to luminaire in accessible ceiling to luminaire________ 330.30D bonding conductor in contact with the sheath, is
• ≤ 3 ft. from end where flexibility needed (motors)________________ 330.30D the EGC. The bonding conductor is not brought
n Min bend radius 7× cable diameter of corrugated armor___________ 330.24B into the box. AC fittings req a “redhead” bushing.
FIG. 54
In addition to traditional MC & AC cable, hybrid cables are available that have both an insu-
lated EGC and a bond strip in contact with the cable armor. AC Cable

AC—Armored Cable (BX ) F54 TM

17 NEC
n Not OK where subject to physical damage________________________ 320.12
n Not OK in wet or damp locations________________________________ 320.12
n Dry locations only_____________________________________________ 320.10
n Secure within 12 in. of enclosures & max 41⁄2 ft. intervals EXC_______320.30B “Redhead”
• Where fished_____________________________________________ 330.30D
• ≤ 2 ft. from end where flexibility needed (motors)________________ 320.30D
• Whip ≤ 6 ft. to luminaire in accessible ceiling___________________ 330.30D
n Allowed to be secured to underside of joists if secured
to each joist & not exposed to physical damage____________________ 320.15
n Min bend radius 5× cable diameter______________________________ 320.24
n Insulated (anti-short) bushing at terminations F54__________________320.40
n Armor is EGC—don’t bring bond wire into box F54________________250.118

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VOLTAGE DROP ONE-WAY CABLE LENGTHS TO LIMIT VOLTAGE

TABLE 16
DROP TO 2% FEEDERS 3% BRANCH CIRCUITS
Informational note #4 of 210.19 recommends a maximum voltage drop of 3% on
branch circuits and 5% overall, including the feeders. In some states, energy codes Cu Wire Max Length Al Wire Max Length
adopt these recommendations as mandatory requirements. Excessive voltage drop OCPD LoadA Size Cu wire (ft.) Size Al wire (ft.)
causes problems in connected equipment and adds to utility costs. Voltage drop
120V Branch circuits sized for 3% voltage dropB
problems are reduced by using larger wire than the minimum size, and by making
sure all connections are tight. Voltage drop increases proportionately to the load 15 12 14 55 12 54
on the circuit. Adding more than the minimum number of circuits helps prevent
individual circuits from overloading. The added cost of more wiring will pay for itself 20 16 12 65 10 53
over time in reduced utility costs and greater equipment efficiency. 30 24 10 70 8 66
Multiwire circuits (p.24) act as 240V circuits for voltage drop to the extent that
240V Branch circuits sized for 3% voltage drop
the load on them is balanced. When only one side of the multiwire circuit has a
load, the voltage drop is the same as for any other 120V circuit. 40 32 8 164 6 158
50 40 6 208 6 126
60 48 6 173 4 167
240V Feeders sized for 2% voltage drop
60 48 6 115 6 70
100 80 2 181 1/0 173
125 100 1 173 1/0 132
150 120 1/0 177 2/0 136
200 160 3/0 193 4/0 157
A. Based on 80% circuit loading for OCPD sized per T15.
B. For 240V circuits on these conductor sizes, the distances are twice what is shown in the table.

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RACEWAYS
Conduit, tubing, & wireways are forms of electrical “raceways.” EMT is commonly
referred to as “conduit,” in the NEC and is actually a tubing system.
The NEC numbering system for raceways & cables starts with the 3 numbers
of the code article, then a period. Numbers after the period are the same topic
for each article. For example, the limitation on the number of bends for IMC is
found in 342.26, for RMC in 344.26, for FMC in 348.26, for LFMC in 350.26,
etc.. In our text for the general rules for raceways we abbreviate code citations
by saying ***.26 to cover that rule for all raceway types, where *** represents the
specific raceway article in the code.
General 17 NEC General (cont.) 17 NEC
n Raceway installed as complete system before pulling wire EXC____ 300.18A n Box & conduit body covers must remain accessible________________ 314.29
• Short sections of raceway for cable protection________________ 300.18AX n Raceways not OK to support other cables EXC_________________ 300.11C
n Size & number of conductors to be selected so they can • Associated control wiring (e.g., thermostat to AC)______________ 300.11C2
be installed or withdrawn without insulation damage________________ 300.17 n Metal raceways & cable sheathing not OK w/ plastic boxes___________ 314.3
n Max 40% fill if > 2 conductors T21 EXC_____________ ***.22 & Chapter 9 T1 n Splicing in conduit bodies only if sufficient volume per marking____ 314.16C2
• Straight conduits ≤ 24 in. OK to have 60% fill_________Chapter 9 T1 note 4
n Derate conductors in accordance with T12,13_________________ 310.15B2a
FIG. 55
n Conductors ≥ #8 must be stranded EXC______________________ 310.106C Insert pull point, such
• GECs & bonding conductors (p.9 & p.10) solid OK ______________250.62 Too Many Bends as a conduit body.
n Interior of all underground raceways is a wet location_______________ 300.5B
Total bends
n Interior of all above-grade raceways in wet locations is a wet location___ 300.9
between pull
n Wet-rated conductors & cables req’d in wet location raceways_____ 310.10C 90º 90º 90º 90º
points max.
n Factory color of ungrounded conductors cannot be white or green_310.110C 360º
n Factory color of neutral conductors white, EGCs green EXC_____ 310.110A&B
• Conductors ≥ #4 reidentified at terminations________________ 310.110A&B
• EGCs can be bare________________________________________ 310.110B
n Bends req’d to have even radius—no kinks F55_____________________ ***.24
n Max 360° bends between pull points F55_________________________ ***.26
n Raceway must be reamed smooth after cutting_____________________ ***.28 90º 90º
n Conductors ≥ #4 in raceways req smoothly-rounded 4 × 90˚= 360˚
insulating bushing/liner where entering enclosures___________________ 300.4G

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EMT—Electrical Metallic Tubing F56 17 NEC RMC—Rigid Metal Conduit F57 17 NEC
n In wet locations use fittings & supports L&L for wet locations___ 358.10D&42 n Galvanized RMC OK for direct burial or embedment w/
n Galvanized or stainless OK for direct burial or embedment if approved corrosion protection_______________________________ 344.10B1
protected w/ suitable material approved for the condition________ 358.10B158 n Where exposed to moisture, field-cut Fe threads req L&L compound__300.6A
n Aluminum in soil contact req’s approved field wrapping_________ 358.10B258 n Provide bushing or fitting at box connection F57___________________344.46
n Secure in place at intervals ≤ 10 ft. & within 3 ft. of termination_____ 358.30A n Threadless connectors not OK on threaded conduit ends___________344.42
n Horizontal runs supported by holes in framing at intervals ≤ 10 ft. n Secure in place within 3 ft. of termination EXC__________________ 344.30A1
OK if securely fastened within 3 ft. of box, conduit body, or cabinet_ 358.30B • 5 ft. OK where structural members prevent fastening within 3 ft. _ 344.30A2
n Not OK as support for boxes or luminaires, OK for conduit bodies____ 358.12 n Horizontal runs supported by holes in framing OK if securely
n Bends smooth – cannot reduce internal diameter of tubing F56______ 358.24 fastened within 3 ft. of box, conduit body, or cabinet______________ 344.30B
n Ream cut ends to removed rough edges_________________________ 358.28A n Horizontal support spacing w/ threaded couplings T17____________ 344.30B2
n Permitted as EGC EXC________________________________________358.60 Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC) has the same rules as shown above for RMC.
• EMT on roof serving AC equipment req’s wire EGC______________ 440.959 The NEC code citations for IMC begin with the number 342.

FIG. 56
EMT—Electrical Metallic Tubing PVC — Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit F58 17 NEC
n Cover above buried conduits per T1_____________________________300.5A
Raintight wet n Support per T17 with fastening method that allows
Dry location
location movement from thermal expansion & contraction___________________352.30
n Horizontal runs supported by holes in framing OK if securely
Older “raintight” fittings did not meet modern listing standards. fastened within 3 ft. of box, conduit body, or cabinet______________ 352.30B
Listed raintight connectors have identifying features to indicate they
n Bushings or adapters req’d to prevent wire abrasion_______________ 352.46
are not the older type. Some have bronze collars to indicate they
contain the required gland inside the fittings. n Smoothly insulating bushings req’d for conductors ≥ #4 ___________ 300.4G
n Expansion fittings req’d if subject to ≥ 1/4 in. movement T20___________ 352.44
FIG. 57
n Not OK for support of luminaires or boxes______________________ 352.12B
RMC —Rigid Metal Conduit FIG. 58 n Not permitted in environments > 50°C (122°F)__________________ 352.12D
PVC 40 Conduit & Connector

Interior reamed Locknuts Bushing

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FMC—Flexible Metal Conduit F59 17 NEC

n Not OK in wet locations or subject to corrosion or damage__________348.12
n Support spacing max 41/2 ft. interval & 12 in. from boxes EXC________348.30A
• Where flexibility needed: 36 in. OK for sizes ½ in. – 1¼ in. FIG. 59
4 ft. OK for sizes 1½ – 2 in., 5 ft. OK for sizes ≥ 2½ in.____________348.30AX2 FMC — Flexible Metal Conduit
• Lighting whip in accessible ceiling OK to 6 ft. ________________ 348.30AX4
n Horizontal runs supported by holes in framing at max 41/2 ft. interval “Jake” connector Clamp connector
OK if securely fastened within 3 ft. of box, conduit body, or cabinet_ 348.30B
n OK as EGC if circuit ≤ 20A, fittings listed for grounding,
Angle
no flexibility needed after installation, & ≤ 6 ft. long_____________ 250.118(5) connector
n Wire EGC req’d if flexibility req’d after installation__________________348.60
n Angle connections may not be concealed F59_____________________348.42
n Cut ends of conduit trimmed unless fittings thread into conduit_______348.28 FIG. 61
FIG. 60 Liquidtight Non-metallic
LFMC—Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit F60 LFMC — Liquidtight
n OK for wet locations_______________________________________ 350.10(1) Flexible Conduit
Flexible Metal Conduit
n OK for direct burial if L&L for same___________________________ 350.10(3)
n OK as EGC if ½ in. conduit max OCPD 20A, 3/4–11/4 in. 60A, fittings listed PVC jacket Connector
for grounding, no flexibility needed after installation, & ≤ 6 ft._____ 250.118(6)
n Securing & supporting same as FMC____________________________350.30
n Cut ends of conduit trimmed to remove rough edges_____________ 350.2860
LFNC-Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit F61
Cut ends of metal ribbon must be trimmed
n Not OK where subject to damage______________________________356.12(1)
n OK for direct burial or encasement when L&L for same__________ 356.10(4&7)
n OK in lengths > 6 ft. if secured every 3 ft.________________________ 356.1061
n Securing within 12 in. of end except up to 3 ft. OK for motors________356.30
n No concealed angle connectors_________________________________356.42
n EGC req’d__________________________________________________356.60

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TABLE 17 CONDUIT SUPPORT SPACING T344.30B2 & 352.30
TABLE 19 CONDUIT FILL EXAMPLES
IMC/RMC Size Max. Spacing PVC Size Max. Spacing
Circuit # of THHN GEC XHHW GEC EMT or
½ – ¾ in. 10 ft. ½ in.–1 in. 3 ft. Size wiresA (Cu) AWG (Cu) (Al) AWG (Al) PVC40 (in.)B
1 in. 12 ft. 1¼ in.–2 in. 5 ft. 40 3 8 10 6 8 /
34

1¼ – 1½ in. 14 ft. 2½ in.–3 in. 6 ft 50 3 6 10 6 8 /

34

2 – 2½ in. 16 ft. 3½ in.–5 in. 7 ft. 60 3 6 10 4 8 1

3 in. & larger 20 ft. 100 3 2 8 1/0 6 11/4

125 3 1 6 1/0 4 11/4

CONDUCTOR AREA (SQ. IN.)
TABLE 18 150 3 1/0 6 2/0 4 11/2
CHAPTER 9 TABLE 5
Size (AWG or XHHW 200 3 3/0 6 4/0 4 2
TW, THW THHN, THWN
kcmil) (Compact Al)
200 3 2/0C — 4/0C — 11/2(Cu) 2(Al)
14 0.0139 0.0097 —
A. Not including EGC
12 0.0181 0.0133 — B. Exceeding the minimums helps assure against binding.
10 0.0243 0.0211 — C. For service using T14

8 0.0437 0.0366 0.0394

6 0.0726 0.0507 0.0530 Conduit Fill Examples
4 0.0973 0.0824 0.0730
Chapter 9 table 1 states the max conduit fill for 3 or more conductors to be 40% of the conduit area.
3 0.1134 0.0973 —
Ex: A circuit has 3 #2 conductors & 1 #6 EGC, all with THHN insulation. What size PVC Schedule 40
2 0.1333 0.1158 0.1017
is needed?
1 0.1901 0.1562 0.1352
From T18, #2 THHN = 0.1158 sq. in.
1/0 0.2223 0.1855 0.1590
From T18, #6 THHN = 0.0507 sq. in.
2/0 0.2624 0.2223 0.1885
3 × 0.1158 = 0.3474 sq. in.
3/0 0.3117 0.2679 0.2290
4/0 0.3718 0.3237 0.2733 1 × 0.0507 = 0.0507 sq. in.
250 0.4596 0.3970 0.3421 Total min area = 0.3981 sq. in.
300 0.5281 0.4608 0.4015 From T21, the next larger size for PVC40 is 0.581 sq. in., therefore 11⁄4 in. conduit is needed. This process results
350 0.5958 0.5242 0.4536
in the line for 100 amp copper feeders in T19.
400 0.6619 0.5863 0.5026 In addition to physical fill limitations, derating (p.23) must be considered.

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DISTANCE AT WHICH PVC CONDUIT REQ’S 40% AREA FOR RACEWAY FILL
TABLE 20 TABLE 21
EXPANSION FITTINGS T352.44 (CHAPTER 9 TABLE 4)
Max Temp Distance Max Temp Distance Max Temp Distance Trade
Max Area for Conductors Based on T18 Conductor Sizes
Change OF A (ft.– in.) Change OF A (ft.– in.) Change OF A (ft.– in.) Size

40 15 – 5 80 7–9 120 5–2 EMT ENT FMC LFMC LFNCA IMC RMC PVC80 PVC40

50 12 – 4 90 6 – 10 130 4–9 ⁄
12 0.122 0.114 0.127 0.125 0.125 0.137 0.125 0.087 0.114

60 10 – 3 100 6–2 140 4–5 ⁄

34 0.213 0.203 0.213 0.216 0.214 0.235 0.220 0.164 0.203
1 0.346 0.333 0.327 0.349 0.342 0.384 0.355 0.275 0.333
70 8 – 10 110 5–7 150 4–1
A. The difference between the coldest and hottest temperatures to which the conduit will be exposed 11⁄4 0.598 0.581 0.511 0.611 0.601 0.659 0.610 0.495 0.581
determines the maximum length before which expansion fittings are required.
11 2 ⁄ 0.814 0.794 0.743 0.792 0.807 0.890 0.829 0.684 0.794
2 1.342 1.316 1.307 1.298 1.337 1.452 1.363 1.150 1.316
21⁄2 2.343 — 1.963 1.953 — 2.054 1.946 1.647 1.878
TABLE 22 INSULATION LETTER CODES
3 3.538 — 2.827 2.990 — 3.169 3.000 2.577 2.907
Type Trade Name Dry/Wet Temp
3 1⁄2 4.618 — 3.848 3.893 — 4.234 4.004 3.475 3.895
TW Thermoplastic moisture-resistant Dry/Wet 60ºC
4 5.901 — 5.027 5.077 — 5.452 5.153 4.503 5.022
THW Thermoplastic heat-&-moisture-resistant Dry/Wet 75ºC 5 — — — — — — 8.085 7.142 7.904
THHW Thermoplastic heat-&-moisture-resistant Dry/Wet 90º/75ºC 6 — — — — — — 11.663 10.239 11.427
THW-2 Thermoplastic heat-&-moisture-resistant Dry/Wet 90ºC A. Dimensions for LFNC are for type A; type B has an interior diameter identical to LFMC.

THHN Thermoplastic, heat-resistant, nylon-jacketed Dry/Damp 90ºC

Thermoplastic, heat-&-moisture-
THWN Dry/Wet 75ºC
resistant, nylon-jacketed
Thermoplastic, heat-&-moisture-
THWN-2 Dry/Wet 90ºC
resistant, nylon-jacketed
Cross-linked polyethylene, heat-&-moisture-
XHHW Dry/Wet 90º/75ºC
resistant, nylon-jacketed rsistant
Cross-linked polyethylene, heat-&-moisture-
XHHW-2 Dry/Wet 90ºC
resistant, nylon-jacketed rsistant

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KNOB & TUBE (K&T) / FUSES Knob & Tube 17 NEC

Knob-&-tube wiring was the original wiring method when electricity first began to be n No new K&T allowed__________________________________________ 394.10
used in homes. It lacked an equipment ground, & the conductors typically had insu- n Extension of existing K&T OK if properly protected F63_____________ 394.10
lation rated only 60O C. Over time, the insulation becomes brittle. Entirely new knob- n Must enter plastic boxes through separate holes__________________314.17C
&-tube wiring has not been allowed since the 1975 NEC, though some jurisdictions n All conductors of circuit enter metal box through same hole F63______ 300.20
banned it decades before that time. It often has improper splices or taps due to n Loom must extend from last insulator to 1/4 in. inside box F63____ 314.17B&C
attempts to obtain more use from a system than that for which it was designed.
The safety provided by older fuse systems with knob-&-tube could be defeated n Do not envelop with thermal insulation in walls, ceilings, or attics_____ 394.12
by installing a fuse with too high a rating or by placing a penny behind the fuse. n Wires must be kept out of direct contact with wood framing _________ 394.17
Older fuse panels often have exposed contacts and pose electrocution hazards. n Tubes req’d where passing through framing members F62__________ 394.17
n Tubes to extend 3 in. beyond wood member in plastered partitions ___ 394.17
FIG. 62 n 3 in. min between wires, 1 in. to surfaces________________________394.19A
Knob & Tube n 2 in. min separation from metal raceways or from signal wires________ 398.19
Head prevents Split porcelain n Conductors on sides (not face) of exposed joists & rafters EXC__ 394.23A&B
tube from slipping knob - (only • OK on edges or faces of rafters or joists in attics < 3 ft. high____ 394.23BX
Porcelain tube one side used n Protect with running boards up to 7 ft. high in attic with stairs_______394.23A
through timbers.
taped to wires. per knob) n Provide protection where exposed < 7 ft. above floor_____________ 398.15C
Grey coating on copper wire n Supports within 6 in. of each splice & at max 41⁄2 ft. intervals_________ 394.30
protects against corrosion Edison-Base Fuses
from contact w/ rubber.
17 NEC
n No exposed contact fuseholders (must be dead front)____________ 240.50D
FIG. 63
n New Edison base (plug fuses) must have type S adapter____________240.52
Knob & Tube to NM n Type S fuse F41 req’d if tampering or overfusing exists___________ 240.51B
n Type S fuse adapter F41 must be proper size for wire______________ 240.4D
K&T through same Loom n No fuses in neutral conductor___________________________________240.22
hole in metal box,
through separate
holes in plastic box

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REPLACEMENT RECEPTACLES & LUMINAIRES Replacement Luminaires When No Grounding Present (cont.) 17 NEC
Houses built before adoption of the 1962 NEC will not have 3-hole receptacles n If no EGC present in branch circuit luminaire, either:
in all locations. Appliances with 3-prong cords are designed to be used with only • Use luminaire w/ no exposed metal parts______________________410.44X1
grounded 3-hole receptacles. A GFCI can provide shock hazard protection for • Add separate EGC to luminaire______________________________410.44X2
2-conductor circuits; though without an EGC, it may not protect equipment. • Provide GFCI protection____________________________________410.44X3
Replacement Receptacles – General 17 NEC
n AFCI protection req’d for replacements in areas where
ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING
current code req’s AFCI protection F20________________________ 406.4D4
n Can be OBC AFCI outlet, upstream OBC AFCI, or AFCI breaker___ 406.4D4 Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Systems 17 NEC
n Replacement receptacles must be tamper-resistant EXC__________ 406.4D5 n EVSE & Wireless Power Transfer Equipment must be listed___________ 625.5
• Where non-grounding receptacle allowed to be replaced w/ same_ 406.4D5 n EV outlet req’s dedicated branch circuit w/ no other outlets_________210.4065
n Outdoor wet location replacement receptacles must be WR_______ 406.4D6 n Branch circuit considered continuous load________________________ 210.42
Replacements When Grounding Present in Box n Branch circuit to be sized to 125% of max load of equipment________ 210.41
n Replacements must be 3-hole grounding type if EGC present______ 406.4D1 n Indoor coupler min 18 in. above floor, outdoor min. 24 in. above grade__ 625.50
n Install wire bonding jumper from receptacle to grounded box EXC___ 250.146 n Max cord & cable length 25 ft. w/o listed cable management system_ 625.17C
• “Self-grounding” receptacles (captive metal screw from yoke)___ 250.146B n Electric vehicle as standby power source req’s L&L as utility
interactive connection for the specific vehicle installed______________ 625.48
Replacements When No Grounding Present
n Equipment rated > 60A or > 150V to ground req’s readily
n EGC req’d for equipment designed w/ grounding type plugs, including
accessible disconnecting means lockable in open position__________ 625.43
refrigerators, disposers, clothes washers, dishwashers, etc._________ 250.114
n EGC can be added from box & connect to service enclosure, GEC,
ground bar of panel at circuit origin, or EGC of another circuit___ 250.130C62 OLD NM CABLE
n Not OK to jumper neutral & EGC_____________________________ 250.142B Houses built before adoption of the 1962 NEC will not have 3-hole receptacles
n Areas where GFCI presently req’d must be GFCI protected_______ 406.4D3 in all locations. Appliances with 3-prong cords are designed to be used with only
n OK to install GFCI even if no EGC present____________________ 406.4D2b grounded 3-hole receptacles. A GFCI can provide shock hazard protection for
n Ungrounded GFCI can protect downstream receptacles_________ 406.4D2c 2-conductor circuits; though without an EGC, it may not protect equipment.
n No EGC from ungrounded GFCI to downstream receptacles_____ 406.4D2c Pre-1984 NM 17 NEC
n Ungrounded GFCIs req label stating “No Equipment Ground”____ 406.4D2b n Derate for ambient temp_______________________ 310.15A3 & T310.15B2a
n Downstream GFCI-protected receptacles req labels n No 60°C conductors in attics > 131°F______________________ T310.15B2a
stating “GFCI-protected” & “No Equipment Ground”____________ 406.4D2c n No direct connection to luminaires that req > 60°C conductors____410.117A
n Labels req’d above may be on receptacle or on cover plate____ 406.4D2b&c63 n Isolate old wiring from high-temp wiring F35_________________ 410.117B&C
n Dual-function GFCI/AFCI receptacles OK where AFCI req’d_______ 406.4D464 n Box for tap conductors min 1 ft. from luminaire, max 6 ft. wire F35_ 410.117C

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ALUMINUM WIRE
From 1964 to 1971, NM cable containing a utility-grade alloy (AA-1350) of alumi-
num wire was on the market, and millions of homes were wired with this product.
In 1972 it was replaced in the market by improved alloys (AA-8000 series). Special
precautions are needed for termination of aluminum wire, particularly in small con-
ductor sizes, and today aluminum is available only in sizes of #8 and larger.
Aluminum Wiring 17 NEC
n New Al wire req’d to be AA-8000 series alloy__________________ 310.106B
n Switches ≤ 20A directly connected to Al req L&L as “CO/ALR” ____ 404.14C
n Receptacles ≤ 20A directly connected to Al req L&L as “CO/ALR”___406.3C
n Splicing devices for dissimilar metals (AL & Cu) must be
identified for the purpose & installed per their listing________________ 110.14
n Anti-oxidant compounds req installation AMI______________________ 110.14
n Terminals (including on breakers) for Al req identification for same___110.14A

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FIG. 64 Utility-Interactive PV System

Solar panel
Required Signs & Locations If DC system, must be labeled
Within 3 ft. of .A : Rapid Shutdown Labels F65 .D
.A : WARNING – PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE
OUTPUT CONNECTION – DO NOT RELOCATE THIS Conductors must be
OVERCURRENT DEVICE secured to array –
.B .D
.C not touching roof
.B & .C : WARNING – ELECTRIC SHOCK HAZARD .A
– TERMINALS ON THE LINE & LOAD SIDES MAY BE
ENERGIZED IN THE OPEN POSITION
Service AC switch (optional) Inverter
.D : WARNING – PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE

PHOTOVOLTAICS Inverter output circuit: AC conductors from inverter to AC panelboard/service.

PV output circuit: Conductors between the PV source circuits & the inverter.
Contact the utility and building department before beginning any project involving
renewable energy sources. Local fire departments may also regulate PV systems. PV source circuits: Circuits between modules & circuits from modules to the
Modern integrated PV inverters typically contain many of the code-required com- common connection points (combiners) of the DC system.
ponents such as DC ground-fault & arc-fault protection & a disconnecting means. Stand-alone system: Solar PV system supplying power independent of the utility.
Alternating Current Module: A PV module including solar cells that contains all General 17 NEC
components needed to produce AC power output (microinverters). n Inverters, modules, panels, source circuit combiners L&L for PV______ 690.4B
Array: An assembly of modules or panels that forms the power-producing unit. n PV req’d to be installed by only qualified persons__________________ 690.4C
Combiner: The location where parallel PV source circuits are connected to n Max voltage = sum of rated open-circuit voltage of series connected
create a PV output circuit. modules times correction factors for lowest expected cold temp______690.7A
DC-to-DC Converter: A device installed in a PV source circuit that can provide n Max voltage of DC-to-DC converter circuits = rating per
higher (or lower) output DC voltage & current than the input voltage or current. instructions in L&L of converters or, if not stated in instructions,
Interactive system: A solar PV system that operates in parallel to the utility. the sum of rated outputs of converters in series__________________ 690.7B2
Inverter: Equipment that converts the DC current & voltage of a PV output circuit n Backfed breakers not req’d to be secured in place EXC__________ 705.12B5
to an AC waveform. • Stand-alone systems (non-utility-interactive)____________ 690.10 & 710.15E

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Arrays & Utility-Interactive Inverters 17 NEC Overcurrent Protection & Wiring 17 NEC
n DC > 80V req’s arc-fault protection_____________________________ 690.11 n Source circuit currents = 125% × sum of parallel module SCC_______ 690.8A1
n DC arrays req list PV ground-fault detection_____________________ 690.41B n Size conductors for 125% max source circuit SCC______________ 690.8B1
n Interactive systems to automatically disconnect in grid outage EXC__ 705.40 n Exposed single conductor cable in outdoor source
• OK to feed subpanel isolated from service by transfer switch________705.40 circuits req’d to be either type USE or L&L PV wire______________ 690.31C1
n Permanent plaque denoting location of each power source must n PV DC circuits inside a building req either metal raceways or MC cable
be installed at service equipment & other disconnect locations_______ 705.10 marked “WARNING: PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SOURCE” F64__ 690.31G3
Grounding n Max allowable DC voltage in SFD 600V_________________________ 690.7C
n Mounting systems used for bonding modules req L&L for PV 690.43A n DC OCPD L&L for PV, ratings min 125% of max current ratings_____ 690.9B
n EGCs < #6 between modules req protective raceway______________ 690.46 n Single OCPD OK for series-connected string____________________ 690.9C
n Size EGCs of PV source & output circuit per T6 & min #14 _________690.45 n Sum of PV & main breakers OK up to 120% of panel rating if:______ 705.12B2
n EGC must be in same raceway or cable as circuit conductors_____ 690.43C • PV breaker located at opposite end of bus from main or feeder input
n Ground & roof-mounted arrays permitted to have auxiliary GES____ 690.47B66 • Warning label against moving PV breaker applied to panel F64
n PV circuits may not be shared in raceways with non-PV systems____690.31B
Disconnects
n PV system req’s readily accessible disconnecting means____________690.13
n Disconnecting means for system connected to supply side of
service must be L&L as suitable for use as service equipment______ 690.13C
n Isolating devices req’d for components (modules, converters, etc.)
may be L&L connectors rated to open under load_________ 690.15 & 690.33

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FIG. 65 Min. 3/8 in. lettering white on red background Min. 3/8 in. lettering black on yellow background

Required
Rap-
id-Shut-
down
Labels &
Wording
Min. 3/16 in.
lettering black
on white
background

DC Series-Connected String MicroInverter

Rapid Shutdown (RS)67 17 NEC

n RS system req’d for firefighter safety on buildings__________________690.12
n RS initiation device must be readily accessible outside building____ 690.12C
n Device may be service disconnect, PV disconnect, or switch_______ 690.12C
n RS labeled max 3 ft. from RS min 3/8 in. letters white on red F65_ 690.56C3
n Array Boundary = 1 ft. from array in all directions________________ 690.12B
n Conductors outside array boundary or > 3 ft. from point of entry to
building (attic) must shut down to < 30V in 30 seconds__________ 690.12B1
n Effective 1/1/2019, conductors inside boundary or < 3 ft. from point of
entry to building (attic) must shut down to < 80V in 30 seconds___ 690.12B1

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SWIMMING POOL Underwater Wet-Niche Lighting (cont.) F66 17 NEC
Electricity and water can be a lethal mix. Precautions must be taken for shock n Bonding conductor insulated & potted in forming shell___________ 680.23B2
hazard protection and to prevent corrosion of electrical equipment. Bonding is n EGC in cord to wet-niche luminaire ≥ supply conductors & ≥ #16__ 680.23B3
important to eliminate voltage gradients in the pool area. n EGC to pool junction box unspliced except on terminals, min #12_ 680.23F2
Conductor Clearances 17 NEC n Conductors from load side of GFCI or transformer not in
n Area < 10 ft. horizontal from pool edge req’s 221⁄2 ft. clearance same raceway or box as non-GFCI-protected wires_____________ 680.23F3
in any direction to water, 141⁄2 ft. clearance from diving board_______680.9A n Pool junction box L&L for pools & Cu or plastic (noncorrosive)_____ 680.24A1
n Underground wiring RMC, IMC, PVC, RTRC or MC only____________680.11 n Box min 1 more grounding terminal than number of conduit entries__ 680.24D
n Cover depth T1________________________________________________680.11 n Box min 4 ft. from pool wall & 8 in. above max water level EXC____ 680.24A2
• Flush deck box OK if ≤ 15V, potted, & ≥ 4 ft. from pool__________ 680.24A2
Equipment Rooms & Feeders to Pool Panels
n Equipment rooms w/ electrical equipment req drainage_____________680.12
n Rooms w/ chemicals stored wiring RMC, IMC, PVC, or RTRC only__ 680.1468 FIG. 66
n Feeders in corrosive environments same as above line___________ 680.25A68 Swimming Pool
n Wiring in corrosive environments min #12 EGC________________ 680.25A68
L&L for Metal awning
n Non-corrosive environments other methods (p.24—27) allowed__680.21A1&.25A
pools Box min. 4 ft. from pool
Pool Pump Motors & Pool Cover Motors Aluminum window
edge, min. 8 in. above
n Wiring in corrosive environment RMC, IMC, PVC, RTRC or MC max. water level frame < 5 ft. from
cable listed for the environment & w/ #12 Cu EGC_____________ 680.21A1 4 ft. pool edge
n Flexible connection OK in LFMC or LFNMC ____________________ 680.21A2
n Cord & plug connected OK with cord ≤ 3 ft. & min #12 Cu EGC__ 680.21A3
n GFCI protection req’d for all 120V or 240V motors______________ 680.21C
n Pool cover motor & controller reqs GFCI protection_____________ 680.27B2
Underwater Wet-Niche Lighting F66 Bonding 2
grid min. 1
n Underwater pool lights > 15V req GFCI_______________________ 680.23A3 3 ft. past Encapsulated structural
n Min 18 in. below water level_________________________________ 680.23A5 pool edge reinforcing steel
n Luminaire bonded & secured to shell with locking device____________ 680.23B5
n Luminaire must req tool for removal___________________________ 680.23B5 Cu conductor grid, #8
Uncapsulated structural bare solid wire in a
n Low-voltage transformers req L&L for pool (isolated windings)____ 680.23A2 reinforcing steel 12 × 12 in. grid pattern
n Conduit ot forming shell brass RMC or IMC, LFNC, or PVC ______ 680.23B2
n Forming shell req’s bonding terminal if nonmetal conduit_________ 680.23B1 1 or 2 are options for creating an equipotential bonding grid.
n Nonmetallic conduit req’s #8 bonding conductor_______________ 680.23B2

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Equipotential Bonding F66 17 NEC Receptacles 17 NEC
n Purpose of bonding is to reduce voltage gradients_______________ 680.26A n Min 1 receptacle req’d ≥ 6 ft. & ≤ 20 ft. from pool walls__________ 680.22A1
n Equipotential grid not to be used as grounding electrode________ 250.52B369 n Other receptacles min 6 ft. from pool walls_____________________ 680.22A3
n Unencapsulated steel shell req’d to be bonded_________________ 680.26B1 n Pump motor receptacles not < 10 ft. from pool wall EXC
n Cu conductor grid req’d if pool shell steel encapsulated • 6 ft. OK for single-receptacle twist-lock types_________________ 680.22A1
in nonconductive compounds (coated rebar)___________________ 680.26B1 n Dimensions include distance around barriers without penetrating
n Cu conductor grid req’s #8 Cu in 12 ×12 in. pattern, a floor, wall, doorway, or window opening______________________ 680.22A5
conforming to contour of pool & deck, ≤ 6 in. from outer contour Lighting Outlets & Luminaires
of pool shell, all conductors bonded at crossings_______________ 680.26B1 n Outdoors ≥ 5 ft. from pool edge unless 12 ft. above_____________ 680.22B1
n Perimeter surfaces (including unpaved) for 3 ft. beyond pool n Indoors ≥ 7 ft. 6 in. above water if totally enclosed & GFCI_______ 680.22B2
req equipotential bonding with steel wire or reinforcement________ 680.26B2 n Existing luminaires allowed < 5 ft. horizontal if rigidly
n Connect perimeter to unencapsulated steel pool shell or attached, > 5 ft. vertical above water & GFCI protected__________ 680.22B3
Cu conductor grid at min 4 points____________________________ 680.26B2 n Switches min 5 ft. from pool edge or separated by barrier____________680.22C
n Bond metal parts of pool structure, ladders, equipment, fences n Low-voltage luminaires not req’ing grounding OK < 5 ft. from pool____680.22B6
& screens or structures < 5 ft. from pool EXC______________________ 680.26B n Listed low-voltage gas luminaires & firepits OK < 5 ft. from pool______680.22B7
• Small isolated parts < 4 in. or < 1 in. into pool structure________ 680.26B5
n Bond motors & other electrical equipment EXC
• Listed double-insulated type motors_________________________ 680.26B6
n Provide bond wire to area of double-insulated motor_____________ 680.26B6
n Bonding conductors min #8 solid Cu__________________________ 680.26B
n Min 9 sq. in. bonded metal contacting pool water________________ 680.26C
GFCI Protection for Pool Receptacles & Boathouses
n Receptacles ≤ 20 ft. of pools & outdoor hot tubs________________ 680.22A4
n Distance does not apply to cords that would have to pass
through window, door, ceiling or other permanent barrier_________ 680.22A5
n Receptacles providing power to indoor spas or hot tubs_________ 680.43A3
n Receptacles ≤ 10 ft. of indoor spas or hot tubs_________________ 680.43A2
n Luminaires & lighting outlets < 10 ft. horizontally from outdoor pool
or spa edge unless > 5 ft. vertically above water________________ 680.22B4
n 120V receptacles in boathouses______________________________ 210.8A8
n All 120V or 240V outlets supplying boat hoists___________________ 210.8C

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FOUNTAINS
General 17 NEC
n GFCI protection req’d for pumps, luminaires, other submersibles___ 680.51A
n GFCI protection req’d for all cord-&-plug connected equipment____ 680.56A
n Submerged boxes bonded, potted, secured & corrosion-resistant___ 680.52B

HOT TUB/SPA
Outdoor hot tubs and spas follow the same rules as swimming pools in addition
to the general rules below. A hydromassage tub (p.42) is not a spa because it is For further information about the entire line of Code Check Books, articles by the
emptied after each use. Code Check team, how you can obtain the Code Check Illustrations, fun stuff and
General 17 NEC more, visit: www.codecheck.com
n LFMC or LFNMC OK for package unit________________________ 680.42A1
Why Do We Feaure Ben?
n Bands to secure hot tub staves exempt from bonding_____________ 680.42B
n Bonding not req’d for L&L package unit installed AMI & Benjamin Franklin was chosen
min 28 in. above all perimeter surfaces ≤ 30 in. from unit_________ 680.42B70 as the main character in our Code
n Outlets supplying self-contained packaged spa/hot tub or Check illustrations for a number
field-assembled spa/hot tub req’s GFCI (including 240V) EXC_______680.44 of reasons. The “First American’s”
• Outlets supplying listed units with integral GFCIs_______________ 680.44A insatiable curiosity, scientific ge-
n Cord for package unit up to 15 ft. OK where GFCI-protected_______680.42A2 nius, and civic-mindedness drove
him to promote fire safety, safe ex-
Indoor Spas iting, public sanitation, improved
n Listed indoor packaged units ≤ 20A OK for cord & plug___________ 680.43X heating methods to reduce air pol-
n Min 1 receptacle min 6 ft. max 10 ft. from inside wall of spa_______ 680.43A1 lution, and of course, electricity.
n Wall switches min 5 ft. from inside wall of spa___________________ 680.43C Franklin contributed to each of the
After proving lighting and electricity are the same four main disciplines of building in-
thing, Ben invented the lightning rod, which he
believed was his most important invention.
spection: Building, Plumbing, Me-
chanical, and Electrical.
To find out more, visit:
www.codecheck.com/why-do-we-feature-ben

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TABLE 23 SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE 2014 & 2017 NEC
NEC NEC
# Page Description # Page Description
Year Year
1 5 17 Metal support structures req bonding to grounded neutral. Section renamed to clarify that IBT is for communications
15 19 17
systems, not for items such as gas piping.
2 6 14 Couplings prohibited between weatherhead & last support.
16 19 17 IBT not req’d if communications systems not present.
3 6 & 44 14 Table 310.15B7 replaced with 83% rule.
Tagging & identification of neutrals expanded to all multiple
Barriers are req’d over live terminals in service equipment 17 21 14
circuits, not just multiwire circuits, moved to article 200
4 6 17 except those w/ multiple main breakers, as allowed by the rule
permitting 2 – 6 disconnects. Terminal torque AMI has always been part of L&L, & it now also
18 21 17
has its own code section.
5 8 17 Feeder height above low slope roof 8 ft. 6 in. (8 ft. in 2014)
Power monitoring devices such as CTs OK if listed & not
All conduits supplying separate buildings must be sealed, not 19 21 17
6 8 17 over-filling space inside panel.
just underground conduits.
Separate wire-bending space sections for top/bottom, sides, &
EV charger circuit allowed in addition to other feeders or 20 21 14
7 8 17 back wall, w/ new limitation on back wall space.
branch circuits to separate building.
21 23 17 Compact Al added to table for “L” bends
8 10 & 47 17 SE cables allowed underground for temp wiring.
Other means of identification of multiwire circuit neutrals
MC cable splices w/out a box req a duplex fitting or similar 22 24 14
9 10 17 allowed, moved to article 200
means to maintain electrical continuity of the cable sheath.
AFCIs req’d for kitchens & laundry areas (which could be in a
Temporary power branch circuit & feeder cords & cables not 23 25 14 garage or basement) & for devices (such as switch in bedroom
10 10 14
allowed on floor or ground except extension cords. controlling exterior light).
GFCI cordsets can only supplement, not replace, the req for 24 25 14 & 17 2014 added dormitories, 2017 added devices & bathrooms.
11 10 17 GFCI protection of temporary receptacles. GFCI cordsets can
be the protection for permanent receptacles. 25 26 14 Branch/feeder AFCIs allowed if first outlet is OBC AFCI.

Other temp receptacles req GFCI, special purpose GFCI (UL 26 26 14 Exemption from AFCI upgrade if length of wire < 6 ft.
12 10 17
943C class C or D) or assured EGC program. Replacement receptacles in 2-wire systems w/ no EGC or
13 16 17 Connection of metal frame to Ufer can be hold-down bolts. practical means to add one can be non-AFCI if AFCIs not
27 26 17
available for panel, replacement is GFCI, no new wire, &
Recognition that Ufer can be extended above foundation for dual-function AFCI/GFCI receptacles not available.
14 &
14 16 connection point; 2017 also req’s location of connection to
17
have protection against corrosion.

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TABLE 23 SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE 2014 & 2017 NEC
NEC NEC
# Page Description # Page Description
Year Year
2017 NEC clarified the distance measurement for GFCI 41 32 14 & 17 2014 req’d separate circuit, 2017 moved to 210.11C4.
28 28 17 protection. Items such as disposers under sinks interpreted as
42 32 17 2014 each car space, 51/2 ft. above floor in 2017
requiring GFCI in 2014 do not require it under this rule.
Prior edition exempted kitchen sinks because countertops 43 35 17 Box barriers accounted for in volume calculations
29 28 14 have separate rule - intention now is any receptacle within 6 ft. Exceptions added in 2014 included one for 3-ways which was
cord distance of sink req’s GFCI – see previous item. 44 39 14 & 17
removed in 2017.
Receptacles within 6 ft. of showers or tubs that do not meet 45 39 17 This rule effective january 1, 2020
30 28 14
the NEC definition of a bathroom also req GFCIs.
Requirement for lockable breaker extended to appliances <
31 28 14 Laundry areas now req GFCIs even if no sink. 46 40 17
300 VA or < 1/8 hp.
32 28 14 Dishwashers – including 240 volt - req GFCIs. 47 40 14 Locking hasp to remain in place w/ lock removed
29 & Devices & cover plates req 6 – 32 screws for mounting unless 48 40 15 IRC NFPA 72 & related rules added
33 14
39 otherwise part of MFR’s instructions
49 40 15 IRC Exemption for hard wiring for remodel (not in California)
Exceptions removed for tamper-resistant receptacles serving
34 29 17 cord-connected equipment that is not readily moved from 50 40 15 IRC CO req’s hard-wired power source
place to place or that are part of luminaire. 51 41 17 All appliances operating > 50V must now be listed.
35 31 17 Built-in cabinets w/ counters count as wall space. 52 42 17 DW cords were the same as for compactors in 2014.
36 31 14 Sidelites in foyer do not count as wall space. 53 42 17 Max cord length in 2014 was 36 in.
Refrigerators not on small appliance circuits have been Previous table for distance above roofs deleted. XHHW-2
37 33 17 allowed their own individual 15A or 20A circuit. This rule can 54 43 17
conductors exempt in 2014 & 2017.
now be used for other appliances.
55 44 17 83% allowance also OK for 208V if neutral full size.
38 33 17 Peninsula receptacle can be in perpendicular wall.
56 45 17 Min 1⁄4 in. of NM sheathing past clamp into metal box.
39 32 17 Clarification: bath receptacle can be 12 in. below counter.
57 45 17 Cable ties must be listed & identified for the purpose.
2014 req’d extra-duty hoods, 2017 clarified that other types of
40 32 14 & 17 Clarified that galvanized or stainless steel raceways req addi-
listed products not using hoods are OK AMI 58 51 17
tional corrosion protection w/ approved material.

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TABLE 23 SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE 2014 & 2017 NEC
NEC
# Page Description
Year
59 51 17 EMT on roof to air conditioner req’s wire EGC.
60 52 17 Explicit rule for trimming cut ends of LFMC.
61 52 17 In previous codes, only type B allowed > 6 ft.
62 56 14 Added EGC may connect to another circuit’s EGC.
63 56 17 Label identifying GFCI protection can be on cover plate.
64 56 17 Dual-function GFCI/AFCI receptacles now available.
65 56 14 EV reqs individual branch circuit (210.17 in 2014 NEC)
17 NEC distinguishes between functionally grounded & solidly
66 59 17
grounded systems. GES no longer req’d but is allowed.
14 NEC introduced rapid shutdown. 2017 clarified that the
14 & purpose of rapid shutdown is for first-responder safety & not
67 60
17 for persons servicing the system. Array boundary distances
shortened, time allowed changed to 30 seconds.
68 61 17 Wiring in corrosive environments restricted.
69 62 17 Equipotential grid not allowed as grounding electrode.
70 63 14 L&L spas exempt from bonding if meeting specified conditions.

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