MINOR PROJECT REPORT

IOT BASED HOME AIUTOMATION WITH SURVEILLANCSYSTEM

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

G .SAGARIKA( ‘’’’’’’)

G .MANOJ

G .YASHWANTH

ALTAF

Under the guidance of

DR.VAMSHI KOLLIPARA

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE(New Delhi), Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH)

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 INDEX

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

3. EXISTING SYSTEM

4. PROPOSED SYSTEM

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM

6. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

I. Software Required

II. Hardware Required

7. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

8. CONCLUTION & FUTURE SCOPE

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 ABSTRACT:

This project presents an Arduino-based smart sensor system designed to automate the control of fans
and lights. The system employs analog signals to trigger actions such as turning on/off fans and
lights based on predefined thresholds. The Arduino microcontroller facilitates the integration of
these components, offering a versatile and customizable solution for efficient resource management.
This abstract, outlines a practical application of IoT principles in a home automation context,
providing a foundation for further exploration and development in smart sensor technology. This
Arduino-based smart home automation system leverages IoT technology to control fans and lights
remotely. Users can schedule and customize device operations, optimizing energy consumption.
Integrated sensors monitor daily power usage, enabling a comprehensive understanding of energy
patterns. The collected data is processed to generate quarterly reports, providing insights into
consumption trends. This facilitates informed decision-making for energy efficiency. The user-
friendly interface ensures easy management, fostering a seamless smart home experience. The
system promotes sustainability by encouraging mindful energy practices. With a focus on
convenience and resource conservation, this solution contributes to a more efficient and eco-friendly
living environment.

 Internet of Things provides user interaction and communication between devices, systems,
services, networks and especially control systems.

 Home automation refers to the application of computer and information technology for
control of home appliances easily

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Our Article mainly deals in the channel between the electricity provider and the consumer.
Usually the electricity board use to send the employees to the consumer side for taking the meter
reading at the end of particular instant. Normally these employees are made on short-term contract
basis or are provided from sub authorities on the contract basis only. This job becomes difficult and
time consuming because sometimes there may arises the clashes between one or more authorities
due to which the misplace of data takes place. These data, which is acquired by the employees, are
conveyed to the electricity board and then the final bills are issued and distributed among the
consumers. Yet this whole process works effectively but it needs some of the modification as it is so
time consuming, costlier, as well as the tedious job. Moreover there are many difficulties for the
employees to reach at some of the places depending on the various atmospheric as well as the
geographical conditions.

Smart electrical energy meter technologies have been investigated and developed for
approximately 10 years. Various technologies have been developed and used to measure the
electrical consumptions. For the billing, the users will get the bill from the energy board after they
generated and provided using the several methods. At the moment, most of the residences in
Malaysia for example use the traditional electro - mechanical watt meters and the readings are not
automated. The users will have to wait the bill of energy consumptions for every month to pay their
energy bill. Normally, at the end of the month, a staff from the meter board billing will visit every
house to read the meter reading and at the same time, give the bill to the users. An electricity meter
or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed to residence or
business. There are two types of Domestic Ordinary Power Consumers meters single phase and
three phases. The energy consumption is measured by all electrical services using kilowatt- hours
meter with refer to kilowatt-hours (kWh). Then electronic meters were introduced with similar
function with the electro-mechanical, but it replaces from analog to digital system. With this system
users can note down the voltage, power reading unit, current and the time, date of the energy
consumption.

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 After globalization India has become a huge market for the world countries. Due to
industrialization, power demand has raised by a great value. Now, India is facing a serious power
crisis. Although power system development was significant during the last four decades of planning
the generation of power proves insufficient in comparison to its requirement. Thus the country is
facing a persistent power crisis, since last few years. With temperature soaring high in the capital
and other regions of India, power cuts are deteriorating the condition further and making the
summers really unbearable. Power shortage is deeply impacting the industries as well as economy of
our country. Power shortage and power outage does not bring any comfort to the consumers as they
cannot even use the electrical devices which are important for their day to day life. Gadgets such as
mobile phones, fans, lights etc are some of the essential electrical loads for the people.

It refers to the network of physical objects Internet-connected objects that are able to connect
and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention with every enhancement in
internet in terms of speed and bandwidth. It allows objects like lights, thermostats, cameras, and
door locks to communicate and be controlled remotely through a smartphone or voice commands.
With IOT -based home automation systems, you can manage and monitor you’re not there. It’s
convenient and smart way to make your home safer and more efficient. plus, IOT has a wide range
of applications beyond home automation, including healthcare, industrial automation, and smart
cities. Additionally, it includes surveillance features like live video streaming and motion detection
to enhance the security of your home.

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. WIFI Based Home Appliance Control System Mrs Khin Ei Ei Khine, Mr

Nay Soe Shwe, Mr Aung Myo Naing

In this paper, describes about how to control home appliances, auto door sliding motor, fan and
lighting using WIFI technology by using android application through android mobile phone.
Performing of these tasks with a single android device makes every faster because the android
makes SMS communication. This paper serve as a basic structure of the communication control
system. The programming is done door operating system, hedge lightbulbs and fan and light-bulbs
inside the home. Arduino Uno, Sensors and serial communicating devices are incorporated and
synchronized with the personal computer.

2. WIFI BASED WIRELESS CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

In this paper, describes about how to control home appliances, auto door sliding motor, fan and lighting using
WIFI technology by using android application through android mobile phone. Performing of these tasks with
a single android device makes every faster because the android makes SMS communication. This paper serve
as a basic structure of the communication control system. The programming is done door operating system,
hedge lightbulbs and fan and light-bulbs inside the home. Arduino Uno, Sensors and serial communicating
devices are incorporated and synchronized with the personal computer.

3.WIFI BASED HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM Gaikwad Mrudula Bhaskar1

, Lohakare Shraddha Sanjay2 , Patil Ritesh Anil3 , Varade Amol Sopan4

The project is to develop a system, which uses mobile technology that keep control of the various units of the
automobiles, which executes with respect to the signal sent by mobile. Now a day’s every system is
automated in order to face new challenges in the present day situation. Automated system has less manual
operation, so that the flexibility, reliabilities are high and accurate. Hence every field prefers automated
control systems. Especially in the field of electronics automated systems are doing better performance.
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 Probably the most useful thing to know about the global system for mobile communication is that it is an
international standard. If you travel in parts of world, WIFI is only type of cellular service available.

4.WIFI Based Home Automation, Safety and Security System Using Android
Mobile Phone

— In this paper, we will deliberate how to control home appliances, safety and security system using WIFI
technology by using android application through android mobile phone. We will also show that we can
control the appliances even in the absence of an android phone by sending a normal SMS. The advantage of
using WIFI technology is that we can control the home appliances from remote places anywhere in the world.
This system allows the owner to control the appliances and to receive a feedback status of the home
appliances by sending instructions in form of SMS as well as through an android application. For the home
security system we are using an antitheft reporting system which will report the owner by ringing an alarm
and by sending an SMS. Also for the safety system in case of fire or gas leakage it will report the owner by
sending a SMS and also by ringing an alarm. Thus by using WIFI technology, it provides the wireless access
to the devices to be controlled

5.Review Paper on WIFI based Home Automation

Review Paper on WIFI based Home Automation Upasana Sharma1 ,MdShahbaz

Alam2 ,Utkarsh Tyagi3 , Abhishek Kushwaha4 , Riya Chaudhary5 , Vishwas
Singh6

Domestic automation gadget is applied to govern domestic apparatuses distantly. With the usage of pcs and
hardware innovation electric machines may be managed from any piece of the sector. Significant degree of
energy can be stored and therefore the regular property. This have to be viable with the aid of using the
cellphone. This framework is deliberate utilizing rs232(relays), a microcontroller and gprs module. The
electrical apparatuses are limited through sending an on the spot message from any flexible located in any
element given it has a gprs availability. But, every framework has its very own blessings and demerits.Ou r
proposed framework isn't always difficult to execute and comprehend.

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 CHAPTER-3

EXISTING SYSTEM

Existing system, presents here is to controlled industry electrical appliances through RF based
remote system. From any place without any line of sight around the house or industry, RF based
wireless remote-control system can change the state of the electrical appliances either in on state or
off state. The controlling circuit is built around RF transmitter and RF Receiver modules which are
operating at 434 MHz along with encoder IC HT12E and decoder IC HT12D with few passive
components. The four different channels at the encoder are used as input switches and the four
channels at the decoder output are connected to the appliances through a relay. Here the
transmission technique is amplitude shift keying (ASK) and the circuit is powered with 9 V. The
main objective of this work is to build the circuit without any programming skill and to make it
work without line-of-sight requirement using the RF technology.

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 CHAPTER-4

PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this modern world, Analog Electronics devices are becoming less popular and digital electronics
components are becoming more advanced and popular day by day. Home devices control system is
also an example of modernized digital world. People are using cellular mobile phone network to
communicate each other. WIFI modules are basic elements of these phone networks. WIFI stand for
global system of mobile communication. It is also used in many electronics projects among
engineering students and also very popular in industry. WIFI based projects are used to control
devices through mobile from remote locations. For example you want to control any machine from
remote locations using your mobile phone, Can you do it? The answer to this question is yes. We
can easily turn on and turn off devices using WIFI modules and mobile phones. By using above
concepts, home devices control system is designed to control home devices from mobile phone.

This project uses regulated 5V, 1A power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used for
voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of secondary of
230/12V step down transformer.

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 CHAPTER-5

BLOCK DIAGRAM

RPS LCD

RELAY WITH
FIRE SENSOR DCFAN

SSENSOR ARDUINO

GAS SENSOR UNO RELAY DC

MOTOR
CONTROLLER

WIFI MODULE BUZZER

Fig.5.0.Block diagram.

5.1.RPS :
All digital circuits require regulated power supply. In this article we are going to learn how
to get a regulated positive supply from the mains supply.

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 Fig:5.1.0 shows the basic block diagram of a fixed regulated power supply. Let us go through each
block.

TRANSFORMER

A transformer consists of two coils also called as “WINDINGS” namely PRIMARY &
SECONDARY.
They are linked together through inductively coupled electrical conductors also called as
CORE. A changing current in the primary causes a change in the Magnetic Field in the core & this
in turn induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If load is applied to the secondary then
an alternating current will flow through the load. If we consider an ideal condition then all the
energy from the primary circuit will be transferred to the secondary circuit through the magnetic
field.

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 So

The secondary voltage of the transformer depends on the number of turns

in the Primary as well as in the secondary.

Rectifier
A rectifier is a device that converts an AC signal into DC signal. For rectification purpose
we use a diode, a diode is a device that allows current to pass only in one direction i.e. when the
anode of the diode is positive with respect to the cathode also called as forward biased condition &
blocks current in the reversed biased condition.
Rectifier can be classified as follows:
1) Half Wave rectifier.

This is the simplest type of rectifier as you can see in the diagram a half wave rectifier
consists of only one diode. When an AC signal is applied to it during the positive half cycle the
diode is forward biased & current flows through it. But during the negative half cycle diode is

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reverse biased & no current flows through it. Since only one half of the input reaches the output, it is
very inefficient to be used in power supplies.

2) Full wave rectifier.

Half wave rectifier is quite simple but it is very inefficient, for greater efficiency we would
like to use both the half cycles of the AC signal. This can be achieved by using a center tapped
transformer i.e. we would have to double the size of secondary winding & provide connection to the
center. So during the positive half cycle diode D1 conducts & D2 is in reverse biased condition.
During the negative half cycle diode D2 conducts & D1 is reverse biased. Thus we get both the half
cycles across the load.
One of the disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier design is the necessity of using a center
tapped transformer, thus increasing the size & cost of the circuit. This can be avoided by using the
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.

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 3) BridgeRectifier.

As the name suggests it converts the full wave i.e. both the positive & the negative half cycle
into DC thus it is much more efficient than Half Wave Rectifier & that too without using a center
tapped transformer thus much more cost effective than Full Wave Rectifier.

Full Bridge Wave Rectifier consists of four diodes namely D1, D2, D3 and D4. During the
positive half cycle diodes D1 & D4 conduct whereas in the negative half cycle diodes D2 & D3
conduct thus the diodes keep switching the transformer connections so we get positive half cycles in
the output.

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 If we use a center tapped transformer for a bridge rectifier we can get both positive &
negative half cycles which can thus be used for generating fixed positive & fixed negative voltages.

FILTER CAPACITOR

Even though half wave & full wave rectifier give DC output, none of them provides a
constant output voltage. For this we require to smoothen the waveform received from the rectifier.
This can be done by using a capacitor at the output of the rectifier this capacitor is also called as
“FILTER CAPACITOR” or “SMOOTHING CAPACITOR” or “RESERVOIR CAPACITOR”.
Even after using this capacitor a small amount of ripple will remain.
We place the Filter Capacitor at the output of the rectifier the capacitor will charge to the
peak voltage during each half cycle then will discharge its stored energy slowly through the load
while the rectified voltage drops to zero, thus trying to keep the voltage as constant as possible.

If we go on increasing the value of the filter capacitor then the Ripple will decrease. But then
the costing will increase. The value of the Filter capacitor depends on the current consumed by the
circuit, the frequency of the waveform & the accepted ripple.

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Where,
Vr= accepted ripple voltage.( should not be more than 10% of the voltage)
I= current consumed by the circuit in Amperes.
F= frequency of the waveform. A half wave rectifier has only one peak in one cycle so F=25hz
Whereas a full wave rectifier has Two peaks in one cycle so F=100hz.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a constant
regulated output voltage. Voltage regulator can be of two types
1) Linear Voltage Regulator
Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they dissipate the excessive voltage
resistively as heat.
2) Switching Regulators.
They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current ON/OFF very rapidly. Since their
output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low power thus achieving higher efficiency as
compared to linear voltage regulators. But they are more complex & generate high noise due to their
switching action. For low level of output power switching regulators tend to be costly but for higher
output wattage they are much cheaper than linear regulators.
The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX series where
the XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative Voltage Regulators.

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 After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The maximum
input voltage that can be applied at the input is 35V.Normally there is a 2-3 Volts drop across the
regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher than the output voltage. If the input
voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due to the ripple voltage or due to any other reason the
voltage regulator will not be able to produce the correct regulated voltage.

Circuit diagram:

Fig 5.1.3. Circuit Diagram of power supply

IC 7805:
7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It supports an
input voltage of 10 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It has a current rating of 1 amp
although lower current models are available. Its output voltage is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also has a
built-in current limiter as a safety feature. 7805 is manufactured by many companies, including
National Semiconductors and Fairchild Semiconductors.

The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot.The last two digits
represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The 78xx series of regulators is
designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of negative voltage regulators in systems that
provide both positive and negative regulated voltages, since the 78xx series can't regulate negative
voltages in such a system.

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 The 7805 & 78 is one of the most common and well-known of the 78xx series regulators, as
it's small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it useful for powering TTL
devices.

Specifications of IC7805

SPECIFICATIONS IC 7805

Vout 5V

Vein - Vout Difference 5V - 20V

Operation Ambient Temp 0 - 125°C

Output Imax 1A

5.2. SENSORS :

Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical or environmental parameters, such as
temperature, pressure, motion, light, sound, and more. They convert the detected information into
electrical signals that can be processed, transmitted, or stored for various applications.
- physical sensors
1. Temperature Sensors (thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs)
2. Pressure Sensors (piezoelectric, capacitive, inductive)
3. Motion Sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, vibration sensors)
4. Force Sensors (load cells, strain gauges, piezoelectric sensors)
5. Position Sensors (potentiometers, encoders, resolvers)
6. Proximity Sensors (infrared, capacitive, inductive)
7. Level Sensors (ultrasonic, radar, float sensors)

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8. Flow Sensors (differential pressure, velocity, vortex sensors)

-Environmental Sensors
1. Humidity Sensors (capacitive, resistive, thermoset)
2. Light Sensors (photodiodes, phototransistors, spectrometers)
3. Sound Sensors (microphones, ultrasonic sensors)
4. Gas Sensors (electrochemical, catalytic, infrared)
5. pH Sensors (electrochemical, optical)
6. Weather Sensors (anemometers, barometers, hygrometers)
7. Air Quality Sensors (particulate matter, NOx, CO2)

-Chemical Sensors
1. Biosensors (enzymatic, DNA-based, immunosensors)
2. Chemical Composition Sensors (spectrometers, chromatographs)
3. Gas Detectors (flammable gas, toxic gas)
4. Moisture Sensors (hygrometers, moisture analyzers)
5. Oxygen Sensors (electrochemical, optical)

-Biological Sensors
1. Heart Rate Sensors (ECG, photoplethysmography)
2. Blood Pressure Sensors (invasive, non-invasive)
3. Blood Glucose Sensors (enzymatic, electrochemical)
4. DNA Sensors (microarray, PCR-based)
5. Immunological Sensors (ELISA, immunosensors)

-Electromagnetic Sensors
1. Magnetic Field Sensors (Hall effect, magnetoresistive)
2. Electric Field Sensors (electrostatic, capacitive)
3. Radiation Sensors (Geiger counters, spectrometers)
4. Ultraviolet Sensors (photodiodes, phototransistors)

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5. Infrared Sensors (thermopiles, pyroelectric sensors)

-Optical Sensors
1. Image Sensors (CCD, CMOS, infrared)
2. Color Sensors (spectrometers, colorimeters)
3. Distance Sensors (laser, ultrasonic, infrared)
4. Fiber Optic Sensors (temperature, pressure, strain)
5. Spectrometers (Raman, infrared, ultraviolet)

-Characteristics of Sensors:
1. Accuracy: How close the measurement is to the true value.
2. Precision: How consistent the measurements are.
3. Sensitivity: How responsive the sensor is to changes.
4. Range: The minimum and maximum values the sensor can measure.
5. Resolution: The smallest change the sensor can detect.

-Applications of Sensors:
1. Industrial Automation: Monitoring temperature, pressure, and flow.
2. Transportation: Airbag deployment, anti-lock braking systems (ABS).
3. Smart Homes: Lighting control, security systems.
4. Wearables: Fitness tracking, health monitoring.
5. Robotics: Navigation, object detection.
6. Medical Devices: Patient monitoring, diagnostic equipment.
7. Aerospace: Temperature, pressure, and vibration monitoring.

-Advantages of Sensors:
1. Improved Accuracy: Enhanced measurement precision.
2. Increased Efficiency: Automated monitoring and control.
3. Cost Savings: Reduced manual labor, improved resource allocation.
4. Enhanced Safety: Real-time monitoring and alert systems.

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5. Innovative Products: Enabled technologies like smart devices and wearables.

-Challenges and Limitations:

1. Interference: Electromagnetic or environmental interference.
2. Calibration: Ensuring sensor accuracy over time.
3. Power Consumption: Minimizing energy usage.
4. Data Analysis: Interpreting and processing sensor data.
5. Security: Protecting sensor data from unauthorized access.

*In this project, we will integrate fire sensors and gas sensors to ensure comprehensive safety
measures are in place.

5.2.1.FIRE SENSOR:

A fire sensor is a device that detects the presence of fire or heat and sends an alert signal to trigger
an alarm or firefighting system.

A fire sensor is a device designed to detect the presence of a fire or excessive heat and raise an
alarm to alert people in the vicinity. There are different types of fire sensors, such as smoke
detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, and gas detectors.

Smoke detectors are among the most common fire sensors and work by sensing smoke particles in
the air. When smoke is detected, the alarm is triggered. Heat detectors, on the other hand, respond to
changes in temperature. They activate when a certain temperature threshold is reached, indicating a
potential fire.

Flame detectors are specialized sensors that detect the presence of flames by responding to specific
wavelengths of light emitted by fires. Gas detectors are designed to identify the presence of harmful
gases that could indicate a fire or pose a threat to occupants.

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 Fig 5.2.1. Fire sensor

Fire sensors are crucial components of fire alarm systems in buildings, homes, and industrial
settings. They play a vital role in early fire detection, helping to save lives and prevent property
damage.

A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire.
Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm,
deactivating a fuel line (such as a propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression
system.
There are different types of flame detection methods. Some of them are: Ultraviolet detector, near
IR array detector, infrared (IR) detector, Infrared thermal cameras, UV/IR detector etc.

When fire burns it emits a small amount of Infra-red light, this light will be received by the
Photodiode (IR receiver) on the sensor module. Then we use an Op-Amp to check for change in
voltage across the IR Receiver, so that if a fire is detected the output pin (DO) will give 0V(LOW)
and if the is no fire the output pin will be 5V(HIGH)
In this project we are using an IR based flame sensor. It is based on the YG1006 sensor which is a
high speed and high sensitive NPN silicon phototransistor. It can detect infrared light with a
wavelength ranging from 700nm to 1000nm and its detection angle is about 60°. Flame sensor

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module consists of a photodiode (IR receiver), resistor, capacitor, potentiometer, and LM393
comparator in an integrated circuit. The sensitivity can be adjusted by varying the on board
potentiometer. Working voltage is between 3.3v and 5v DC, with a digital output.
Logic high on the output indicates presence of flame or fire. Logic low on output indicates absence
of flame or fire.
Below is the Pin Description of Flame sensor Module:

Once you are ready with your hardware, you can upload the Arduino code for some action. The
complete program is given at the end of this page. However I have further explained few important
bits and pieces here.
As we know the fire sensor will output a HIGH when there is fire and will output a LOW when
there is fire. So we have to keep checking these sensor if any fire has occurred.

Types of Fire Sensors:

1. Smoke Detectors
- Optical Smoke Detectors (OSDs)
- Ionization Smoke Detectors (ISDs)

2. Heat Detectors
- Thermocouple Heat Detectors
- Thermistor Heat Detectors

3. Flame Detectors

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 - Infrared (IR) Flame Detectors
- Ultraviolet (UV) Flame Detectors

4. Gas Detectors
- Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detectors
- Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Detectors

Working Principle:

1. Smoke Detectors
- Optical: Detects scattered light caused by smoke particles.
- Ionization: Measures changes in ionization current due to smoke.

2. Heat Detectors
- Thermocouple: Measures temperature changes.
- Thermistor: Detects changes in electrical resistance.

3. Flame Detectors
- IR: Detects infrared radiation emitted by flames.
- UV: Detects ultraviolet radiation emitted by flames.

4. Gas Detectors
- CO: Measures carbon monoxide concentration.
- HCN: Detects hydrogen cyanide presence.

Fire Sensors Work:

1. Smoke/heat detection: Sensors monitor the environment for smoke particles or temperature
changes.
2. Signal transmission: When detection threshold is exceeded, sensors send an electrical signal.

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3. Alarm activation: Signal received by control panel triggers alarm and alerts authorities.

Fire Sensor Specifications:

1. Sensitivity Range
2. Response Time
3. Operating Temperature
4. Humidity Range
5. Power Consumption
6. Communication Protocol

Fire Sensor Classification

1. Conventional Fire Sensors
2. Addressable Fire Sensors
3. Intelligent Fire Sensors

Sensor Technologies
1. Optical Sensors
2. Thermal Sensors
3. Electrical Sensors
4. Chemical Sensors

Features:
1. High Sensitivity
2. Fast Response Time
3. Low False Alarm Rate
4. Durability and Reliability
5. Compatibility with various alarm systems

Applications:

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1. Residential and Commercial Buildings
2. Industrial Facilities
3. Vehicles (Cars, Airplanes, etc.)
4. Forest Fire Detection

Benefits:
1. Early Fire Detection
2. Reduced Risk of Property Damage
3. Enhanced Safety for Occupants
4. Compliance with Safety Regulations

Limitations and Challenges

1. Interference and Noise
2. Environmental Factors (temperature, humidity)
3. Sensor Drift and Calibration

5.2.2 GAS SENSORS

The gas sensor is a critical component of the fire detection system, designed to detect the presence
of harmful gases in the environment, such as:
1. Toxic gases (CO, HCN, etc.)
2. Flammable gases (CH4, LPG, etc.)
3. Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, etc.)

Gas sensors need to be calibrated and periodically checked to ensure sensor accuracy and system
integrity. It is important to install stationary sensors in locations where the calibration can be
performed easily. The intervals between calibrations can be different from sensor to sensor.
Generally, the manufacturer of the sensor will recommend a time interval between calibrations.
However, it is good general practice to check the sensor more closely during the first 30 days after
installation. During this period, it is possible to observe how well the sensor is adapting to its new

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environment. Also, factors that were not accounted for in the design of the system might surface and
can affect the sensor’s performance.

If the sensor functions properly for 30 continuous days, this provides a good degree of confidence
about the installation. Any possible problems can be identified and corrected during this time.
Experience indicates that a sensor surviving 30 days after the initial installation will have a good
chance of performing its function for the duration expected. Most problems—such as an
inappropriate sensor location, interference from other gases, or the loss of sensitivity—will surface
during this time.

Fig 5.2.2: Diagram of Gas sensor

Gas sensors are devices utilized to detect the presence of various gases in the environment. They are
crucial for monitoring gas levels in industrial settings, homes, and commercial buildings to ensure
safety and prevent potential hazards. Gas sensors work by detecting specific gases through various
detection methods, such as chemical reactions, infrared absorption, or semiconductor technology.

These sensors are designed to identify a wide range of gases, including carbon monoxide, methane,
propane, and hydrogen sulfide. When the sensor detects the target gas at a certain concentration
level, it triggers an alarm or activates a safety system to alert individuals in the area.

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Gas sensors play a vital role in maintaining indoor air quality, monitoring industrial processes, and
preventing gas leaks that could lead to fires or health risks. They are essential components of gas
detection systems and are instrumental in ensuring a safe and healthy environment for occupants.

Working Principle:
The gas sensor detects changes in gas concentration through:

During the first 30 days, the sensor should be checked weekly. Afterward, a maintenance schedule,
Hazardous Gas Monitors including calibration intervals, should be established. Normally, a monthly
calibration is adequate to ensure the effectiveness and sensibility of each sensor; this monthly check
will also afford you the opportunity to maintain the system’s accuracy. The method and procedure
for calibrating the sensors should be established immediately. The calibration procedure should be
simple, straightforward, and easily executed by regular personnel. Calibration here is simply a safety
check, unlike laboratory analyzers that require a high degree of accuracy. For area air quality and
safety gas monitors, the requirements need to be simple, repeatable, and economical. The procedure
should be consistent and traceable. The calibration will be performed in the field where sensors are
installed so it can occur in any type environment. Calibration of the gas sensor involves two steps.
First the “zero” must be set and then the “span” must be calibrated.

The sensing material in TGS gas sensors is metal oxide, most typically SnO2. When a metal oxide
Crystal such as SnO2 is heated at a certain high temperature in air, oxygen is adsorbed on the crystal
surface with a negative charge. Then donor electrons in the crystal surface are transferred to the
adsorbed oxygen, resulting in leaving positive charges in a space charge layer. Thus, surface
potential is formed to serve as a potential barrier against electron flow.

Inside the sensor, electric current flows through the conjunction parts (grain boundary) of SnO2
micro crystals. At grain boundaries, adsorbed oxygen forms a potential barrier which prevents
carriers from moving freely. The electrical resistance of the sensor is attributed to this potential
barrier. In the presence of a deoxidizing gas, the surface density of the negatively charged oxygen
decreases, so the barrier height in the grain boundary is reduced. The reduced barrier height
decreases sensor resistance.

DEPT OF ECE Page 28

Sensor resistance will drop very quickly when exposed to gas, and when removed from gas its
resistance will recover to its original value after a short time. The speed of response and reversibility
will vary according to the model of sensor and the gas involved.

1. Electrochemical reactions
2. Semiconductor-based sensing
3. Catalytic combustion
4. Chemical reactions (electrochemical)
5. Changes in electrical conductivity (semiconductor)
6. Catalytic combustion (heat generation)
7. Infrared absorption (IR)
8. Optical scattering (optical)

Types of Gas Sensors:

1. Electrochemical Sensors
2. Semiconductor Sensors
3. Catalytic Combustion Sensors
4. Infrared (IR) Sensors
5. Optical Sensors

Features:
1. High sensitivity and accuracy
2. Fast response time
3. Low power consumption
4. Compact design
- Power requirements: 5 VDC @ ~160mA
- Interface Type: Resistive
- Dimensions: 0.75" diameter x 0.65" tall excluding leads (19.1mm diameter x 16.55mm tall
excluding leads)

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- Operating temp range: -4 to +122 °F (-20 to +50 °C)

Connections
connecting five volts across the heating (H) pins keeps the sensor hot enough to function correctly.
Connecting five volts at either the A or B pins causes the sensor to emit an analog voltage on the
other pins. A resistive load between the output pins and ground sets the sensitivity of the detector.
Please note that the picture in the datasheet for the top configuration is wrong. Both configurations
have the same pinout consistent with the bottom configuration. The resistive load should be
calibrated for your particular application using the equations in the datasheet, but a good starting
value for the resistor is 10 kΩ.

5.3. ESP8266

The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip, with a full TCP/IP

stack and microcontroller capability, produced by Espressif Systems in Shanghai, China..

The chip first came to the attention of Western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-01 module,
made by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small module allows microcontrollers to
connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands.
However, at first there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the
commands it accepted.[2] The very low price and the fact that there were very few external
components on the module, which suggested that it could eventually be very inexpensive in volume,
attracted many hackers to explore the module, the chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate
the Chinese documentation.

The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash, allowing the building of single-chip
devices capable of connecting to Wi-Fi.

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 Fig5.3.1. ESP8285

 Processor: L106 32-bit RISC microprocessor core based on the Tensilica Xtensa Diamond
Standard 106Micro running at 80 MHz[5]
 Memory:
o 32 KiB instruction RAM
o 32 KiB instruction cache RAM
o 80 KiB user-data RAM
o 16 KiB ETS system-data RAM
 External QSPI flash: up to 16 MiB is supported (512 KiB to 4 MiB typically included)
 IEEE 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi
o Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
o WEP or WPA/WPA2 authentication, or open networks
 16 GPIO pins
 SPI
 I²C (software implementation)[6]
 I²S interfaces with DMA (sharing pins with GPIO)
 UART on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be enabled on GPIO2
 10-bit ADC (successive approximation ADC)

DEPT OF ECE Page 31

OPERATIONS:

In October 2014, Espressif Systems released a software development kit (SDK) for programming
the chip directly, which removed the need for a separate microcontroller. [7] Since then, there have
been many official SDK releases from Espressif; Espressif maintains two versions of the SDK —
one that is based on FreeRTOS and the other based on callbacks.[8]

An alternative to Espressif's official SDK is the open-source ESP-Open-SDK [9] that is based on
the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) toolchain, maintained by Max Filippov. [10] Another alternative
is the "Unofficial Development Kit" by Mikhail Grigorev.[11][12]

Other SDKs, mostly open-source, include:

 Arduino — A C++-based firmware. With this core, the ESP8266 CPU and its Wi-Fi
components can be programmed like any other Arduino device. The ESP8266 Arduino Core is
available through GitHub.
 ESP8266 BASIC — An open-source BASIC-like interpreter specifically tailored for the Internet
of Things (IoT). Self-hosting browser-based development environment.
 ESP Easy — Developed by home automation enthusiasts.
 ESPHome — ESPHome is a system to control your ESP8266/ESP32 by simple yet powerful
configuration files and control them remotely through home automation systems.
 ESP-Open-RTOS — Open-source FreeRTOS-based ESP8266 software framework.
 ESP-Open-SDK — Free and open (as much as possible) integrated SDK for ESP8266/ESP8285
chips.
 Espruino — An actively maintained JavaScript SDK and firmware, closely emulating Node.js.
Supports a few MCUs, including the ESP8266.
 ESPurna — Open-source ESP8285/ESP8266 firmware.
 Forthright — Port of Jones Forth to the ESP8266 microcontroller.
 MicroPython — A port of MicroPython (an implementation of Python for embedded devices) to
the ESP8266 platform.
 Mongoose OS — An open-source operating system for connected products. Supports ESP8266
and ESP32. Develop in C or JavaScript.[13]
DEPT OF ECE Page 32
 NodeMCU — A Lua-based firmware.
 PlatformIO — A cross-platform IDE and unified debugger, which sits on top of Arduino code
and libraries.
 Punyforth — Forth-inspired programming language for the ESP8266.
 Sming — An actively developed asynchronous C/C++ framework with superb performance and
multiple network features.
 uLisp — A version of the Lisp programming language specifically designed to run on
processors with a limited amount of RAM.
 ZBasic for ESP8266 — A subset of Microsoft's widely-used Visual Basic 6, which has been
adapted as a control language for the ZX microcontroller family and the ESP8266.
 Zerynth — IoT framework for programming ESP8266[14] and other microcontrollers in Python

Advantages:
1. Early detection of hazardous gases
2. Enhanced safety for occupants
3. Compliance with safety regulations
4. Improved process control
5. Energy efficiency

Limitations:
1. Interference from other gases
2. Sensor drift and calibration
3. Limited sensitivity range
4. Environmental factors (temperature, humidity)

5.3.2. WIFI MODULE:

In a home automation project, a Wi-Fi module plays a crucial role by enabling seamless wireless
communication between devices and the internet. Typically based on popular standards like

DEPT OF ECE Page 33

ESP8266 or ESP32, these modules allow users to control various home appliances remotely via a
smartphone app or web interface. By connecting to a home network, the Wi-Fi module facilitates
the integration of sensors, switches, and other smart devices, enabling functionalities such as
lighting control, temperature regulation, and security monitoring. This not only enhances
convenience but also contributes to energy efficiency and security, making the home environment
more intelligent and user-friendly. The flexibility and scalability offered by Wi-Fi modules
empower developers to create customized solutions tailored to specific needs, ensuring that the
smart home ecosystem can evolve with emerging technologies.

[8In this project, we will be adding a WiFi module to enable easy connection and control within our
home automation setup. The WiFi module allows devices in the home automation system to
communicate wirelessly over a WiFi network, providing remote access and control through
smartphones, tablets, or computers. This integration enhances convenience and flexibility by
enabling users to monitor and manage various home devices and systems from anywhere with an
internet connection.

we will integrate a WiFi module, such as the ESP8266 or ESP32, to enable wireless communication
between devices in our home automation system. This module will connect our devices to the local
WiFi network, allowing for remote control and monitoring through a smartphone app or a web
interface. By using the WiFi module, we can create a smart home environment where lights,
appliances, security systems, and other devices can be controlled and automated conveniently from
a distance.
A WiFi module is a self-contained component that provides WiFi connectivity to devices, enabling
them to communicate with the internet or other devices wirelessly. It's essentially a small computer
chip or board that contains:

Functions:
1. Connects to WiFi networks (Infrastructure/Ad-Hoc mode)
2. Transmits and receives data wirelessly
3. Supports various WiFi standards (802.11b/g/n/ac/ax)

DEPT OF ECE Page 34

4. Provides network configuration and management
5. Supports security protocols (WPA/WPA2/WPA3, AES, TKIP)

Types of WiFi Modules:

1. WiFi Microcontroller Modules: Integrated WiFi and microcontroller (e.g., ESP32, ESP8266)
2. WiFi System-on-Chip (SoC) Modules: Complete WiFi system on a single chip (e.g., Broadcom,
Qualcomm)
3. WiFi Serial Modules: Use serial communication to connect to devices (e.g., WiFi shields for
Arduino)
4. WiFi SDIO Modules: Use SDIO interface for communication (e.g., mobile devices)

Popular WiFi Modules:

1. ESP32/ESP8266 (Espressif Systems)
2. WiFi Shield (Arduino)
3. Raspberry Pi WiFi Module
4. Broadcom BCM4330
5. Qualcomm Atheros AR9331

Applications:

1. IoT devices (smart home, industrial automation)

2. Wireless sensors and actuators
3. Robotics and drones
4. Smartphones and tablets
5. Laptops and computers
6. Medical devices
7. Automotive systems
8. Wearables and fitness trackers

DEPT OF ECE Page 35

Advantages:
1. Easy integration into devices
2. Low power consumption
3. High-speed data transfer
4. Reliable and secure connectivity
5. Compact size

Challenges:
1. Interference from other devices
2. Security concerns (data encryption, authentication)
3. Power consumption optimization
4. Compatibility issues with different networks
5. Cost and complexity

5.4. LCD DISPLAY

LCD Background:

One of the most common devices attached to a micro controller is an LCD display. Some of the
most common LCD’s connected to the many microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This
means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

Basic 16x 2 Characters LCD

DEPT OF ECE Page 36

 Figure 5.4.1.: LCD Pin diagram

Pin description:

Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 4 RS
1 = Data input
0 = Write to LCD module
Pin no. 5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal
Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2

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 Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3
Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4
Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5
Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6
Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

Table 5.4.0: Character LCD pins with Microcontroller

The LCD requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user
may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data
bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data
bus). If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the
8 lines for the data bus).

The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.

The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that we are sending it data.
To send data to the LCD, our program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the other
two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring
EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies
from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.

The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the
data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the
letter "T" on the screen we would set RS high.

The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or
reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write
commands--so RW will almost always be low.

DEPT OF ECE Page 38

 Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected
by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4,
DB5, DB6, and DB7.

Schematic:

Circuit Description:

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most
Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating
the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers,
some of which may have no internal pull up resistors.

We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the
R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a
result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and
finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into
our program.

DEPT OF ECE Page 39

 The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As
with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. We can use a bench power supply set to 5v or
use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling capacitors, especially if we have trouble
with the circuit working properly.

SETB RW

Handling the EN control line:

As we mentioned above, the EN line is used to tell the LCD that we are ready for it to
execute an instruction that we've prepared on the data bus and on the other control lines. Note that
the EN line must be raised/ lowered before/after each instruction sent to the LCD regardless of
whether that instruction is read or write text or instruction. In short, we must always manipulate EN
when communicating with the LCD. EN is the LCD's way of knowing that we are talking to it. If we
don't raise/lower EN, the LCD doesn't know we're talking to it on the other lines.

Thus, before we interact in any way with the LCD we will always bring the EN line low with
the following instruction:

CLR EN

And once we've finished setting up our instruction with the other control lines and data bus
lines, we'll always bring this line high:

SETB EN

The line must be left high for the amount of time required by the LCD as specified in its
datasheet. This is normally on the order of about 250 nanoseconds, but checks the datasheet. In the
case of a typical microcontroller running at 12 MHz, an instruction requires 1.08 microseconds to
execute so the EN line can be brought low the very next instruction. However, faster
microcontrollers (such as the DS89C420 which executes an instruction in 90 nanoseconds given an
11.0592 MHz crystal) will require a number of NOPs to create a delay while EN is held high. The

DEPT OF ECE Page 40

number of NOPs that must be inserted depends on the microcontroller we are using and the crystal
we have selected.

The instruction is executed by the LCD at the moment the EN line is brought low with a
final CLR EN instruction.

Checking the busy status of the LCD:

As previously mentioned, it takes a certain amount of time for each instruction to be

executed by the LCD. The delay varies depending on the frequency of the crystal attached to the
oscillator input of the LCD as well as the instruction which is being executed.

While it is possible to write code that waits for a specific amount of time to allow the LCD to
execute instructions, this method of "waiting" is not very flexible. If the crystal frequency is
changed, the software will need to be modified. A more robust method of programming is to use the
"Get LCD Status" command to determine whether the LCD is still busy executing the last
instruction received.

The "Get LCD Status" command will return to us two tidbits of information; the information
that is useful to us right now is found in DB7. In summary, when we issue the "Get LCD Status"
command the LCD will immediately raise DB7 if it's still busy executing a command or lower DB7
to indicate that the LCD is no longer occupied. Thus our program can query the LCD until DB7
goes low, indicating the LCD is no longer busy. At that point we are free to continue and send the
next command.

Applications:

 Medical equipment
 Electronic test equipment
 Industrial machinery Interface
 Serial terminal
 Advertising system

DEPT OF ECE Page 41

  EPOS
 Restaurant ordering systems
 Gaming box
 Security systems
 R&D Test units
 Climatizing units
 PLC Interface
 Simulators
 Environmental monitoring
 Lab development
 Student projects
 Home automation
 PC external display
 HMI operator interface.

precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its
supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -
55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C sensor is rated for a -40° to +110°C range (-10°
with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor
packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92
transistor package. The LM35D sensor is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline
package and a plastic TO-220 package.

LM35 Sensor Circuit Schematic

DEPT OF ECE Page 42

5.5.RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications where it
is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled
by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal
coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays found extensive use in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the
high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays
control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device triggered by light
to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric
power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protection relays".

DEPT OF ECE Page 43

 Types of relays:

1.Simple electromechanical relay:

Fig5.5.1. Simple electromechanical relay:

A simple electromagnetic relay, such as the one taken from a car in the first picture, is an adaptation
of an electromagnet. It consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft iron core, an iron yoke, which
provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and a set, or sets, of
contacts; two in the relay pictured. The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to a
moving contact or contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized
there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the
relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of
contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the
armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the
armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to
the PCB.

Basic design and operation:

DEPT OF ECE Page 44

When an electric current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the armature
and the consequent movement of the movable contact or contacts either makes or breaks a
connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was De-energized,
then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were
open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately
half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a
spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured
to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high
current application, this is to reduce arcing.

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the
energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage
spike dangerous to circuit components. Some automotive relays already include a diode inside the
relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor and resistor in
series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can
be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current,
which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.

By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is made
with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation an opt coupler
can be used which is a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.

DEPT OF ECE Page 45

 2. Latching relay

Fig5.5.2. Latching relay

Latching relay, dust cover removed, showing pawl and ratchet mechanism. The ratchet operates a
cam, which raises and lowers the moving contact arm, seen edge-on just below it. The moving and
fixed contacts are visible at the left side of the image.

A latching relay has two relaxed states (bi stable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or
"stay" relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved
with a solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with an
over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in position while the coil
is relaxed, or with a remnant core. In the ratchet and cam example, the first pulse to the coil turns
the relay on and the second pulse turns it off. In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the
relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that
it consumes power only for an instant, while it is being switched, and it retains its last setting across
a power outage. A remnant core latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make
it change state.

3. Reed relay

A reed relay has a set of contacts inside a vacuum or inert gas filled glass tube, which protects the
contacts against atmospheric corrosion. The contacts are closed by a magnetic field generated when

DEPT OF ECE Page 46

current passes through a coil around the glass tube. Reed relays are capable of faster switching
speeds than larger types of relays, but have low switch current and voltage ratings.

Fig.5.5.3. Reed relay

4. Mercury-wetted relay

A mercury-wetted reed relay is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are wetted with
mercury. Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals (one volt or less) because of their low
contact resistance, or for high-speed counting and timing applications where the mercury eliminates
contact bounce. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and must be mounted vertically to
work properly. Because of the toxicity and expense of liquid mercury, these relays are rarely
specified for new equipment. See also mercury switch.

5. Polarized relay

A polarized relay placed the armature between the poles of a permanent magnet to increase
sensitivity. Polarized relays were used in middle 20th Century telephone exchanges to detect faint
pulses and correct telegraphic distortion. The poles were on screws, so a technician could first adjust
them for maximum sensitivity and then apply a bias spring to set the critical current that would
operate the relay.

6. Machine tool relay

A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer
machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts
DEPT OF ECE Page 47
(sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally-open to normally-
closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many
relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such
industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced the
machine tool relay from sequential control applications.

7. Contactor relay

A contactor is a very heavy-duty relay used for switching electric motors and lighting loads.
Continuous current ratings for common contactors range from 10 amps to several hundred amps.
High-current contacts are made with alloys containing silver. The unavoidable arcing causes the
contacts to oxidize; however, silver oxide is still a good conductor. Such devices are often used for
motor starters. A motor starter is a contactor with overload protection devices attached. The
overload sensing devices are a form of heat operated relay where a coil heats a bi-metal strip, or
where a solder pot melts, releasing a spring to operate auxiliary contacts. These auxiliary contacts
are in series with the coil. If the overload senses excess current in the load, the coil is de-energized.
Contactor relays can be extremely loud to operate, making them unfit for use where noise is a chief
concern.

8. Solid-state relay

Fig.5.5.8. Solid-state relay

Solid state relay, which has no moving parts

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25 A or 40 A solid state contactors

A solid state relay (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that provides a similar function to an
electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing long-term reliability.
With early SSR's, the tradeoff came from the fact that every transistor has a small voltage drop
across it. This voltage drop limited the amount of current a given SSR could handle. As transistors
improved, higher current SSR's, able to handle 100 to 1,200 Amperes, have become commercially
available. Compared to electromagnetic relays, they may be falsely triggered by transients.

9. Solid state contactor relay

A solid state contactor is a very heavy-duty solid state relay, including the necessary heat sink,
used for switching electric heaters, small electric motors and lighting loads; where frequent on/off
cycles are required. There are no moving parts to wear out and there is no contact bounce due to
vibration. They are activated by AC control signals or DC control signals from Programmable logic
controller (PLCs), PCs, Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) sources, or other microprocessor and
microcontroller controls.

10. Buchholz relay

A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large oil-filled transformers,
which will alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut down the transformer if gas is produced
rapidly in the transformer oil.

DEPT OF ECE Page 49

11. Forced-guided contacts relay

A forced-guided contacts relay has relay contacts that are mechanically linked together, so that
when the relay coil is energized or de-energized, all of the linked contacts move together. If one set
of contacts in the relay becomes immobilized, no other contact of the same relay will be able to
move. The function of forced-guided contacts is to enable the safety circuit to check the status of the
relay. Forced-guided contacts are also known as "positive-guided contacts", "captive contacts",
"locked contacts", or "safety relays".

12. Overload protection relay

Electric motors need over current protection to prevent damage from over-loading the motor, or to
protect against short circuits in connecting cables or internal faults in the motor windings. One type
of electric motor overload protection relay is operated by a heating element in series with the
electric motor. The heat generated by the motor current heats a bimetallic strip or melts solder,
releasing a spring to operate contacts. Where the overload relay is exposed to the same environment
as the motor, a useful though crude compensation for motor ambient temperature is provided.

Fig5.5.12. . Pole and throw:

Circuit symbols of relays. "C" denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.
DEPT OF ECE Page 50
The diagram on the package of a DPDT AC coil relay

Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A relay will
switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil in one of
three ways:

 Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make"
contact.
 Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit
is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact.
 Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open
contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form C
contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizes” make
before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.

The following designations are commonly encountered:

 SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO"
and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
 SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others.
Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.

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  DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two
SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has
six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
 DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight
terminals, including the coil.

The "S" or "D" may be replaced with a number, indicating multiple switches connected to a single
actuator. For example 4PDT indicates a four pole double throw relay (with 14 terminals).

Applications of Relays:

 Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or

audio amplifiers,
 Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an
automobile,
 Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit
breakers (protection relays),

A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging

 Isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different
potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage switch.

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 The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are easily
installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also be
controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve energy,
 Logic functions. For example, the Boolean AND function is realized by connecting normally
open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting normally open contacts in
parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or) function.
Similar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished using normally closed contacts.
The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic networks.
o Early computing. Before vacuum tubes and transistors, relays were used as logical
elements in digital computers. See ARRA (computer), Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and
Zuse Z3.
o Safety-critical logic. Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to
nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control
panels of radioactive waste-handling machinery.
 Time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay closing a set of
contacts. A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper disk between the
armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk maintains magnetic field
for a short time, lengthening release time. For a slightly longer (up to a minute) delay, a
dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston filled with fluid that is allowed to escape slowly. The
time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For longer time periods,
a mechanical clockwork timer is installed.

Advantages of relays:

 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
 Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:

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  Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.
 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per
second.
 Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
 Relays require more current than many ICs can provide, so a low power transistor may
be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

5.6.BUZZER

Fig.5.6.1..Buzzer

A buzzer in a hardware project is a simple electronic device that produces sound when an electrical
current passes through it. It's commonly used to generate audible alerts, notifications, or tones in
various electronic circuits. Buzzer components typically consist of a coil and a diaphragm that
vibrates to create sound waves when activated.

In hardware projects, buzzers are often used to indicate events, signal warnings, or provide
feedback. They come in different types, including active and passive buzzers. Active buzzers
produce sound when voltage is applied, while passive buzzers require an external signal to generate
sound.

To use a buzzer in a project, you typically connect it to a power source and a controlling circuit. By
controlling the voltage or signal sent to the buzzer, you can adjust the sound it produces, enabling
you to create different tones or patterns as needed.

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5.7.DC FAN:

Fig.5.7.1.DC Fan

A DC fan in home automation helps maintain comfort and air circulation while being more energy-
efficient than traditional AC fans. It can be controlled remotely via an Arduino board or smart home
hub, allowing users to turn it on or off, adjust speed, or set timers using an app. When paired with
temperature sensors, the fan can automatically activate when the room gets too warm. This
integration enhances comfort, saves energy, and adds convenience to the home environment.

5.8.DC MOTOR:

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 Fig.5.5.8.DC Motor

A DC motor in a home automation project is used for various tasks like opening and closing
curtains, operating gates, or driving small appliances. It can be controlled through an Arduino board,
allowing for remote operation via a smartphone app or automated actions based on sensors. For
example, the motor can be programmed to open curtains at sunrise or close them at sunset. This
integration enhances convenience and efficiency in the home, making everyday tasks easier and
more automated.

5.9. ARDUINO UNO

In this chapter Arduino controller operation and pin description is explained.

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board micro controllers and micro controller kits for building

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 digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control both physically and digitally. Its
products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU
General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as
do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are
also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition
to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to
create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and
motion detectors.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project
used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

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 Fig 5.9.1: Hardware image.

History:

The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy.[2] At
that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50, a considerable expense
for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a
Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas
is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The project goal was
to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform
consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on
Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller. [4] In 2003, Massimo Banzi,
with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper
ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the
project and renamed it Arduino.

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca
Martino, and David Mellis,[2] but Barragán was not invited to participate.

Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less expensive versions were
distributed in the open-source community.

It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced, and
in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands. In October 2016, Federico Musto, Arduino's

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 former CEO, secured a 50% ownership of the company. In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had
"fabricated his academic record.... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on
Italian business documents, Musto was until recently listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University."
Wired reported that neither University had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted
in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees. Around that same time, Massimo
Banzi announced that the Arduino Foundation would be "a new beginning for Arduino." But a year later,
the Foundation still hasn't been established, and the state of the project remains unclear. The
controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many Open
source licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry. In
October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The announcement said,
in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM
architecture.” Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures

Operation of Pins

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative
Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and
production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used
for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino name
emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product. Several
Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using
various names ending in -duino.

DEPT OF ECE Page 59

 Fig.5.9.2. Back side of module.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,[24] ATmega168,
ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and
features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The
boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming
and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields.
Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most
boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the optiboot
bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some
serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and
transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via
Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI
FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate
AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header.
Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-
serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional
microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP)
programming is used.

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Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an
Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output
drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others
are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with
shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.

Fig5.9.3. Ardino board.

Fig.5.9.4. Pin explanation

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 POWER USB:

1 Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB
connection (1).

2 POWER(BARREL JACK):

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply
by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).

3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the
Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and
other elements.

4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does
Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The
number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that
the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

5,17 ARDUINO RESET

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the
beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the
reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset
button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

6,7,8,9 PINS (3.3, 5, GND, Vin):

 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt

 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with

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 3.3 volt and 5 volt.

 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino,

any of which can be used to ground your circuit.

Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an
external power source, like AC mains power supply.

10 ANALOG PINS:

The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These
pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or
temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by
the microprocessor.

11 MAIN MICROCONTROLLER:

Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it
as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino
is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually
of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has before
loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction
and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.

12 ICSP PIN:

Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often
referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be
considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the
output device to the master of the SPI bus.

13 POWER LED INDICATOR

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 This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does
not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection.

14 TX AND RX LEDS:

On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive).
They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital
pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication.
Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed
while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

15 DIGITAL INPUT-OUTPUT:

The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to
work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~”
can be used to generate PWM.

16 AREF:

AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an

external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for
the analog input pins.

DEPT OF ECE Page 64

 CHAPTER-6

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

SOFTWARE EXPLANATION:

6.0: Introduction

This project is implemented using following software’s:

 Express PCB – for designing circuit

 Arduino IDE compiler - for compilation part

 Proteus 7 (Embedded C) – for simulation part

When a project is first started you will be greeted with a yellow outline. This yellow outline is the
dimension of the PCB. Typically after positioning of parts and traces, move them to their final
DEPT OF ECE Page 65
position and then crop the PCB to the correct size. However, in designing a board with a certain
size constraint, crop the PCB to the correct size before starting.

Fig: 6.1 show the toolbar in which the each button has the following functions:

Fig: 6.0. Tool bar necessary for the interface

The select tool: It is fairly obvious what this does. It allows you to move and manipulate parts.
When this tool is selected the top toolbar will show buttons to move traces to the top / bottom
copper layer, and rotate buttons.

The zoom to selection tool: does just that.

The place pad: button allows you to place small soldier pads which are useful for board
connections or if a part is not in the part library but the part dimensions are available. When this
tool is selected the top toolbar will give you a large selection of round holes, square holes and
surface mount pads.

The place component: tool allows you to select a component from the top toolbar and then by
clicking in the workspace places that component in the orientation chosen using the buttons next to
the component list. The components can always be rotated afterwards with the select tool if the
orientation is wrong.

The place trace: tool allows you to place a solid trace on the board of varying thicknesses. The
top toolbar allows you to select the top or bottom layer to place the trace on.

The Insert Corner in trace: button does exactly what it says. When this tool is selected, clicking
on a trace will insert a corner which can be moved to route around components and other traces.

DEPT OF ECE Page 66

The remove a trace button is not very important since the delete key will achieve the same result.

: Design Considerations
Before starting a project there are several ways to design a PCB and one must be chosen to suit
the project’s needs. Single sided, or double sided?

When making a PCB you have the option of making a single sided board, or a double sided board.
Single sided boards are cheaper to produce and easier to etch, but much harder to design for large
projects. If a lot of parts are being used in a small space it may be difficult to make a single sided
board without jumpering over traces with a cable. While there’s technically nothing wrong with
this, it should be avoided if the signal travelling over the traces is sensitive (e.g. audio signals).

A double sided board is more expensive to produce professionally, more difficult to etch on a DIY
board, but makes the layout of components a lot smaller and easier. It should be noted that if a
trace is running on the top layer, check with the components to make sure you can get to its pins
with a soldering iron. Large capacitors, relays, and similar parts which don’t have axial leads can
NOT have traces on top unless boards are plated professionally.

6.1.AURDINO COMPILING

In next step download library

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 As Arduino doesn’t recognize the directory name, please rename it

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Launch Arduino by double click “Arduino” below

One example

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Select the target board as “Arduino Uno”

Click Sketch-> Verify/Compile:

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6.2. HARDWARE EXPLANATION:

In a home automation system using an Arduino board, several key hardware

components work together to create an efficient and responsive setup. The Arduino
board serves as the central control unit, processing inputs and managing outputs to
various devices. A buzzer is included to provide audio alerts for security notifications
or system statuses, ensuring users are promptly informed of any events. Fan relays are
used to control the operation of fans or other high-power appliances, allowing the
Arduino to switch them on or off based on conditions like temperature or user
commands. The Wi-Fi module enables wireless connectivity, allowing the system to
connect to the internet and be controlled remotely via a smartphone or computer.
Additionally, motors can be integrated for tasks such as opening or closing curtains or
gates, enhancing automation. Together, these components create a cohesive system
that enhances home security and comfort while providing users with convenient
control over their environment.

71
 CHAPTER-7

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM

Fig7.1. Hardware kit

72
EXPLANATION OF RESULT

These sensors will send the flag or the data to the microcontroller. These will all
detect changes in the earth and respond naturally in case of a crisis. New
advancements in programmed starting gadgets utilize cameras and PC calculations to
examine obvious impacts of flame and development in ways that other discovery
gadgets can„t. Number of terminate sensors are to be utilized in handy circumstance
that are should have been set at specific separations with the goal that a look can be
kept on the whole forest region. Gathering of information by the IC installed in the
arduino of the Transmitter circuit :- The IC ATMega 328-p ( microcontroller) inserted
in arduino stage display in the transmitter circuit get the information detected and
gathered by the temperature sensor and gas sensor. At that point, the controller plays
out the customized activity to it and passes them to the transmitter for transmitting the
information to the accepting station

In a home automation project that includes a surveillance system, the Telnet app is
utilized to control the on/off conditions of various appliances and safety devices. This
system features a buzzer that activates when a potential threat is detected, such as
smoke or gas leaks, providing an immediate audio alert. Additionally, users receive
notifications in message form through the app, ensuring they are informed of any
critical situations. The project also integrates a DC motor fan, which can be controlled
to turn on in response to alarms from fire or gas sensors, helping to ventilate the area
and mitigate risks. All these functionalities and statuses are displayed on an LCD
screen, providing real-time feedback and monitoring for users. This comprehensive
setup enhances safety and convenience, allowing for effective management of home
security and environmental conditions.

73
 Fig.7.2.software Result

Using the Telnet app in a home automation system allows users to operate appliances
by sending commands over a network. With this setup, users can easily turn devices
on or off from anywhere, provided they have internet access. The Telnet app connects
to the home automation server, where the Arduino board or another microcontroller
processes the commands. For instance, a user can type a command like "turn on the
living room light," and the system will execute it, activating the corresponding relay
connected to the light. This capability not only adds convenience but also enhances
energy management, as users can ensure that appliances are turned off when not in
use. Overall, the Telnet app serves as a powerful tool for controlling home appliances,
making the automation system more user-friendly and efficient.

74
 CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION:

The literature review of the Home automation and surveillance shows that their are
numerous techniques employed to design the home automation and surveillance
systems. But need of the time is cost effective IoT based Home automation and
Surveillance system. The smart phone based cost effective home appliance control
system with power consumption monitoring and integrated surveillance features can
make the system more effective and popular. Use of IoT platform for the system
development can drastically reduce the system development time

IoT-based home automation with surveillance and security features makes your home
smarter, safer, and more convenient. You can control devices remotely, monitor your
home's safety, and save energy efficiently

FUTURE SCOPE:

IoT-based home automation with surveillance systems is expected to advance

significantly. These systems will improve security by recognizing faces and reducing
false alarms. They will connect with other home devices for better coordination, learn
to predict unusual activities, and save energy by adjusting usage based on occupancy.
With enhanced mobile apps, homeowners will have more control, making homes
smarter and safer overall.

75
 CHAPTER-9

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Sivanagaraju, S. and Sreenivasan, G. "Load frequency Control - II". Power

System Operation And Control. Chennai, India

[2] Criteria for economically efficient electricity wholesale markets - Criteria for
economically efficient wholesale markets

[3] Independent Energy collapses with customers still owing £119m in bills - The
Independent

[4] "10 Jan 2008 Grid project lets consumer handle electricity use - United States".
IBM. 2008-01-10. Retrieved 2012-02-02.

[5] "Let there be light". The Telegraph. 26 April 2009.

[6] Energy crisis from Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ energy_ crisis

[7] http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-solutions-tothe-global-
energy-crisis.php

[8] WIFI Based Wireless Load-Shedding Management System for Non Emergency
Condition by Patil P T1,Dattatraya raut2, Sagar Sutar3, Sandesh Narute4 from
International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research

[9] WIFI Based Power Management by Kaukab Naz, Shahida Khatoon, and Ibraheem

76