Auxiliary View Drawing

 Purpose: Auxiliary views are used to show features that are not clearly visible in the primary
views (e.g., top, front, side) in orthographic projection. It provides a true shape and size of
inclined or oblique surfaces.
 Steps to create:
1. Select the inclined plane or feature to be projected.
2. Project the feature from the correct view, making sure it is perpendicular to the
plane.
3. Draw the auxiliary view, maintaining scale and dimensioning.
 Applications: Used in technical drawings to clarify complex shapes or slanted surfaces that
cannot be accurately depicted in the standard orthographic views.

Sectioning
 Purpose: Sectioning is the process of cutting through an object in a drawing to reveal internal
details. It helps in understanding the internal structure of an object.
 Types of Sections:

1. Full Section: A complete cut through the object, showing the internal structure in
one view.
2. Half Section: A section where half the object is removed, showing both the external
and internal views in one drawing.
3. Offset Section: A section where the cutting plane is bent to pass through different
areas of the object.
4. Revolved Section: A portion of the object is rotated to show its internal features.
5. Broken-out Section: A portion of the object is broken away to show a cross-section
of the internal features.

 Section Lines: Thin, diagonal lines used to represent the cut surface in a section view.

Assembly Drawing
 Purpose: An assembly drawing shows how individual parts fit together to form a complete
product or machine.
 Components:

1. Bill of Materials (BOM): Lists all the parts required for the assembly.
2. Exploded View: A diagram showing how parts fit together, often with each
component moved slightly away from the rest to demonstrate the assembly
process.
3. Part Numbers: Each part in the assembly is labeled with a unique part number for
identification.
4. Dimensions and Tolerances: Clear dimensioning and tolerancing ensure that parts
fit together properly.

 Applications: Used for assembling, disassembling, and understanding how a product

functions.

Introduction to Geometrical Dimensioning and

Tolerancing (GD&T)
Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and
communicating engineering tolerances. It focuses on the allowable variations in the
shape, size, and position of features on a part.

a. Surface Finish Symbols

 Purpose: Indicate the required surface texture of a part, affecting both function and
aesthetics.
 Common symbols:
o Ra (average roughness) – common symbol for surface roughness.
o Rz (average maximum height) – another measurement for surface finish.
 Applications: Specifies the level of smoothness or roughness needed for the part surface.

b. Surface Roughness Symbols

 Definition: Surface roughness describes the texture of a part’s surface. It refers to the small,
finely spaced deviations from the nominal surface.
 Common symbols: Ra, Rz, Rt are commonly used for indicating roughness.
 Applications: Essential in manufacturing to control the finish of a part that can affect fit,
function, and durability.

c. Tolerancing and Types of Fits

 Tolerances: The permissible variation in dimensions that allow a part to function properly.

o Limit Tolerances: The maximum and minimum dimensions allowed for a feature.
o Allowance: The intentional difference in dimensions between mating parts.
o Fit: The relationship between two mating parts.

 Clearance Fit: There is always a gap between parts (e.g., hole diameter is
larger than shaft diameter).
 Interference Fit: The parts always interfere with each other (e.g., a shaft
diameter is larger than a hole diameter).
 Transition Fit: Could be either clearance or interference, depending on the
tolerance.

d. Material Condition Modifiers

 Purpose: Used to specify the variation in form that occurs under different material
conditions.

o Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The condition where a feature contains the
maximum amount of material (e.g., the largest shaft size or smallest hole size).
o Least Material Condition (LMC): The condition where the feature contains the least
material (e.g., smallest shaft size or largest hole size).
o Regardless of Feature Size (RFS): A condition where the tolerance is independent of
the size of the feature.

e. Tolerance Value/Zone

 Tolerance Zone: Defines the allowable limits of a feature. For example, a circle tolerance
would define the maximum variation allowed from the true circle.
 Examples:
 o Linear Tolerance: The range of acceptable values for the size of a feature.
o Geometrical Tolerance: Defines the permissible variation in the geometry of a part
(e.g., flatness, straightness).

f. Datum References

 Purpose: A datum is a reference point, line, or surface used to define the location of features
on a part.
 Applications: Datum references help to accurately measure and control the position of
features on a part, ensuring the part will fit and function as intended.
 Examples:

o Primary Datum: The main reference from which other dimensions are measured.
o Secondary Datum: A secondary reference used when the primary datum is
insufficient.
o Tertiary Datum: A third reference used for further control.

g. Geometrical Characteristics

 Types of Geometrical Characteristics:

1. Form: Control the shape of features (e.g., flatness, straightness).

2. Orientation: Control the alignment of features (e.g., perpendicularity, parallelism).
3. Location: Define the position of features relative to each other (e.g., position,
concentricity).
4. Runout: Control the rotation of features, ensuring parts are assembled in the
correct position.

h. Form of Single Features

 Purpose: Refers to the shape of a single feature. This includes tolerances like straightness,
flatness, circularity, and cylindricity.

o Straightness: The tolerance applied to a feature’s axis or surface to ensure it is

straight.
o Flatness: Ensures that a surface is perfectly flat.
o Circularity: Ensures that a feature is a true circle.

i. Orientation of Related Features

 Purpose: Ensures that features are oriented relative to each other as specified in the design.

o Perpendicularity: Ensures that a feature is at a 90° angle to another.

o Parallelism: Ensures that features are parallel to each other.

j. Position of Related Features

 Purpose: Defines the exact location of a feature relative to another. It is one of the most
widely used GD&T symbols.

o True Position: A tolerance that defines the exact location of a feature within a
specified tolerance zone.
o Applications: Used for features that must fit into a specified position with other
parts, such as holes for fasteners.