Chapter 4

THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS

Reading: Chapter 12, 13

Textbook: Fundamental of Electric
Circuits Textbook

Alexander-Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Chapter 12
Three-Phase Circuit

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

12.1 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?

12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages
12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection
12.4 Power in a Balanced System
12.5 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems
12.6 Application – Residential Wiring

12.1 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?

It is a system produced by a generator consisting of
three sources having the same amplitude and
frequency but out of phase with each other by 120°.

Three sources
with 120° out
of phase
Four wired
system

4
12.1 What is a Three-Phase Circuit?
Advantages:
1. Most of the electric power is generated and
distributed in three-phase.
2. The instantaneous power in a three-phase
system can be constant.
3. The amount of power, the three-phase system is
more economical that the single-phase.
4. In fact, the amount of wire required for a three-
phase system is less than that required for an
equivalent single-phase system.

12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages

 A three-phase generator consists of a rotating
magnet (rotor) surrounded by a stationary
winding (stator).

A three-phase generator The generated voltages

6
12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages
 Two possible configurations:

Three-phase voltage sources: (a) Y-connected ; (b) Δ-connected

12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages

 Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and

are out of phase with each other by 120°.

 The phase sequence is the time order in which the

voltages pass through their respective maximum values.

 A balanced load is one in which the phase

impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase

8
12.2 Balance Three-Phase Voltages

Example 1

Determine the phase sequence of the set of

voltages.

van  200 cos(t  10)

vbn  200 cos(t  230)
vcn  200 cos(t  110)

Example 1 (Solution)

The voltages can be expressed in phasor form as

Van  20010 V
Vbn  200  230 V
Vcn  200  110 V

We notice that Van leads Vcn by 120° and Vcn in turn

leads Vbn by 120°.
Hence, we have an acb sequence.

10
12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection
 Four possible connections

1. Y-Y connection (Y-connected source with a

Y-connected load)

2. Y-Δ connection (Y-connected source with a

Δ-connected load)

3. Δ-Δ connection

4. Δ-Y connection

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12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection

• A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase
system with a balanced y-connected source and a
balanced y-connected load.

VL  3V p , where
V p  Van  Vbn  Vcn
VL  Vab  Vbc  Vca

12
12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection
Example 1
Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y
system shown below:

Ans
I a  6.81  21.8 A
Ib  6.81  141.8 A
Ic  6.8198.2 A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 13

Example 1 (Solution)

14
12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection
• A balanced Y-Δ system is a three-phase system
with a balanced y-connected source and a
balanced Δ-connected load.

I L  3I p , where
I L  I a  Ib  I c
I p  I AB  I BC  ICA

15

12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection

Example 2
A balanced abc-sequence Y-connected source with
( Van  10010 ) is connected to a Δ-connected load (8+j4) per
phase. Calculate the phase and line currents.

Solution:
Using single-phase analysis,

Van 10010
Ia    33.54  16.57 A
Z / 3 2.98126.57

Other line currents are obtained using the abc phase sequence

16
12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection
• A balanced Δ-Δ system is a three-phase system
with a balanced Δ -connected source and a
balanced Δ -connected load.

17

12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection

Example 3
A balanced Δ-connected load having an impedance 20-j15  is
connected to a Δ-connected positive-sequence generator having
(Vab  3300 V). Calculate the phase currents of the load and
the line currents.

Solution:

The phase currents

I AB  13.236.87 A; I BC  13.2  81.13 A; I AB  13.2156.87 A

The line currents

I a  22.866.87 A; Ib  22.86  113.13 A; I c  22.86126.87 A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 18

 12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection

• A balanced Δ-Y system is a three-phase system with a

balanced y-connected source and a balanced y-connected
load.

19

12.3 Balance Three-Phase Connection

Example 4
A balanced Y-connected load with a phase impedance 40+j25  is
supplied by a balanced, positive-sequence Δ-connected source
with a line voltage of 210V. Calculate the phase currents. Use Vab
as reference.

Answer:

The phase currents I AN  2.57  62 A;

I BN  2.57178 A;
ICN  2.5758 A;

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 20

12.4 Power in a Balanced System

21

12.4 Power in a Balanced System

22
12.4 Power in a Balanced System

23

12.4 Power in a Balanced System

24
12.4 Power in a Balanced System
• Comparing the power loss in (a) a single-phase system,
and (b) a three-phase system

PL2 PL2
P'loss  2R , single - phase P'loss  R' , three - phase
VL2 VL2

• If same power loss is tolerated in both system, three-phase

system use only 75% of materials of a single-phase system
25

12.4 Power in a Balanced System

26
12.4 Power in a Balanced System

27

12.5 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems

• An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage
sources or an unbalanced load.

VAN V V
Ia  , Ib  BN , I c  CN ,
ZA ZB ZC

I n  ( I a  I b  I c )

• To calculate power in an unbalanced three-phase system

requires that we find the power in each phase.
• The total power is not simply three times the power in one phase
but the sum of the powers in the three phases. 28
12.5 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems

Example 1

29

Example 1 (Solution)

30
12.5 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems
Example 2

31

Example 2 (Solution)

32
 12.5 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems
Example 3
Determine the total average power, reactive power,
and complex power at the source and at the load

Ans:
At the source:
Ss = -(2087 + j834.6) VA
Pa = -2087W
Pr = -834.6VAR

At the load:
SL = (1392 + j1113) VA
Pa = 1392W
Pr = 1113VAR
*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 33

12.6 Application – Residential Wiring

A 120/240 household power system

34
12.6 Application – Residential Wiring

Single-phase three-wire residential wiring

35

12.6 Application – Residential Wiring

A typical wiring diagram of a room

36
 37

Exercise 1

38
Exercise 2

39

Exercise 3

40
Exercise 4

41

Exercise 5

42
Exercise 6

43

Alexander-Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Chapter 13
Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITS

13.1 What is a transformer?

13.2 Mutual Inductance
13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
13.4 Linear Transformers
13.5 Ideal Transformers
13.6 Applications

45

13.1 What is a transformer?

 It is an electrical device designed on the basis of

the concept of magnetic coupling
 It uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer
energy from one circuit to another
 It is the key circuit elements for stepping up or
stepping down ac voltages or currents,
impedance matching, isolation, etc.

46
13.2 Mutual Inductance
 It is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across
a neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).

di1 di2
v2  M 21 v1  M12
dt dt
The open-circuit mutual The open-circuit mutual
voltage across coil 2 voltage across coil 1
47

13.2 Mutual Inductance

 If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the

reference polarity of the mutual voltage in the second
coil is positive at the dotted terminal of the second coil.

Illustration of the dot convention.

48
13.2 Mutual Inductance
Dot convention for coils in series; the sign indicates the
polarity of the mutual voltage; (a) series-aiding
connection, (b) series-opposing connection.

L  L1  L2  2M L  L1  L2  2M
(series - aiding connection) (Series-opposing connection)

49

13.2 Mutual Inductance

50
 13.2 Mutual Inductance

Time-domain analysis
of a circuit containing
coupled coils.

Frequency-domain
analysis of a circuit
containing coupled
coils

51

13.2 Mutual Inductance

Example 1

Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit

shown below.

Ans: I1  13.01  49.39A; I 2  2.9114.04A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 52

Example 1 (Solution)

53

13.2 Mutual Inductance

Example 2

54
Example 2 (Solution)

55

13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit

 The coupling coefficient, k, is a measure of the
magnetic coupling between two coils; 0≤k≤1.

M  k L1L2

• The instantaneous energy stored in the circuit is

given by

1 2 1 2
w L1i1  L2i2  MI1I 2
2 2
56
 13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
Example 1
Consider the circuit below. Determine the coupling coefficient.
Calculate the energy stored in the coupled inductors at time
t = 1s if v=60cos(4t +30°) V.

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook Ans: k=0.56; w(1)=20.73J

57

Example 1 (Solution)

58
Example 1 (Solution)

59

13.4 Linear Transformer

 It is generally a four-terminal device comprising tow (or
more) magnetically coupled coils

V  2M 2
Zin   R1  jL1  Z R , ZR  is reflected impedance
I1 R2  jL2  Z L

60
13.4 Linear Transformer
Example 1

61

Example 1 (Solution)

62
13.4 Linear Transformer
Example 2

63

Example 2 (Solution)

64
13.4 Linear Transformer
Example 3

65

13.4 Linear Transformer

66
 13.5 Ideal Transformer
 An ideal transformer is a unity-coupled, lossless
transformer in which the primary and secondary coils
have infinite self-inductances.

V2 N 2 I 2 N1 1
 n  
V1 N1 I1 N 2 n

V2>V1→ step-up transformer

(a) Ideal Transformer V2<V1→ step-down transformer
(b) Circuit symbol

67

13.5 Ideal Transformer

Example 1

An ideal transformer is rated at 2400/120V, 9.6 kVA, and

has 50 turns on the secondary side.
Calculate:
(a) the turns ratio,
(b) the number of turns on the primary side, and
(c) the current ratings for the primary and secondary
windings.

Ans:
(a) This is a step-down transformer, n=0.05
(b) N1 = 1000 turns
(c) I1 = 4A and I2 = 80A

*Refer to in-class illustration, textbook 68

Example 1 (Solution)

69

13.6 Applications
 Transformer as an Isolation Device to isolate ac supply
from a rectifier

70
 13.6 Applications
 Transformer as an Isolation Device to isolate dc between
two amplifier stages.

71

13.6 Applications

 Transformer as a Matching Device

Using an ideal transformer to match the

speaker to the amplifier
Equivalent circuit

72
 13.6 Applications

 A typical power distribution system

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Exercise 1

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Exercise 2

75

Exercise 3

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Exercise 4

77