Claudius Ptolemy ( Greece, 90-168). a study of refraction, including atmospheric refraction.

It was suggested that the angle of refraction is proportional to the angle of incidence. Mo zi (China, born in 486BC~476BC, died in 420BC~390BC roughly) a great ideologist and politician and nature scientist Described the basic optical knowledge, including the definition and creating of vision, propagation of light in straight line, pinhole imaging, the relationship between object and image in plane mirror, convex mirror and concave mirror.

Alhazen ( Arabia, 965-1039) In his investigations, he used spherical and parabolic mirrors and was aware of spherical aberration. He also investigated the magnification produced by lenses and atmospheric refraction.

Euclid ( Greece, 330BC-275BC) In his Optica he noted that light travels in straight lines and described the law of reflection. Optica : beginning of geometrical optics: "things seen under a greater angle appear greater, and those under a lesser angle less, while those under equal angles appear equal . Hero (also known as Heron) of Alexandria. In his Catoptrica, Hero showed by a geometrical method that the actual path taken by a ray of light reflected from a plane mirror is shorter than any other reflected path that might be drawn between the source and point of observation.

Roger Bacon ( England, 1214-1292). He considered that the speed of light is finite and that it is propagated through a medium in a manner analogous to the propagation of sound. Opus Maius- described his studies of the magnification of small objects using convex lenses and suggested that they could find application in the correction of defective eyesight. He attributed the phenomenon of the rainbow to the reflection of sunlight from individual raindrops.

Leonardo da Vinci ( Italy, 1452 - 1519) He expatiated on physiological optics about human eye.

Rene Descartes (French, 1596-1650) Published Snell's work in 1637 in his La Dioptrique . Descartes determine the angle of refraction and demonstrated the sine law of optical refraction which Willebrord Snell had previously derived. Independently finds Snell s law, finds the angle of the rainbow (42o)

Johannes Kepler ( Germany,1571-1630) Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena - suggested that the intensity of light from a point source varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source, that light can be propagated over an unlimited distance and that the speed of propagation is infinite. He explained vision as a consequence of the formation of an image on the retina by the lens in the eye and correctly described the causes of long-sightedness and short-sightedness. In his Dioptrice, Kepler presented an explanation of the principles involved in the convergent/divergent lens microscopes and telescopes.He discovered total internal reflection, but was unable to find a satisfactory relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.

Francesco Maria Grimaldi ( Italy,1618 - 1663) In his Physico-Mathesis de lumine, coloribus et iride, published in 1655 - Grimaldi concluded that light is a fluid that exhibits wave-like motion.

Robert Hooke ( England,1635 - 1703) Willebrord van Roijen Snell ( Netherlands ,1580-1626) Discovered the law of refraction in 1621, but he did not publish it.From his observations, however, Snell defined the index of refraction as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. This relationship is known as Snell's law. Micrographia(1655) - Hooke described his observations with a compound microscope having a converging objective lens and a converging eye lens. In the same book, he described his observations of the colours produced in flakes of mica, soap bubbles and films of oil on water. Hooke advocated a wave theory for the propagation of light.

composed of waves, Young reasoned that some type of interaction would occur when two light waves met.

Isaac Newton ( England, 1642 - 1727) He discovered the splitting up of white light into its component colours when it is passed through a prism. (1666) Newton constructed the first reflecting telescope.(1668)

Etienne Louis Malus (France, 1755 - 1812). Light can be polarized by reflection.

His adherence to a particle nature of light was based primarily on the presumption that light travels in straight lines whereas waves can bend into the region of shadow.

David Brewster (Scotland ,1781-1868) In 1814, Brewster showed that there was a relationship between the angle of incidence at which the light ray reflected from an interface is completely plane polarized: the index of refraction was equal to the tangent of the angle.

Christiaan Huygens ( Netherlands, 1629-1695) In his Traite de Lumiere in 1690, Huygens propounded his wave theory of light - He considered that light is transmitted through an all-pervading aether that is made up of small elastic particles, each of which can act as a secondary source of wavelets. Huygens explained many of the known propagation characteristics of light.

Dominique Francois Jean Arago (France,1786-1853) Transverse theory of light waves - two beams of light polarized in perpendicular directions do not interfere (1811) (together with Augustin-Jean Fresnel)

Thomas Young (England, 1773 - 1829). Performed an experiment that strongly infered the wave nature of light in1801. Because he believed that light was

young theory

Augustin Jean Fresnel (France,1788-1827) As a result of investigations by Fresnel and Arago on the interference of polarized light and their subsequent interpretation by Thomas Young, it was concluded that light waves are transverse and not, as had been previously thought, longitudinal. (1816) In 1817, the French Academy of Sciences decided to offer a prize for the best essay covering the wave theory of light. In 1819, Fresnel (one of two entries) wins the prize with a stunning 135-page comprehensive treatment of the wave theory of light, refuting completely the particle theory of light.

In 1915 Einstein published the general theory of relativity which predicted the bending of rays of light passing through a gravitational field. In 1916 Einstein offered stimulation theory of light that the stimulated emission of light is a process that should occur in addition to absorption and spontaneous emission, it was the first conceive of 'laser'. The development of modern optics Michelson (America,1852-1931) - carried out his last and most accurate experiment to determine the velocity of light. Walter Geffcken (Germany, 1872-1950)- described the transmission interference filter. Dennis Gabor (Hungary, 1900-1979) - described the principles of wavefront reconstruction, later to become known as holography. Arthur L Schawlow (America,1921-1999) and Charles H Townes (America,1915-) - published a paper entitled "Infrared and Optical Masers" in which it was proposed that the maser principle could be extended to the visible region of the spectrum to give rise to what later became known as a 'laser'. KOREAN TERMS si hour ,e-at ,keurigo and Wi ON , Are under , yeoph next to oreunjjok right side , wenjjok left side . jjok side aph- infront of , dwi- behind , yeogi here , jeoki over there , keogi over there , mith- under yo and eoyo

James Clerk Maxwell (Scotland, 1831-1879) In 1865 from his studies of the equations describing electric and magnetic fields, it was found that the speed of an electromagnetic wave should, within experimental error, be the same as the speed of light. Light is a form of electromagnetic wave.

Albert Einstein (Germany, 1879-1955) In 1905, Einstein published the special theory of relativity the speed of light remains constant for all observers independent of their relative velocities. At the same year, he explained the photoelectric effect on the basis that light is quantized, the quanta subsequently becoming known as photons. The theory of light quanta was a strong indication of wave-particle duality, the concept that physical systems can display both wave-like and particle-like properties.