GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Chemical
Compounds 3
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Chemical Compounds
CONTENTS

3-1 Types of Chemical

Compounds and Their
Formulas
3-2 The Mole Concept and
Chemical Compounds
3-3 Composition of Chemical
Compounds
3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful
Tool in Describing Chemical
Compounds
3-5 Naming Compounds:
Organic and Inorganic
Compounds
3-6 Names and Formulas of
Inorganic Compounds

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 3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds
and Their Formulas

Molecular Compounds

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 Molecular compounds

1 Å/inch
0.4 Å/cm

Figure 3-1
Several representations of the compound acetic acid
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 Figure 3-2
Visualizations of (a) butane, (b) methylpropane, and (c) testosterone

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 Figure 3-3
Color scheme for use in molecular models

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 Ionic Compounds
• Atoms of almost all elements can gain or lose electrons to
form charged species called ions.
• Compounds composed of ions are known as ionic
compounds.

+ Metals tend to lose electrons to form positively

charged ions called cations.
- Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form
negatively charged ions called anions.

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 An extended array of Na+ and Cl- ions
The simplest formula unit is NaCl

FIGURE 3-4
Portion of an ionic crystal and a formula unit of NaCl

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 3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical
Compounds
KEEP IN MIND
Formula mass
the mass of a formula unit in atomic that although molecular
mass and molar mass
mass units (u)
sound similar and are
Molecular mass related, they are not
a formula mass of a molecular the same. Molecular mass
compound is the weighted-average
mass of one molecule
Weighted average mass expressed in atomic mass
add up the weighted average atomic units, u. Molar mass is the
masses mass of Avogadro’s number
Exact Mass of molecules expressed in
grams per mole, The two
add up the isotopic masses (see terms have the same
mass spectrometry) numerical value but different
units. g/mol.

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 Figure 3-5
Molecular forms of elemental sulfur and phosphorus

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 3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds

Halothane C2HBrClF3

Mole ratio nC/nhalothane

Mass ratio mC/mhalothane

M(C2HBrClF3) = 2MC + MH + MBr + MCl + 3MF

= (2 x 12.01) + 1.01 + 79.90 + 35.45 + (3 x 19.00)
= 197.38 g/mol
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 Establishing Formulas from Experimentally Determined
Percent Composition of Compounds

5 Step approach:

1. Choose an arbitrary sample size (100g).

2. Convert masses to amounts in moles.
3. Write a formula.
4. Convert formula to small whole numbers.
5. Multiply all subscripts by a small whole number to make the
subscripts integral.

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 Combustion Analysis

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 Figure 3-6
Apparatus for combustion analysis

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 3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in
Describing Chemical Compounds

Metals tend to lose Non-metals tend to

electrons. gain electrons.
Na Na+ + e- Cl + e- Cl-

Reducing agents Oxidizing agents

We use the Oxidation State to keep track of the number of electrons that
have been gained or lost by an element.

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 3-5 Naming Compounds:
Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Lead (IV) oxide Lead (II) oxide

Figure 3-7
Two oxides of lead
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 3-6 Names and Formulas
of Inorganic Compounds
Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals

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 Binary Compounds of Two Non-Metals

Molecular compounds
usually write the positive OS element first.
HCl hydrogen chloride

Some pairs form more than one compound

mono 1 penta 5
di 2 hexa 6
tri 3 hepta 7
tetra 4 octa 8

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 Binary Acids

Acids produce H+ when dissolved in water.

They are compounds that ionize in water.
The symbol (aq) signifies aqueous solution.

H2S(aq) = hydrosulfuric acid

HI(aq) = hydroiodic acid
HCl(aq) = hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) = hydrobromic acid
HF(aq) = hydrofluoric acid

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 Polyatomic Ions

Increasing oxidation state of nonmetal

hypo___ite ___ite ___ate per___ate

Increasing number of oxygen atoms :

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 Some Compounds of Greater Complexity

Effect of Moisture
Blue anhydrous
CoCl2
Pink hexahydrate
CoCl2• 6 H2O

18.02 g H2O
6 mol H2O x
1 mol H2O
%H2O = x 100%
237.9 g CoCl2• 6 H2O
= 45.45% H2O

Figure 3-8
Effect of moisture on CoCl2
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 3-7 Names and Formulas of
Organic Compounds

Organic compounds abound in nature

Fats, carbohydrates and proteins are foods.
Propane, gasoline, kerosene, oil are fuels.
Drugs and plastics are produced by chemical industries.

Carbon atoms form chains and rings and act as

the framework of molecules.

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 Hydrocarbons

Figure 3-9
Visualizations of some hydrocarbons
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 Isomers
Isomers have the same molecular formula but have different
arrangements of atoms in space. Are the following pairs isomers?

(c)

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 Functional Groups

Figure 3-10
Visualizations of some alcohols
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 Figure 3-11
The carboxyl group and visualizations of two carboxylic acids

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