TAMALE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Name: Akayure Gabriel Abugubun

Index number: 9686119
Course code: ISC 152
Course title: Introduction to Integrated Science II

Summary of lesson 8 and 9

Lesson 8. Teaching concepts about science and technology I

Science and Technology. Science encompasses the systematic study of the

structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and
experimentation, and Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for
practical purposes.
Contributions of science and technology to food and nutrition;

 Processing of food has developed over the time, making food easily
accessible, more nutritious, safe and affordable.
 With the aid of various disciplines in food science and technology, raw
materials are being converted to edible foods.
 Its has helped reduce diseases, improved safety and quality variety, less
cost, less wastage in the field.

Contribution of science and technology to health

 Health apps to track chronic illnesses and communicate vital
information to doctors
 It brings about online Education and ease of research
 Enhanced communication with others, which can improve the feeling of
connection
 Health apps that help you track diet , exercise, and mental health
information
 Online medical records that give you access to test results and allow you
to fill
 It also improves the quality of healthcare delivery and decreases medical
errors.

Contributions of science and technology to transportation

 It enables people to work from home by making use of the Internet,

E-mail and the telephone. This helps to manage traffic congestion as
it reduces the number of drivers on the roads and public transport
passengers during peak hours.
 It increases security in preventing road accident
 It reduces the emission of Co2 through improved driving, thanks to
increased transport and training systems that help the driver
  It help reduce cost and increase delivery reliability through
collaboration across all modes and providers.

Information technology deals the storage, processing and distribution of

information. During the decade, the industry has gained attention due to series of
political technological and socioeconomic events. India is witnessing the
emergence of information technology hubs in Bangalore, Mumbai, Hyderated and
Chennai. The silicon valley and Bangalore both share many same aspects in the
development of information technology such as pleasant climate, skilled work
force, presence of high quality Educational, technological and scientific centers
and access to markets.

Misconceptions of science and technology;

They are identified as students "prior knowledge" which are embedded in a

system of logic and justification, albeit it may be incompatible with accepted
scientific understanding (Tomita, 2008). They include;

 That science is devoid of bias

 That scientist operate in an unbiased manner
 That science can be pure theory
 That science is technology
 That science and religion are opposites and mutually incompatible.

Relationship between science and technology

Science is the study of the natural world by collecting data through a systematic
process called scientific method. And technology is where we apply science to
create devices that can solve problems and to do tasks. Technology is literally the
application of science. So, it really is impossible to separate the two. The goal of
science is to gain an understanding of the natural world, while the goal of
technology is to use that understanding to improve people's lives.

The value of technology in science

Technology is critical to the development of scientific ideas, scientific methods

and science. Consider how the development of technical breakthrough helped
human beings advance our scientific understanding. The invention of telescope (a
technology to see far away objects) helped us realize that we are not living in an
Earth-centered world. In fact with technological advancements in telescopes and
other fields, we realized we are not at the center of anything. Similar
advancements in in genetics, equipment for gene identification and manipulation,
us ad advancing biotechnology(primarily medical sciences). Advances in engines
and fuels have brought space age, which (along with technological breakthroughs
in optics) is being used for better understanding of space and celestial bodies.
These are very few examples of how technology is essential to the development
of science.

Lesson 9
Teaching concepts about science and technology II

The Nature of Science

A great deal of thought and research has gone into determine 'NoS'; that is
characteristics of practices and product of science. Despite this, consensus is
lacking about the NoS. There are, instead, competing 'camps', that is, groups of
academics etc. Who adhere to contrasting general positions. Although the
definitions on Cathleen Loving's (1991). Scientific theory profile (at right) are not,
necessarily, widely-accepted and individuals' positions on it are not, necessarily,
consistent or clear, her grid can be used as a for fruitful discussions about the
nature of science. The horizontal axis represents a continuum of positions about
the Nature of the processes of the theory development. Rationalist (on the left)
claim that reason, combined with 'facts' is essential in science. Naturalist,
meanwhile, also recognize such influences as human psychology, sociology,
gender,etc. On knowledge building. On the vertical axis, Realists claim that
products (such as laws and theories) of knowledge building represent reality,
while Anti-realists claim that knowledge is a convenient social construction.
Combining the two axes, we can imagine people holding different positions within
the grid, such as Rational-Realist, for example, who would assert that methods of
science are highly logical and systematic and lead to claims that match reality. The
opposite view is that of Natural-Antirealists, who would insist that methods of
science are highly idiosyncratic and situatal (including through influences by
cultural, economic and psychological factors, for example) and lead to claims that
don't necessarily match reality but may be accepted by most scientist.

Nature of Technology

Humans likely have been carrying out technological problems solving at least as
Long as they been developing science ideas about Nature. Early humans had to
develop ways to protect themselves from the elements and from other living
things, for example, likely before they thought about how phenomena-such as
fire-worked. Indeed, in the history of technology, many inventions such as those
based on steam power (example steam powered machines) thus were developed
without very much in the way of science knowledge (example, a kinetic thus
molecular theory of matter). Despite the longer history of technology design,
however, considerably more research has been conducted into the nature of
science than on the nature of technology (NoS). Nevertheless, some perspectives
about NoT that seem reasonable include;

 Technology may use knowledge from science and contribute to the work in
the science
 Engineering may use methods common to science inquiry and often
involves many simultaneously changing and possibly interacting variables.
  Humans often create inventions/innovations to control phenomena; that is
bring about changes desired by people.
 Inventions/innovations often (or always) have side effects, some of which
be unforeseen and harmful.
 As attempts to bring about changes to natural phenomena, all
inventions/innovations is based on sets of human values which are likely to
vary from one community to another.

An industry is a group of organizations involved in producing/manufacturing or

handling the same type of product and service.

Classification of industries

1. Raw material

 Agro- based industries; these industries use plants and animal base
products as their raw materials. Examples include; food processing, cotton
Textile etc
 Mineral based industries; these industries are based on mining and use
mineral ore as their raw material.
 Marine- based industries; these industries use raw materials from sea or
ocean. Example; fish oil.
 Forest based industries; these industries use raw materials from the forest
like wood.

3. Size

 Small scale industries; these industries have less capital and technology
invested in them. There is often manual labor noticed here. Examples;
basket weaving and pottery.
  Large scale industries; here capital invested is large and advanced
technology is used. Examples; Automobile and heavy machinery.

4. Ownership

 Private sector; these industries are owned and operated by individuals or

group of individuals
 Public sector; these industries are owned and managed by the government.
Example, the Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL)
 Cooperative industries; these are industries operated by the suppliers,
producers or workers of raw material. Example, Amal India.

Identification and benefits of science and technology to industries in Ghana

A. The Textile industry; Textile is a fabric that is woven from fibres. It takes raw
materials like cotton or wool and the process called spinning turns it into yarn
that is used later to create the fabric.

Benefits of science and technology to the Textile industry

i. Technology promotes the automation of clothing production. In sewing

machine industry, technology provides a flexible method of adapting to
changing styles, fabrics and sizes.
ii. It has brought about the use new machines; example knitting machines
thus machines that create knitted fabrics in large swaths of material,
instead of long strips, that are then looped and sewn together.
iii. Nanotechnology thus Textile industry is looking to use nanotechnology to
create more scientific clothing, like fire-repellent, self-cleaning and water
repellent items.
Features of the Textile industry

1. Weaving
2. Spinning
3. Finishing
4. It is an agro based industry. It uses an agricultural products like cotton as
it's main source of raw material.

B. Iron and steel industry; this industry is famously known as the feeders of all other industries.
The product of these industries are used as raw materials in other industries. This industry
comprises of various inputs, processes, and outputs. The input include raw materials such as
iron ore , labor, capital and other infrastructure. Iron ore is then converted into steel by various
process of smelting and refining.

Benefits of science and technology to the iron and steel industry

o It has brought about efficient process in the industry
o It has brought about Production higher quality steel
o It has brought about environmental thus friendly production. Productions process are
now less harmful to the environment.
o Reduction of iron ore or steel mill waste oxides to produce a solid direct thus reduced in
iron product.

Features of iron and steel industry

 Coal
 Iron ore

C. The Agricultural industry

Benefits of science and technology to the Agricultural industry

  Detection of disease, pest, or weed; through the use of satellite imagery and drones,
precision agriculture is adding value to farming through the use of high perspective
imagine used to detect diseases, pest and weeds and given timely response in order to
improve yields.
 Genetically produced plants with the use of technology, plants such as potatoes and
cassavas that are genetically produced, they are usually resistant to droughts, pests and
diseases which ensure good yields for farmers.
 It has brought about irrigation of plants. In dry areas farmers are embracing technology
to irrigate their crops.

Features of the Agricultural industry

 Variety of crops
 Seasonal pattern
 Predominance of food crops

D.Education industry

Benefits of science and technology to the Education industry

 It brings about engagement; when technology is integrated into lessons students are
expected to be more interested in the subject they are studying. Example, delivering
teaching through gamification, taking students on virtual field trips and using other
online learning resources.
 It encourages collaboration; students can practice collaborative skills by getting involved
in different online activities. Sharing documents on their virtual learning environment.
 Students can learn useful life skills through technology; by using technology in the
classroom, both Teachers and students can develop skills essential for the 21st century.
Students gain the needed skills to be successful in future.

Features of the Education industry

 It is a life long process
 It is systematic process
Reference
 Hilary, p. and Stephen, R (1969). "Science and society" London
 "Meat and the Environment", peta. Org.
 http://www.ifvll.ethz.ch/peoy/schnmich/Schneider/stern2005.pdf.