14.

6 Directional derivatives and the gradient vector

ii f aa.by a unit vector

fm the directional derivative of f at in.gs
Dif Gay haifh in the direction of Etna b
y Di f a.gs f.in.gsatfycsc.gsb

why Let gin f haha Athbs Then Di fai y gin

By chain rule gEh fans.gs atfgax.gs b of h 0
eat
Of a.gs gradfa.gs g the grad Teifi
By the above fact we have Def Of E If know Of we can easily
we
calculate all directional dairies
E fi y 3Eg3 Hy Of at 2 Dais f sails

before
if
Dita y z fyfatha.AT FEEFf AA
Def of
g
er_

of
Important fact of the fastest FEET direction of f
E
ft Of

why Def Of a 1Of

Illit cos value 10ft Is when 0
7largest
0
smallest n 10ft when h
E fa y need
In what direction does f have the maximum rate of increase decrease at taos

4.7 Maximum and minimum values

f te
Z D teat
Value
alocalmaximum value
We say that f has a local maximum at labs if fa.gl fates for all a y near fib
resp local minimum resp fm.gs fa b crude
local minimum

we y ha am a aim ya a.es

foot If f has a local maximum or minimum at labs then Cabs is a critical point

why If Id by to then get fi attn bits

gio Of l R 0
attn bttbs.LV V2
Lot
gets t Contradiction y

E Find critical points of Ex y 22 1G2 22 6g1 14

E Find extreme values of fc2 gs gein

fca.by is the absolute maximum if f a b fix.gl for all c y ED

resp absoluteminimum resp ta b tiny D
y fi Eset continuous t f has an absolute maximum and minimum

i G S
Which is the largest
2 Find all extreme values of f on the boundary of D or smallest

E Find the shortest distance from 11 0 23 to the plane set aytz 4

Find the absolute maximumIminium values of fig treaty 2g on D 0,33 50,2

j f _ igf

oasis Dca b 0 fascia.DE 0 local maximum

E fang ait bcf

E Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle points of fairy
atty_Hey ti

14.8 Lagrange multiplier

E Maximize the area

yn
a asia tassie ose si sie
fit dff 4 cos 20 0 0

square

love general Lagrange method

f t.gs 4Kg gnc y set ya
Maximize fa g under the outEFI gas gs e
Of a y Lay 4 0g 2 2g

Y
f has local min or max when
tteok of
for some X
pits
 y Na h 2 2g y
it y
constraint settee set Fated it
ft D
Etty 2
a2
yse.tt
Eif
i

In general
ATMethod of Lagrange multipliers B
Q Find the maximum minimum of fists under the constraint gig K
How Find all csc y.ES satisfying fc2 az ga.y.ES go.sc y z K
his largest fc2 az smallest fax yes

sols Maximize le Tassels az

I.E Ey ytaz.it 2E 2 1 28
iscyta.atEicscy ayzs

X 2Kt28
ce
Xc2xzt2yzs
gtxyz scy E2z 52

set 2Et3 2 o.sc 2 y 2 z 1

12tI y