VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HO CHI MINH CITY

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
LECTURE 4

PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS

Semester: S1_2024-2025

Instructor: Dr. Ngo Thi Thuan

References:
1. John E. McMurry, Robert C. Fay, Jill K. Robinson, “Chemistry”, Chapter 5, 7th
Eds., published by Pearson Education@2015.
2. Nivaldo J. Tro, “Chemistry: A molecular Approach”, Chapter 8, 4h Ed. published
by9/23/2024
Pearson Education@2017. 1
Learning outcomes
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO…

G1 Calculate effective nuclear charge

G2 Predict and explain trend of atomic and ionic radii in periodic table
G3 Predict and explain trend of atomic ionization energy in periodic table
G4 Predict and explain trend of atomic electron affinity in periodic table
G5 Predict and explain trend of atomic electronegativity in periodic table

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1. Effective Nuclear Charge
• Effective nuclear charge
(electron holding capacity):
Zeff = Z – S
Zeff = effective nuclear charge
Z = atomic number
S = shielding constant, usually close to the
number of inner/core electrons in the atom

Zeff = 1 Zeff = 2 Zeff = 1

Example How many shielding electron are there?
Determine Zeff

Zeff =11 -10 = 1

Electron holding capacity of

Sodium nuclear is 01

Z = 11
S = 10

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• Given Zeff. of H, C, N, O in the previous slide, let’s compare
electron holding capacity?

9/23/2024 Aws: O>N>C>H 5

2. Atom properties

➢ Sizes of atoms and ions

➢ Ionization energy

➢ Electron affinity

➢ Electronegativity

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2.1. Sizes of atoms Effective Nuclear Charge vs.
Atomic Radius in period

unchanged
increasing

decreasing
increasing
Increasing force of valence electrons and nucleus (Zeff )
→ radius decreses in a period
 Predicting Effective Nuclear
Sizes of atoms
Charge vs. Atomic Radius in group
Group Z No. Zeff. Radius
1A core e- The energy level (n) →
Li 3 2 1 205 valence electrons appear
Na 11 10 1 223 farther away from the nucleus
K 19 18 1 277 →  force of valence electrons
Rb 37 36 1 298 and nucleus
Cs 55 54 1 334
→ atomic radius increase

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Summary of Effective Nuclear Charge vs. Atomic Radius
Zeff Increases

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Sizes of Atoms
• The atomic radius tends to
– decrease from left to right across a period (Zeff ↑).
– increase from top to bottom of a group (n ↑).

Increasing electron holding capacity (Zeff)

Sizes of Ions

Q&A: How does cation or anion radius change when comparing

to its parent?
Predicting sizes of Ions
• Cations are smaller than their parent
atoms:
– The valence electron is removed
and repulsions between core
electrons are reduced (shielding) →
Zeff.
• Anions are larger than their parent
atoms:
– Electrons are added and repulsions
between core electrons are
increased (shielding ) → Zeff
Sizes of Ionic vs. atomic radii in a group

• The ion radius tends to

–increase from top to bottom of a group (n ↑).
Sizes of Ions in a period

S2-

Mg2+
Al3+

Isoelectronic series (same electron configuration)

The ion radius tends to
- decrease from left to right across a period for cations and anions (Zeff↑).
- Increase dramatically from cation to anion
2.2. Ionization Energy (IE)
• The ionization energy is energy required to remove an electron
from the highest occupied atomic orbital (HOAO) of a gaseous
atom or ion and produce a cation.
Atom (g) + energy → ion+ (g) + e- (g)
△E=IE= -Enl
IE: ionization energy
E: binding energy at nl orbitals (multielectron atom)
B(1s22s22p1) + energy → B+(1s22s2) + e-
Example △E1 = Ep-Er =IE = - E2p
IE = First ionization energy to remove e- from HOAO
Ionization Energy (IE)

Ionization process
Ionization Energy (IE)_Example
Na(1s22s22p63s1)
Na(1s22s22p63s1) + energy → Na+ (1s22s22p6) + e-
△E1 = IE = - E3s
IE = First ionization energy to remove e- from HOAO

Na+(1s22s22p6) + energy → Na2+ (1s22s22p5) + e-

△E2 = IE2 = - E2p in Na+
IE2 = Second ionization energy

3s electron in Na has more shielding (repulsion force) than 2p electron in

Na+ → Zeff. (Na) < Zeff. (Na+) → more energy to remove 2p electron
9/23/2024 → IE2 > IE 17
Values of Ionization Energy

First IE
Second IE
Third IE
25000
Fourth IE

14800

3660
7300
4560
1760 2420 3070

Li Be B Na K

Great energy to remove electron from an inner shell.

Ionization Energy trend in periodic table
In general:
➢Across a row: Z increases while energy level (n) remains the
same → Zeff  → electrons held more tightly →  IE
➢Down a column: energy level (n) increases → electrons held
less tightly →  IE
Energy level (n)
increases

Effective nuclear charge

Ionization Energy vs. Atomic number
-Larger increase of IE at the smaller period due to the stronger
electron holding capacity (Zeff).
-The highest IE in each period is noble elements.
First ionization energy

Period 2

Period 3
(eV)

Period 4
Period 5
Period 6 Period 7

Atomic number (Z)

Exceptional cases of Ionization Energy vs. Atomic number

Example: IE(Be(Z=4))> IE(B(Z=5))

Period 2

Period 3
kJ/mol

Period 4
Period 5

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Atomic number 21
Exceptional cases of Ionization Energy vs. Atomic number
❖ Period 2
2p electrons of Boron are less
Be (Z=4) 1s22s2 tightly holding electron than
2s electrons of Beryllium.

B (Z=5) 1s22s22p1

➢ Electron is close to the nucleus → force is more

tightly and harder to be removed → need more
energy.
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Exceptional cases of Ionization Energy vs. Atomic number
❖ Period 3
half-filled orbital
N (Z=7) 2p electrons of Nitrogen are
stable due to half-full electron
filled orbital configuration
O (Z=8)

➢ Electrons in half-full or full electrons are stable →

need more energy
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2.3.Chemical reactivity of Alkali Metal vs. Ionization energy
Chemical reactivity of Alkali Metal vs. Ionization energy

• Their reactions with water are famously exothermic.

2M(s) + 2H2O → 2MOH + H2
Alkali Metals Reacting with Water - YouTube
 Group 1A element

• Lithium reacts with oxygen to make an oxide:

4 Li + O2 → 2Li2O
• Sodium reacts with oxygen to form a peroxide:
2 Na + O2 → Na2O2
• K, Rb, and Cs also form superoxides:
9/23/2024 M + O2 → MO2 26
Group 2A element

Magnesium reacts
only with steam
Increasing reactivity

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 Metallic character vs. ionization energy (IE)
❖ Metallic character is ability to conduct electricity and heat
→ Lose electron
▪ In group: metallic character
increases if we move down

▪ In period: metallic character

decrease if we move from
left to right

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2.4. Electron Affinity
• Electron affinity is negative change in energy
accompanying the addition of an electron to a gaseous
atom to form an anion.
Atom (g) + e- → ion- (g) + energy
Example E = -349 kJ/mol
− −
Cl + e → Cl (exothermic reaction)
EA= -E = +349 kJ/mol
F(1s22s22p5) + e- → F- (1s22s22p6)

Energy is released → ion is more stable than atom

General Trend in Electron Affinity
Becomes more negative affinity

• Across a row: The more valence electrons an element has, the

more likely it is to gain electrons to form a stable octet →EA
• Down a column: the more energy shell an atom has →distance of the
electron from the nucleus prevailing→ the least likely it will gain
electrons → EA
Special Cases of Trend in Electron Affinity

Be (Z=4) 1s22s2 full-filled orbital

Mg
(Z=12)

half-filled orbital
N (Z=7)
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 Group 8A—Noble elements

*Only the heaviest of the noble-gas elements form chemical compounds. Thus, the atomic radii for the lighter noble-gas elements are estimated values.

• The noble gases have very large ionization energies.

• Their electron affinities are highly negative (can’t form stable
anions).
• Therefore, they are relatively unreactive.
• They are found as monatomic gases.
2.5. Chemical reactivity of Halogen element vs. Electron Affinity

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 Group 7A—Halogens

• The halogens are typical nonmetals.

• They have highly negative electron affinities, so
they exist as anions in nature.
• They react directly with metals to form metal
halides.
2.6. Electronegativity
A net ability of an atom to attract an electron from
another atom  (Chi) ~ ½ (IE + EA)
Atom has high electronegativity → electron acceptor
Atom has low electronegativity →electron donor
EA

High IE, low EA High IE, high EA

IE →high 

Low IE, low EA

→low  low IE, high EA
Electronegativity trend in periodic table
❖ In a group: atom has higher energy
level (more orbital number) can
less attract electrons (more
shielding) →electronegativity goes
down

❖ In a period: atom has more valence

electrons while it has the same
energy level (the same orbital
number) can attract electrons
better (less shielding)
→electronegativity goes up
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Electronegativity values

The metals have low electronegativity

Nonmetals have high electronegativity
Metalloids have the intermediate values
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 Summary

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 Summary
Repetitive pattern
Matter
(periodicity)

Number of 04 quantum numbers

valence electrons (n, l, ml, ms)
Electron
configuration

Coulomb’s force
Sizes of atoms
and ions
between valance Electron affinity
electrons and nuclear

Ionization energy Electronegativity

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