Scribd
Upload
12 views

Basics 3 Rational Function

Uploaded by

baraa2103
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Basics 3 Rational Function

Uploaded by

baraa2103
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Rat i on a l

&

106
Asymptotes of rational functions

𝑁(𝑥)
Y = f(x) =
𝐷(𝑥)

Where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials

Slant (Oblique) Asymptote , y = mx + b , m ≠0

A slant Asymptote , just like a horizontal asymptote , guides the graph of a


function only when x is close to ± ∞
But it is a slanted line , i.e. neither vertical nor horizontal . A rational function has
a slant asymptote if the degree of a numerator polynomial is 1 more than the
degree of the denominator polynomial .

A “recipe” for finding a slant asymptote of a rational


function :

Divide the numerator N(x) by the denominator D(x) . Use long division of
polynomials or , in case of D(x) being of the from : (x-c) , you can use synthetic
division .

The equation of the asymptote is y – mx + b which is the quotient of the


polynomial division (ignore remainder).

107
Ex1:
5
4
3
2
𝟔𝒙𝟑 −𝟏
F(x) = 1
−𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟖
0
-5 -3 -1 -1 1 3 5

-2
deg N(x)= 3 , deg D(x)= 2 -3
-4
-5

perform long division D(x)√𝑵(𝒙) :

Solution

-3x
−6𝑥 3 +54𝑥
-2x2 + 18 √
54𝑥−1

this is the remainder

54𝑥−1
F(x) = -3x+
−2𝑥 2 +18

The slant asymptote’s equation is :

y= -3x

108
Ex2:
5
4
3
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟓 2
F(x) =
𝒙+𝟏 1
0
-5 -3 -1 -1 1 3 5

-2
deg N(x) = 2 , deg D(x) = 1 . -3
-4
-5

perform synthetic division :

Solution

zero of the denominator

2 1 −5
-1
−2 1

2 -1 -4 This is the remainder

−4
F(x) = 2x – 1 +
𝑥−1

The slant asymptote’s equation is :

Y= 2x-1

109
Asymptotes of rational functions

𝑁(𝑥)
Y = f(x) =
𝐷(𝑥)

Where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials

Horizontal asymptotes , y= b

A horizontal asymptotes is a horizontal line that is not part of a graph of a function


but guides it for x – values “far” to the left . The graph may cross it but eventually ,
for large enough or small enough values of x (approaching ± ∞) , the graph would
get closer and closer to the asymptote without touching it . A horizontal asymptote
is a special case of a slant asymptote .

A “recipe” for finding a horizontal asymptote of a rational


function :

Let

deg N(x) = the degree of a numerator and deg D(x) = the degree of a denominator

deg N(x) = deg D(x) deg N(x) < deg D(x) deg N(x) > deg D(x)

y=
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁(𝑥) y = 0 which is the x - axis There is no horizontal
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷(𝑥) asymptote

110
Another way of finding a horizontal asymptote of a rational
function :

Divide N(x) . if the quotient is constant , that y = this constant is the equation of a
horizontal asymptote

Ex1:
−2𝑥 3 −3𝑥+5 −3𝑥+7
y= = -2 +
𝑥 3 +1 𝑥 3 +1

HA : y = -2
−3𝑥+7
Because approaches 0 as x increases
𝑥 3 +1

Ex2:
2𝑥+1 1
y= =2+
𝑥 𝑥

HA : y =2
1
Because approaches 0 as x increases
𝑥

111
Ex3:
3𝑥 2 3
y= = (3x - 3) +
𝑥+1 𝑥+1

Approaches ∞ as x increases (y = 3x – 3 is a slant asymptote)

112
Real exams EST problems

(1) Est October 2021 (3) Est May 2021


20 – How many asymptotes does the curve 26 – For what values of x is
2𝑥 2 − 3
of the function f defined by f (x) = undefined?
(𝑥 − 3) ( 2𝑥+5)

𝑥2 − 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡?
9 − 𝑥2
A) x = 2.5 and x = 3
B) x = - 2.5 and x =- 3
C) x = 2.5 and x = -3
D) x = -2.5 and x = 3

(2) Est October 2021


23 – The math teacher asked four of her
2
students to draw the function f(x) =
𝑥−1

in the xy-plane and to write only one piece (4) Est March 2022
of information from their obtained curves. 13 – What is the domain of the function

The table below shows the results. f(x) = √3 − 𝑥 ?


Maya The curve admits a center of A) ]−∞ ; +∞[
Symmetry of coordinates (1 , 0 )
B) ] − ∞; +3]
Tarek The curve admits two vertices
Mirna The curve admits an asymptote C) [ +3 ; +∞[
of equation y = 1. D) ]-3 ; 3[
Albert The range of the function is R .
Which student could be right?
A) Maya
B) Tarek
C) Mirna
D) Albert

113
(5) Est June 2022

14 – What is the range R of the function (7)


2
𝑓 (𝑥) = ?
𝑥+2
𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−5

For the given equation above , What is the


A) R = (-∞, 0] ∪ [ 0, +∞) difference between vertical and horizontal
B) R = (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, +∞) asymptote ?
C) R = (-∞, -2) ∪ (−2, +∞) A) 1
D) R = (-∞, -2] ∪ [2, +∞) B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

(6)
2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 − 16
Which of the following is \ are true about the
equation above ?
I the graph passes through the origin
II the graph has no asymptote
III The degree of the function is 3
A)I Only
B) II Only
C) I and II
D)None of them

114
EST Answers

1) 3
2) A
3) D
4) B
5) B
6) D
7) B

115

You might also like