Reviewer for Drafting

MODULE 1

Introduction to Drafting

1. **Definition and Scope**

- Drafting is the art of making drawings and preparing working drawings.

- It is known as the “language of industry” and involves systematic representation and dimensional
specification of mechanical and architectural structures.

2. **Importance of Drawing**

- Drawing is a universal language that helps in visual communication.

- It is essential for understanding and interpreting technical information and is valuable for everyone, not
just those in technical fields.

### Unit 1: Drafting – Its Meaning and Importance

#### The Meaning of Drafting

1. **Definitions**

- Drafting involves making drawings, preparing working drawings, and rendering illustrations.

- It is a precise language used by industries to communicate design information.

2. **What is a Drawing?**

- According to Spencer, drawing is the principal means of expressing technical ideas.

- It is a graphic representation of real objects, ideas, or proposed designs for future construction.

#### Importance of Drafting

1. **Universal Language**

- Drawing allows for universal understanding and communication of ideas.

- It helps in expressing ideas persuasively when words fail.

2. **Historical Significance**
 - Drawing is the oldest form of written expression and has been used throughout history to record
important information.

3. **Educational Value**

- Drawing helps students develop their capacity to think, express ideas, and interpret others’ ideas.

### Divisions of Drawing

1. **Freehand Drawing**

- Involves making drawings without drawing instruments.

- It is a rapid rendition of a neat and legible illustration and is used as a first step in making instrumental
drawings.

2. **Mechanical Drawing**

- Also known as instrumental drawing, involves the use of drawing instruments.

- It is a precise language used to communicate technical information.

### Main Types of Drawing

1. **Artistic Drawing**

- Expresses philosophical or aesthetic ideas and emotions.

- Examples include paintings by famous artists.

2. **Technical Drawing**

- Focuses on the exact representation of objects, showing how they are.

- It is used in various fields to accurately describe structures and details.

### Objectives of Drawing

1. **Accuracy**

- Drawings must be accurate and free from errors.

2. **Speed**

- Speed in drafting is important; it comes with practice and intelligent work.

3. **Legibility**

- Drawings must have readable notes and figures for easy reading.

4. **Neatness**

- Drawings should be clean and tidy, reflecting a careful method.

### Specialized Branches of Technical Drawing

1. **Architectural Drawing**

- Represents buildings and structures, including plans, elevations, and sections.

2. **Machine Drawing**

- Used in machine industries, focusing on the details needed for machining.

3. **Structural Drawing**

- Involves the design and construction of buildings, bridges, and other structures.

4. **Sheet Metal Drawing**

- Used in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning industries.

5. **Electrical Drawing**

- Used in electrical industries, involving diagrammatic drawings with conventional symbols.

6. **Aeronautical Drawing**

- Involves the design and assembly of aircraft.

7. **Marine Drawing**

- Deals with the design and construction of boats and ships.

8. **Furniture Drawing**

- Focuses on designing and planning furniture.

9. **Map Drawing**
 - Represents portions of the earth’s surface and includes various types of maps like topographic and
hydrographic maps.

### Types of Maps

1. **Geographic Map**

- Shows large areas with notable towns, cities, streams, bodies of water, and political boundaries.

2. **Topographic Map**

- Provides a complete description of specific areas, showing natural features and man-made structures.

3. **Hydrographic Map**

- Deals with bodies of water, shorelines, and navigation aids.

4. **Cadastral Map**

- Accurate control maps for cities or towns, used for property ownership and taxation.

5. **Engineering Map**

- Working maps for engineering projects, providing accurate horizontal and vertical control data.

6. **Photogrammetric Map**

- Represents features from territorial and aerial photographs.

7. **Military Map**

- Contains information of military importance.

8. **Landscape Map**

- Used in planning installations of trees, shrubbery, and other landscape features.

### Technical Terms in Map Drawing

1. **Contours**

- Lines on a map showing points of equal ground elevation.

2. **Hachures**

- Short lines drawn in the direction of the slope to show relief.

Moduk1 multiple choice

1. The oldest type of written expression and is understood throughout the world is _______.

- **A. drawing**

2. The ability of a person to put facts and truths in a graphic form, by means of lines and tools is known as
_________.

- **B. drawing**

3. The act of making drawing is known as _______.

- **C. drafting**

4. What division of drawing is concerned with the making of drawings without the use of drawing
instruments?

- **B. freehand drawing**

5. What do you call the art and science of describing structures and structural details completely and
accurately by graphical means?

- **D. technical drawing**

6. The ability of a person to acquire precision in work with no errors is called _______.

- **B. accuracy**

7. An objective of drawing, which means, “Time is Money,” is known as _______.

- **D. speed**

8. The branch of technical drawing which concerns the layouts and detail drawings connected with the
design and construction of buildings, bridges, viaducts, and other similar structures is known as ________.

- **A. structural drawing**

9. This drawing used in the representation of buildings and similar structures that include plans, elevations,
sections, and details sufficient to define adequately in graphic form the construction. What branch is this?

- **B. architectural drawing**

10. What branch of drawing is used in electrical industries?

- **B. electrical drawing**

11. A drawing that deals with the designing and planning of pieces of furniture like cabinets, tables, chairs,
beds, and other furnishings found in an office, home, hotel, and among others.

- **A. furniture drawing**

12. What branch of drawing is used in machine industries and shops?

- **B. machine drawing**

13. A type of map which shows the important towns and cities, streams and bodies of water, political
boundaries, and reliefs is known as ______.

- **C. geographic map**

14. What kind of map drawing controls ownership?

- **D. cadastral map**

15. What map shows a complete description of certain areas and shows to a larger scale the geographical
position of the natural features and the works of man such as buildings, bridges, and similar structures?

- **A. topographic map**

MODULE 2

**UNIT 2**

**READING AND WRITING STANDARD MEASUREMENTS**

**Description:**

This unit introduces the students to the systems of measurements, English, and Metric. It also covers how
to convert simple measurements from English to Metric and vice versa. It emphasizes the proper writing
and reading of measurements, especially in the Metric system.

**Importance of Measurements:**
Measurements are integral to our daily lives and fall into categories such as weight, area, volume, length,
and temperature. Accurate measurements are essential in technical drawing to ensure precision.

**Linear Measurements:**

The standard measurement units used in linear measurements are the English and Metric systems.

**English System:**

- Inch (“)

- Foot (‘)

- Yard

- Mile

**Metric System:**

- Millimeter (mm)

- Centimeter (cm)

- Decimeter (dm)

- Meter (M, m)

- Kilometer (km)

**Common Linear Equivalents:**

- 1 inch = 2.54 cm

- 1 foot = 30.45 cm

- 1 yard = 0.9144 meters

- 1 mile = 1.6095 kilometers

- 10 mm = 1 cm

- 10 cm = 1 dm

- 10 dm = 1 M

- 100 cm = 1 M

**Reading Divisions of an Inch:**

1. The smallest divisions indicated on the inch represent 1/16 increments.

2. Odd numbers are read as they are: 1/16, 3/16, 5/16, etc.

3. Even numbers are reduced to their lowest terms: 2/16 = 1/8, 4/16 = ¼, etc.

4. Line C represents 1/8 increments.

5. Line B represents ¼ increments.

6. Line A represents ½ increments.

Measurements up to 72 inches are usually written in inches. When the measurement exceeds 72 inches, it
is reduced to feet and inches. For example, 90 inches is written as 7’-6”.

**Metric System of Measurements:**

**Standard Measurements:**

- Millimeter (mm): 10 mm = 1 cm

- Centimeter (cm): 10 cm = 1 dm

- Decimeter (dm): 10 dm = 1 m

- Meter (M, m): 100 cm = 1 M

**Common Linear Equivalents:**

- 1 inch = 2.54 cm

- 1 meter = 39.37 inches

- 1 foot = 30.45 cm

- 1 meter = 3.28 feet

- 1 yard = 0.9144 meters

- 1 mile = 1.6095 km

- 1 meter = 1.09 yards

**Reading a Division of a Centimeter:**

1. Line AB is divided into 10 smaller equal divisions, each representing one millimeter.

2. To read fractions of a centimeter, count each small division indicated after the one-centimeter mark.
**Writing the Metric System of Measurement in Decimals:**

- 1 meter alone is written as 1.00.

- Measurements indicated in centimeters exceeding 100 are divided by 100 to convert to meters. For
example, 530 centimeters is written as 5.30 meters.

- Fractions of a meter are converted to decimals. For example, ¾ meter is written as 0.75.

MODULE 3

UNIT 3: USE AND CARE OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS

This unit explores the basic tools, materials, and equipment used in mechanical drawing. It emphasizes the
proper use and care of these instruments and their significance in producing quality drawings. High-quality
craftsmanship, coupled with quality tools and materials, is essential for good drawings. Proper care and
maintenance ensure the longevity of these tools.

### A. DRAWING TABLE/BOARD

- **Description**: A multipurpose desk used for drawing, writing, or sketching.

- **Features**: Height adjustable and board incline angle adjustable for comfortable drawing positions.

- **Care Tips**: Avoid cutting objects directly on the surface to prevent damage.

### B. T-SQUARE

- **Description**: Shaped like a letter ‘T’, used to draw parallel lines and right angles.

- **Materials**: Made from steel, wood, plastic vinyl, etc.

- **Care Tips**: Do not use as a ruler for cutting paper, cover when not in use, store flat or hang on a wall.

### C. TRIANGLES

- **Types**: 30ºx60ºx90º and 45ºx45ºx90º.

- **Use**: For drawing vertical lines and specific angles.

- **Care Tips**: Do not use as a cutter edge, store properly to avoid warping.

### D. PENCIL

- **Types**:

- **Hard**: 4H to 9H
 - **Medium**: B to 3H

- **Soft**: 2B to 7B

- **Use**: Different grades for different drawing purposes.

- **Care Tips**: Store in a case, keep sharpened, handle responsibly.

### E. SANDING PAD OR PENCIL POINTER

- **Use**: Sharpening pencils.

- **Care Tips**: Keep clean and store properly.

### F. DRAWING PAPER

- **Types**: Cream or buff detail paper for working drawings.

- **Use**: Specific grains for different drawing requirements.

- **Care Tips**: Store properly to avoid soiling and damage.

### G. MASKING TAPE

- **Use**: Attaching drawing paper to the drawing table.

- **Care Tips**: Store properly to maintain adhesion.

### H. SCALES

- **Types**: Mechanical and civil engineer’s scales.

- **Use**: Reproducing dimensions, enlarging or reducing proportions.

- **Care Tips**: Avoid using for cutting, handle carefully to avoid damage.

### I. PROTRACTOR

- **Use**: Measuring and constructing angles.

- **Care Tips**: Do not use as a palette or cutting guide.

### J. ERASER

- **Use**: Erasing pencil marks.

- **Care Tips**: Use an erasing shield to protect other lines, handle carefully to avoid damage.

### K. DUSTING BRUSH

- **Use**: Removing dirt and crumbs from drawings.

- **Care Tips**: Use only for its intended purpose, store properly.
### L. DRAWING INK

- **Description**: Waterproof suspension of carbon particles.

- **Care Tips**: Store ink bottles safely, clean penholders and pen points after use.

### M. PENHOLDERS AND PEN POINTS

- **Use**: Holding pens for freehand drawing.

- **Care Tips**: Clean after use, store in a container to avoid damage.

### N. TRACING PAPER

- **Use**: Making copies of drawings for reproduction.

- **Care Tips**: Store in a tube to avoid crumbling, keep away from moisture.

### O. CASE INSTRUMENTS

- **Components**: Compass, extension bar, compass pen, etc.

- **Use**: Drawing circles and arcs.

- **Care Tips**: Store properly, handle with care to avoid damage.

### UNIT 5: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

**Description:**

This unit presents information on some of the technical terms used in geometrical constructions to provide
a better understanding and grasp of mechanical drawing. Manipulation and use of the drawing instruments
are also involved in the development of curvilinear figures.

The more significant part of the training of the student centers on the working out of exercises to further
develop their creativity in working out designs. In architecture and industries, art and design based on
circles and their parts combined with polygons create foundational ornamentations. Skills in geometrical
constructions have many applications, especially in working drawings. Every drafter, art enthusiast, and
designer should be familiar with plane geometry to apply the principles to solve these problems.

### DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. **Point:**

- According to Spencer, “A point represents a location in space or on a drawing. It has no width, height, or
depth.”
 - **Examples:** A point may be described with two intersecting lines (a short bar in a line) or by a small
cross line or a dot.

2. **Line:**

- A line is the path of a moving point and has only one dimension – length.

- **Types:**

- **Indefinite Line:** If the line has no precise length.

- **Definite Line:** If the endpoints are definite, the ends are marked using a small cross.

- **Kinds of Lines:**

- **Straight Line:** The shortest distance between two points.

- **Curved Line:** A line that continually changes its dMixed Lines:** Lines composed of both straight
and curved segments.

- **Parallel Lines:** Lines where the distance between them remains constant.

- **Perpendicular Lines:** Lines that form a right angle (90 degrees) with each other.

3. **Angle:**

- An angle is formed by two intersecting lines. The point of intersection is the vertex, and the lines are
the sides of the angle.

- **Kinds of Angles:**

- **Right Angle:** 90 degrees.

- **Straight Angle:** 180 degrees.

- **Acute Angle:** Less than 90 degrees.

- **Obtuse Angle:** More than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees.

- **Reflex Angle:** More than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees.

- **Supplementary Angle:** Two angles whose sum is 180 degrees.

- **Complementary Angle:** Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees.

- **Oblique Angle:** Any angle that is neither a right angle nor a straight angle.

4. **Triangle:**

- A closed plane figure bounded by three straight lines with the sum of the interior angles equal to 180
degrees.

- **Kinds by Sides:**

- **Equilateral Triangle:** Three equal sides.

- **Isosceles Triangle:** Two equal sides.

- **Scalene Triangle:** No equal sides.

 - **Kinds by Angles:**

- **Right Triangle:** One right angle.

- **Obtuse Triangle:** One obtuse angle.

- **Acute Triangle:** All angles are acute.

5. **Quadrilateral:**

- A polygon bounded by four sides.

- **Types:**

- **Trapezoid:** One pair of parallel sides.

- **Trapezium:** No sides are parallel.

- **Parallelogram:** Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

- **Square:** Four equal sides and four right angles.

- **Rectangle:** Opposite sides are equal and four right angles.

- **Rhombus:** Four equal sides but no right angles.

- **Rhomboid:** Opposite sides are parallel but no right angles.

6. **Polygon:**

- A closed plane figure bounded by straight lines.

- **Types of Polygons by Number of Sides:**

- Pentagon: 5 sides

- Hexagon: 6 sides

- Heptagon: 7 sides

- Octagon: 8 sides

- Nonagon: 9 sides

- Decagon: 10 sides

- Hendecagon: 11 sides

- Dodecagon: 12 sides

7. **Circle:**

- A closed plane curve where all points are equidistant from a fixed center.

- **Parts of a Circle:**

- **Circumference:** The distance around the circle.

- **Arc:** Any part of the circumference.

- **Radius:** A line from the center to any point on the circle.

 - **Diameter:** A line passing through the center, connecting two points on the circle.

- **Secant:** A line that intersects the circle at two points.

- **Central Angle:** An angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle.

- **Tangent:** A line that touches the circle at exactly one point.

- **Semi-circle:** Half of a circle (180 degrees).

- **Quadrant:** One-fourth of a circle (90 degrees).

- **Segment:** A part of the circle cut off by a chord.

- **Chord:** A line segment with both endpoints on the circle.

- **Sector:** The area between two radii and the connecting arc.

8. **Solid:**

- A geometric figure having three dimensions.

- **Kinds of Solids:**

- **Prism:** Two parallel polygonal bases and parallelogram lateral surfaces.

- **Pyramid:** A polygonal base and triangular lateral surfaces converging at a vertex.

- **Cylinder:** A solid with two parallel circular bases connected by a curved surface.

- **Cone:** A solid with a circular base and a vertex.

- **Sphere:** A solid formed by revolving a circle around its diameter.

- **Torus:** A solid formed by revolving a circle around an axis that is external to the circle.

Unit 5 multiple choice

1. The venue for drawing is called ______.

- C. space

2. What do you call the point of intersection of the two lines?

- C. vertex

3. A polygon of seven sides is called _______.

- D. heptagon

4. A path of a moving point, according to Spencer, is called ______.

- B. line
5. A closed plane figure bounded by three straight lines, not in the same direction, and the interior angle is
180 degrees is called _______.

- B. triangle

6. What figure is formed by two intersecting lines?

- B. angle

7. A closed plane figure bounded by straight lines is known as ______.

- A. polygon

8. A geometric figure having three dimensions is called _____.

- D. solid

9. What do you call a parallelogram with four equal sides and four right angles?

- B. square

10. When a solid is generated by a circle (or another curve revolving about an axis which is eccentric to
the curve), it is called ______.

- B. torus

11. A solid generated by a straight line called the generatrix moving in contact with a curved line and
always remaining parallel to its previous position to the axis is known as _________.

- A. cylinder

12. One of the solids which is generated by a circle revolving about one of its diameters is called _________.

- C. sphere

13. When a solid has two bases, and parallel polygons or three or more lateral surfaces which are
parallelograms, it is called ________.

- A. prism

14. What closed plane curve that contains all points of which have the same distance from a fixed point
within called center?

- C. circle

15. An angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle and whose sides are the radii is known as ______.
 - D. central angle

16. A type of circle having one center in common is known as _________.

- D. concentric

17. It is a straight line having one point in common with the circle.

- A. tangent

18. What do you call the distance around the circle?

- C. circumference

19. Any part of the circle between two of its points is known as _____.

- A. arc

20. A straight line drawn from the center to any point on a circle is called _______.

- D. radius

21. A polygon of 9 sides is known as _____.

- B. nonagon

22. A plane cuts cone obliquely to the axis and making the same angle with the axis is known as ______.

- A. parabola

23. A plane cuts cone, making a smaller angle with the axis is called ______.

- D. hyperbola

24. A kind of angle where one of the angles formed by a line meeting another line so as to form two equal
angles. Each angle is equal to 90 degrees.

- D. right

25. A parallelogram with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.

- D. rhomboid