Scribd
Upload
12 views

Lecture 3 - Piped System Configurations - 2023

Uploaded by

Tuhamire Brave
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Lecture 3 - Piped System Configurations - 2023

Uploaded by

Tuhamire Brave
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

08/12/2022

CIV2104 HYDRAULICS

Hydraulic Analysis & Design of Pipe Systems


(Pipeline Calculations)
Eng. Dr. Seith Mugume (PhD, MUIPE, REng)
Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology
Makerere University
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Tel: +256 771 358 124
1

Outline
• Basics of pipe systems analysis and
design
• Hydraulic analysis of pipe systems
(Pipeline calculations)
• Pipes in series
• Parallel pipes
• Branched pipe systems
• Looped pipe systems
• Real-life pipe networks
• Design of pipe systems
2

1
08/12/2022

Energy and Hydraulic Grade


Lines
• Energy and hydraulic grade lines are graphical means of
portraying the energy changes in, for example,
reservoir/pipeline systems.
• Three elevations are drawn:
– Pipeline centreline: z Geometric height
𝑝
– Hydraulic grade line (HGL): z + Piezometric head
𝜌𝑔
𝑝 𝑉2
– Energy grade line (EGL): z + + Total head
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
– p is the gauge pressure (pressure difference from atmospheric
pressure)

Energy Grade Line (EGL)


• Shows the change in total head along the
pipeline.
• Starts at the water level in the supply reservoir;
– Small discontinuities correspond to minor losses
(entry, exit or other minor losses);
– Steady downward slope reflects pipe friction (slope
change if pipe radius changes);
• Large discontinuities correspond to turbines (loss
of head) or pumps (gain of head).
• The EGL represents the maximum height to
which water may be delivered i.e. if a property is
located at an elevation above the EGL, the water supply system will
not be able to deliver water to the property.

2
08/12/2022

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)


• Shows the change in piezometric head along the pipeline.
• For pipe flow, the HGL lies a distance p/ρg above the pipe centreline. Thus,
the difference between pipe elevation and hydraulic grade line gives the
static pressure p.
• If the HGL drops below pipe elevation this means negative (sub-
atmospheric) gauge pressures (i.e. less than atmospheric). This is generally
undesirable since:
• extraneous matter may be sucked into the pipe through any leaks;
• for large negative gauge pressures, dissolved gases may come out of solution
and cause cavitation damage.
• A hydraulic grade line more than patm/ρg (about 10 m of water) below the
pipeline is impossible.
• The HGL is the height to which the liquid would rise in a piezometer tube.
• For open-channel flows, pressure is atmospheric (i.e. p = 0) at the surface;
the HGL is then the height of the free surface.
• The EGL is always V 2 /2g above the HGL. For uniform pipes, the two grade
lines are parallel. 5

EGL and HGL Illustrations


Pipe friction
only

Pipe friction with


minor losses
(exaggerated),
including change
in pipe diameter.

3
08/12/2022

EGL and HGL Illustrations


Pumped
System

Simple pipe networks


• For all pipe combinations the following basic
principles apply:
1) Continuity at junctions (total flow in = total flow out);
2) The head is uniquely defined at any point;
3) Each pipe satisfies the head-loss vs discharge relation:
𝜆𝐿 𝑉2 4𝑄
∆ℎ = + 𝐾𝐿 ; where 𝑉 =
𝐷 2𝑔 𝜋𝐷 2
Where λ is the friction factor and KL is the sum of minor loss
coefficients.
 ∆h = αQ2
• For hand calculations, α is often taken as a constant
for each pipe (although, in reality, it will vary slightly
with flow rate).

4
08/12/2022

Pipes in Series

Q1 = Q2 same flow
∆h = ∆h1 + ∆h2 add the head changes

Q = Q 1 + Q2 add the flow changes


∆h1 = ∆h2 same head change
9

Branched pipes – Single


Junction

10

5
08/12/2022

Branched pipes – Single


Junction
• The simplest case is three pipes meeting at a
single junction.
• If the flows are known then the heads can be
determined (relative to the head at one point)
by calculating the head losses along each
pipe.
• If, however, the heads HA, HB and HC are
known (for example, from the water levels in
reservoirs) then we have a classic problem
known as the three-reservoir problem.
11

Branched pipes – Single


Junction

12

6
08/12/2022

Branched pipes – Single


Junction
Note the sign convention: QJA is the flow from J to A; it will be negative if the
flow actually goes from A to J. The direction of flow in any pipe is always
from high head to low head.
Although we consider only 3 reservoirs, the problem and its solution method
can be clearly generalised to any number of reservoirs.
Solution Procedure
(0) Establish the head-loss vs discharge equations for each pipe;
(1) Guess an initial head at the junction, HJ;
(2) Calculate flow rates in all pipes (from the head differences);
(3) Calculate net flow out of J;
(4) If necessary, adjust HJ to reduce any flow imbalance and repeat from (2).
If the direction of flow in a pipe, say JB, is not obvious then a good initial guess
is to set HJ = HB so that there is initially no flow in this pipe. The first flow-rate
calculation will then establish whether HJ should be lowered or raised and
hence the direction of flow in this pipe.

13

Homework #1

The Geometric elevation of the point E is 50 m for the reservoir


system given. The required minimum pressure at point E is 300 kPa.
The discharge in the pipe DE is 200 l/s. The physical characteristics
of the reservoir-pipe system are given below

14

7
08/12/2022

Homework #1
Pipe Length (m) Diameter (mm) λ
ABD 1,000 200 0.03
ACD 1,000 300 0.03
DE 1,500 400 0.03

Calculate the minimum water surface level to supply the required


pressure at the outlet E. Draw the energy line of the system. γwater =
10 kN/m3.

15

Homework #2
Reservoirs A, B and C have constant water levels of 150, 120 and 90
m respectively above datum and are connected by pipes to a single
junction J at elevation 125 m. The length (L), diameter (D), friction
factor, (λ) and minor-loss coefficient (K) of each pipe are given
below.
(a) Calculate the flow in each pipe
(b) Calculate the reading of a bourdon pressure gauge attached to
the Junction J

Pipe L(m) D(m) λ K


JA 1,600 0.30 0.015 40
JB 1,600 0.20 0.015 25
JC 2,400 0.25 0.025 50

16

8
08/12/2022

References
Apsley D (2009) Flow in pipes and open channels
Chadwick, A., Morfett, J., Borthwick., M (2013) Hydraulics in Civil and
Envrionmental Engineering

17

You might also like