GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. Bacterial Cell Wall; Structure and function (2005, 2007, 2013)

2. Define carriers of infection. Explain the different types of carriers with
suitable examples (2005)
3. Bacteriophages (2005)
4. Bacterial growth curve (2006, 2008)
5. Bacterial conjugation (2006, 2007, 2010,2011, 2012)
6. Replication of viruses (2006, 2007, 2009, 2011)
7. Contribution of Louis Pastuer to Microbiology (2006, 2007)
8. Bacterial Capsule (2006, 2010, 2014)
9. Contribution of Robert Koch to Microbiology (2007, 2009, 2018)
10. Write a note on Koch’s postulates (2013)
11. Inclusion bodies (2007, 2008 x2, 2010)
12. Lysogenic conversion (2008)
13. Structure, arrangement and diagnostic importance of bacterial spores.
(2009)
14. Ova/Larvae in stool (2010, 2012 x2, 2013, 2017)
15. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (2011)
16. Structure, Function, Importance; bacterial flagella (2011, 2012)
17. Concentration methods of stool examination. (2011)
18. Bacterial Gene Transfer (2012)
19. Enumerate the types of Microscopes used in diagnostic microbiology and
describe dark ground microscopy. (2012)
20. Describe the methods of transmission of infection. (2012)
21. Life cycle of Bacteriophages (2012)
22. Bacterial Plasmids (2012, 2018)
23. Gram negative cell wall (2012)
24. Coagulase Test. (2016)
25. Interferons (2016)
26. Selective culture media (2017)
27. Utility of Enriched Culture Media (2018)
28. Viral vaccines (2017)
29. Bacterial vaccines (2018)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Viral vaccines (2021)
2. Urine culture (2021)
3. Contribution of Robert Koch (2021 x2)
4. Koch’s postulates (2022)
5. Bacterial Virulence (2021 x2)
6. Blood culture (2021)
7. Parasitic Ova in Stool (2021 x2)
 8. Bacterial growth Curve (2022)
9. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (ABST) methods. (2022)
10. Anaerobic culture methods (2022)

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Discuss the general properties of Viruses (2006, 2009, 2018)

2. Structure and functions of bacterial cell wall (2008)
+ Importance of bacterial cell wall (2018)
3. Classify culture media. Describe the culture media emphasising their uses in
laboratory diagnosis of bacterial infectious diseases. (2009)
4. Describe methods of Gene transfer in bacteria.(2010)

LAQs (12 marks)

1. Name the various methods of horizontal gene transfer. Describe the role of
conjugation in Antimicrobial Resistance. (2022)

IMMUNOLOGY

SHORT NOTES (4 marks)

1. ELISA (2005, 2008 x2, 2009, 2010)
2. Active immunity (2006, 2007)
3. Type III Hypersensitivity (2006)
4. Immunoglobulin A (2007, 2017)
5. Discuss the Structure, Properties & Functions of Immunoglobulin M (2007,
2011, 2013, 2016, 2018)
6. Innate Immunity (2008, 2010)
7. Antigens (2009)
8. Precipitation reactions used in Serological diagnosis (2010)
9. Define various types of transplants available. Give a brief account of
Allograft reaction. (2011)
10. Classical pathway of complement activation (2012)
11. Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity (2012)
12. Mediators of Anaphylaxis (2012)
13. Null cells. (2014)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Differences between Active and Passive Immunity (2022)
2. IgM (2022)
 3. Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions (2022)
4. Transplant immunity (2022)
5. ELISA (2022)

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Classify Hypersensitivity.
+ Describe Type I Hypersensitivity. (2005, 2017)
+ Describe Type III Hypersensitivity. (2010)
+ Clinical significance of each type in relation to human disease (2011, 2014)
2. Enumerate the Serological reactions. (2006, 2007, 2009, 2018)
+ Discuss the Precipitation reactions used in diagnostic microbiology.(2006,
2007)
+ Write an essay on Agglutination reactions used in Laboratory diagnosis of
infectious diseases. (2018)
3. Discuss the principle and application of labelled serological reaction (2007)
4. Discuss the Structure, Properties & Functions of Immunoglobulin M (2006,
2010)
5. Classify Immunity. Describe Innate Immunity (2008, 2011, 2016)
6. Types, properties and structure of Antigens. Add a note on heterophile
antigens and their importance in laboratory diagnosis. (2009)
7. Classify Autoimmune diseases with suitable examples. Describe
mechanisms of autoimmunity (2018)

LAQs (12 marks)

1. Define Immunoglobulins. Describe the structure and function of the five

classes of Immunoglobulins. (2021 x2)
2. Define Autoimmunity. Classify autoimmune diseases and explain various
mechanisms involved in development of autoimmunity with suitable
examples. (2022)

HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. Autoclave (2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010 x2)

2. Hot air oven (2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016)
3. Sterilisation using;
Irradiation (2009)
Aldehydes (2012)
Gases (2014)
4. Importance of Nosocomial Infections (2010)
 5. Classify the various types of Hospital Waste. Write a note on Hospital waste
Management. (2011)
6. Disinfectants (2012)
7. Write briefly on Universal Safety Precautions. (2013)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Antimicrobial Stewardship (2021 x2)
2. Hospital Infection Control (2021)
3. Hand hygiene (2021 x2)
4. Autoclave (2021 x2, 2022)
5. Standard precautions for infection control in healthcare. (2021)
6.

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Hospital Acquired Infections (2012)

2. Enumerates methods of sterilisation.
+ Describe methods of Moist heat sterilisation. (2017)
+ Describe methods of Dry heat sterilisation (2018)

LAQs (12 marks)

__________

BLOODSTREAM AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

INFECTIONS

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. Lab Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis/kala azar (2005)

2. Leptospira causing human infections (2006, 2017)
3. Human Leptospirosis (2018)
4. Morphology and Life cycle of P. falciparum (2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017)
5. Candida albicans (2006 x2, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017)
6. Widal’s Test (2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012)
7. Leishman-Donovan Bodies (2006)
8. Microfilaria of W. bancrofti (2006, 2009, 2012, 2016)
9. Lab diagnosis of P. falciparum (2007)
10. Dengue Virus (2007, 2010)
+ DHF (2012)
11. Lab diagnosis of HIV (2010)
12. Life cycle of P.vivax (2010)
 13. Leptospirosis (2011)
14. Opportunistic systemic mycoses (2011)
15. Strategies for HIV testing (2012)
16. Lab diagnosis of Malaria. (2018)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Lab diagnosis of HIV/AIDS infection (2021 x3)
2. Lab diagnosis of Enteric Fever (2021, 2022)
3. Lab diagnosis of Fever of Unknown Origin (2021)
4. Lab diagnosis of Leptospira (2021)
5. Lab diagnosis of Viral Leishmaniasis (2021)
6. Bloodborne pathogens (2021)
7. Viral Hemorrhagic fever (2021)
8. Microfilaria (2021)
9. A 29 year old HIV infected male patient presents to the clinic with a history of
high grade fever and altered mental status. On examination his blood
pressure was found as 90/60 mm Hg and respiratory rate increased to 28 per
minute. Blood culture yielded creamy white colonies which on gram stain
revealed gram positive oval budding yeast cells with pseudohyphae..
A] What is the most probable diagnosis?
B] Mention the infections produced by this aetiological agent.
C] Describe the lab diagnosis of this pathogen.

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Enumerate 4 parasites found in peripheral smear. Describe the

morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of Plasmodium
falciparum. (2005, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013)
2. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of HIV.
(2005, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2013)
+ Add a note on preventative measures taken against the virus. (2016).
+Describe pathogenesis and Lab diagnosis of AIDS. (2013)
3. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of S.typhi
(2006, 2008, 2009, 2010)
+ Cultural characteristics (2014)
4. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of P. vivax
(2006, 2008 x2, 2011)
+ Enumerate blood parasites (2013)
5. Describe the morphology,life cycle, pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of
kala azar (2009, 2016) Describe the pathogenicity and Laboratory
diagnosis of Leishmania donovani (2009, 2010)
+ Life cycle (2017)
6. Describe the pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of W.bancrofti (2010)
7. Enumerate tissue nematodes. Describe life cycle, pathogenicity and lab
diagnosis of Lymphatic filariasis. (2018)
 8. Define and enumerate causes of PUO. Describe the lab diagnosis of PUO
(2011)
+ Etiopathogenesis (2012)

LAQs (12 marks)

1. A young male resident of a marshy area came to OPD with complaints of
high grade fever, severe back and joint pain and myalgia. On examination
jaundice, hepatomegaly and petechial rashes were also observed. Low
platelet count recorded.
A] What is clinical diagnosis?
B] How is disease transmitted?
C] What is pathogenesis and clinical presentation of this condition?
D] Write the laboratory diagnosis of this condition. (2021)

2. An old lady from Mumbai suburban area presented with fever, chills, and rigor
for a duration of 5 days. Patient had an episode of convulsion also. Anaemia
and splenomegaly were present. On peripheral blood smear examination
multiple ring forms and crescent shaped gametocytes inside RBCs was
observed.
A] What is the etiological agent in the above clinical condition?
B] Describe briefly the life cycle of etiological agent.
C] Write the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and complications
produced.
D] Write the laboratory diagnosis of it. (2021)

3. A 54 year old male presented with fever, chills, rigor for a duration of 4 days.
The patient developed convulsions prior to admission. He was started on
ceftriaxone by a private medical practitioner, but it did not improve. On
physical examination muscle tone and tendon reflexes were reduced.
Anaemia and splenomegaly were present. The blood sample was collected
for CBC and peripheral blood smear examination, which revealed Anaemia
and erythrocytes with 3 or 4 ring forms..
A] What is the most probable clinical diagnosis?
B] Draw the different forms of this aetiological agent.
C] Describe the life cycle of this pathogen.
D] Discuss the pathogenicity and life threatening complications of this
pathogen. (2022)

GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. Giardia intestinalis/lamblia (2005, 2007 x2, 2009 x2, 2013)

2. Vibrio cholera toxin (2009)
3. Lab diagnosis of amoebiasis (2011)
 4. Life cycle of T.trichiura (2013)
5. Life cycle of Taenia solium. (2013)
6. Pathogenicity and Lab diagnosis of round worm. (2013)
7. Diarrhoea producing E.coli. (2017)
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (2013)
ETEC (2018)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Microbiome (2021 x2)
2. Diarrheagenic E.coli (2021, 2022)
3. Life cycle and Laboratory diagnosis of Giardia Lamblia (2021)
4. Draw and label:
Fertilised egg of Ascaris lumbricoides, Fertilised decorticated egg of
Ascaris lumbricoides and Unfertilised egg of Ascaris lumbricoides.
Add a note on Ectopic Ascaris/ surgical complications of Ascaris
lumbricoides. (2021)
5. Rota virus (2021)
6. Non Typhoidal Salmonella (2021)
7. A young girl had a history of epigastric pain, nausea, diarrhoea and urticarial
rash on lower limbs. Stool examination showed Motile larvae.
Identify aetiological agent and describe the life cycle. (2021)
8. Draw and label the eggs/Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides. Describe the life
cycle and pathogenicity of Ascaris lumbricoides. (2022)
9. Classify Vibrio. Describe the pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis of Vibrio
cholera. (2022)

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of Ascaris

lumbricoides/hookworm. (2005, 2007 x2, 2013)
+ Life Cycle (2008,2010, 2011, 2012)
2. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of
Entamoeba histolytica (2006, 2007)
+ Life cycle - morphology (2008)
3. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of Vibrio
cholerae. (2006, 2009)
4. Discuss the Morphology, Life cycle and Pathogenicity of Ancylostoma
duodenale (2006)
+ Lab diagnosis -morphology (2008, 2017)
+Lab diagnosis - Life cycle (2009)
5. Describe Significant Bacteriuria. Describe the pathogenicity and laboratory
diagnosis of Escherichia coli. (2007)
+ Morphology of E. coli (2018)
6. Enumerated agents causing diarrhoea.Lab diagnosis of Diarrhoea. (2012)
 7. Describe the morphology,Pathogenicity,& life cycle of Enterobius
vermicularis. (2012)
8. Enumerate Pathogenic parasites. Describe life cycle, pathogenicity and lab
diagnosis of amoebiasis. (2018)
9. Enumerate 2 parasites commonly entering the human host by skin
penetration. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory
diagnosis of any one of them. (2006)

LAQs (12 marks)

1. An adult male came to casualty with complaints of sudden episode of high

grade fever and acute pain in the right hypochondrium. He gave a history of
dysentery and jaundice for two months. He had tender hepatomegaly and
peritonitis. Pus aspirated from the liver was chocolate brown in colour.
Microscopy done showed Necrotic hepatocytes without pus cells.
A] Identify the clinical condition and most probable protozoal aetiological
agent.
B] Write the life cycle of this parasite.
C] Describe various diagnostic modalities.

2. A 6 year old boy developed severe watery diarrhoea and vomiting. The stool
sample received in the microbiology laboratory had rice water appearance.
A] Enumerate the aetiological agents causing diarrhoea.
B] what is the probable etiological diagnosis in this case?
C] Describe the pathogenesis of this condition.
D] Add a note on its laboratory diagnosis (2021 x3)
<repeated w/ a 4 year old boy>

HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM INFECTIONS

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. Hydatid cyst (2005, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2018)
2. Morphology of HBV (2008, 2009)
+ Antigenic diversity of HBV (2010, 2013)
+ Lab diagnosis (2011)
3. Enterically transmitted Hepatitis (2012)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Markers of Hepatitis B Virus (2021 x2)
2. Hydatid cyst (2021, 2022)
 3. Draw a neat labelled diagram of Hepatitis B virus. Describe the morphology
of the same (2021)
4. Amoebic Liver Abscess (2022)

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis

B virus. (2010)
+ Add a note on the preventative measures taken against HBV (2006)
+ Enumerate the viruses causing primary viral hepatitis in man. (2007)
+ Enumerate viruses infecting liver (2013)
+ Enumerate viruses causing hepatitis (2018)
2. Describe the morphology,life cycle, pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of
Echinococcus granulosus. (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016)
3. Name 4 parasites which cause liver disease in man. Describe the
morphology, pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of any one of them. (2018)\

LAQs (12 marks)

1. A 40 year old woman presented with loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting,

abdominal pain, and persistent fatigue for the past 12 days. She had received
multiple blood transfusions over the past 5 months. She had been passing
high coloured urine. She had elevated levels of serum bilirubin and liver
enzymes.

A] What is provisional clinical diagnosis?

B] Draw and label aetiological agent.
C] Enumerate the modes of transmission of this pathogen.
D] What laboratory test will you perform to confirm the diagnosis?
E] What are the preventative measures for this condition? (2022)

SKIN, SOFT TISSUE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

SYSTEM INFECTIONS

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. S.aureus toxins and virulence factors (2005, 2017)
2. Dermatophytes (2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2018 x2)
Lab Diagnosis of Dermatophytes. (2013)
3. Nagler’s reaction (2008 x2, 2009, 2010, 2016)
4. Eumycotic Mycetoma (2010)
 5. Larva Migrans (2011, 2016, 2018)
6. Lab Diagnosis of Streptococcal infections (2018)
7. Mycetoma (2016)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Dermatophytes (2021 x2)
2. Larva Migrans (2021 x3)
3. Lab diagnosis of Gas gangrene (2021)
4. Superficial fungal infections (2022)
5. In a roadside accident there was gross injury to muscles with multiple
fractures. On admission there is blackening of the injured site with foul
smelling discharge. On palpation the surgeon feels crepitus, BP of the patient
is 80/70 mm Hg.
A] What is the probable organism in this case?
B] Describe the laboratory diagnosis, treatment and Prophylaxis for this.
(2022)

6. Classify Herpes virus. Describe mode of transmission, pathogenicity and

Laboratory diagnosis of Varicella zoster virus. (2022)

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Enumerate 4 bacteria which commonly cause wound infections. Describe
the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of any one of them.
Add a note on preventative measures taken against wound infections caused
by anaerobic bacteria. (2006)
2. Classify streptococci. Describe the Pathogenicity and Lab diagnosis of S.
pyogenes (2006, 2008, 2016)
3. Describe the morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenesis & lab
diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus (2007, 2010)
4. Describe the morphology, pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of Herpes virus.
(2008, 2009) + Classify Herpes viruses. Describe the pathogenicity
of HSV. (2010, 2017, 2018) + Enumerate the types of herpes viruses.
Describe Type I Herpes infection. (2013)
5. Describe the morphology, cultural characteristics and Lab diagnosis of
Dermatophytes. (2012) + What is Dermatophytosis?
Mention various clinical types and laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis.
(2013)
6. Describe the pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium welchii
(2012)

LAQs (12 marks)

______
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. Mantoux test (2009 x2)

2. Atypical mycobacteria (2011)
3. Antigenic variation in influenza virus (2011)
Antigenic Drift and Shift in Influenza Virus (2016, 2018 x2)
4. Occult Filariasis (2013)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Lab diagnosis of COVID-19 (2021 x2)

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Enumerate the Mycobacterium infecting man. Describe the

morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. (2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 x2)
2. Name 4 bacteria commonly involved in LRTIs. Discuss the laboratory
diagnosis of M.tuberculosis with reference to collection of specimen,
processing observations and interpretations. (2017, 2018)
3. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (2008)
4. Differentiate between S.pneumoniae & S.viridans in tabulated form.
Describe the laboratory of pneumococcal infections. (2012)
5. Enumerate the differences between orthomyxoviruses and para
orthomyxoviruses. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory
diagnosis of Influenza virus. (2011, 2012 x 2)
6. Enumerate 4 bacteria causing sore throat. Describe Lab diagnosis and
prophylaxis of Diphtheria. (2013)
7. A 35 year old male presents with a history of cough for more than 3 weeks
accompanied with loss of weight, excessive sweating at night and low grade
fever.
Name most likely bacterium to cause these symptoms
Write on its Laboratory diagnostic approach. (2013)

LAQs (12 marks)

 1. Enumerate the aetiological agents causing LRTIs

A 18 years old male was admitted to hospital with complaints of low grade
fever, loss of weight and appetite with cough & expectoration for the last 4
weeks. The sputum sent to the microbiology lab revealed long and slender
beaded AFBs.
A] What is your provisional diagnosis?
B] Describe Pathogenesis of this condition and Laboratory diagnosis in detail
C] Add a note on drug resistance of this etiological agent. (2021 x2)
<there is another question in one of the next papers with the only difference
being its a 24 year old male rather than an 18 year old male so I'm not writing
that>

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. Toxoplasma gondii (2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2018) + life cycle (2008)
2. Immunoprophylaxis of poliomyelitis (2006, 2008, 2009)
3. Cryptococcus neoformans (2011, 2013)
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Oral Polio Vaccine and Killed Polio
Vaccine. (2013)
5. Immunoprophylaxis for rabies. (2013, 2018)
6. Tetanospasmin (2018)
7. Cystericerus (2006)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Anti Rabies Vaccine (2021)

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Describe the pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis

(2011)
+ Enumerate various microbiological agents causing meningitis (2012)
2. 25 y/o man brought in medical OPD for fever, headache, vomiting for 24
hours duration & difficulty in arousing for 5 hour.
Physical Examination revealed Neck rigidity, on lumbar puncture, CSF
pressure was increased, CSF was turbid and with increased CSF protein and
decreased CSF sugar.
A] what is the clinical diagnosis
 B] ENumerate etiological agents for the above
C] discuss microbiological diagnosis of this country (2012)
3. Describe the morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of Influenza
virus (2012)
4. Describe the Morphology, Pathogenicity, Lab diagnosis of Toxoplasma
gondii. (2012)
5. Enumerate parasites causing CNS infection. Describe the life cycle and Lab
diagnosis of any one of them. (2013)
6. Enumerate causes of bacterial meningitis. Describe the pathogenesis and
lab diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis (2013)
7. Classify spore bearing anaerobic bacteria. Describe the pathogenesis and
laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by Clostridium tetani. (2014)

LAQs (12 marks)

1. Enumerate aetiological agents causing CNS infections

A 4 year old boy was brought to the emergency room by parents with
complaints of high grade fever, neck rigidity and altered sensorium for the last
3 days. Physical examination showed when neck is passively flexed, his legs
also get flexed (positive Brudzinski’s sign). The direct examination of the CSF
sample received in the microbiology laboratory showed Gram positive,
Lanceolate shaped diplococci.
A] What is a probable etiological agent in this case?
B] Describe the method to confirm the diagnosis in the laboratory.
C] Add a note on available vaccines to prevent the infection. (2021 x2)

UROGENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS

SHORT NOTES(4 marks)

1. Trichomonas vaginalis (2006, 2008 x2, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2018)
2. Serological tests for Syphilis (2007, 2010)
3. VDRL Test (2012, 2018)
+ Principles, Applications, Advantages, Limitations of VDRL (2014)
4. Significant Bacteriuria (2014, 2016)

SHORT NOTES (7 marks)

1. Standard tests for Syphilis (2021)
 2. Serodiagnosis of Syphilis (2021)

LONG ANSWERS(7 marks)

1. Enumerate 4 sexually transmitted bacterial diseases. Discuss the

morphology,pathogenicity and Laboratory diagnosis of Treponema
pallidum.(2005, 2009)
+ Enumerate the spirochetes infecting man (2007, 2016)
2. Enumerate bacteria causing UTIs.Discuss pathogenicity of E. coli. (2011)
3. Enumerate the causative organisms and discuss Lab diagnosis of UTIs
(2012)
4. Classify spirochetes. Discuss Lab diagnosis of syphilis (2012)

LAQs (12 marks)

_____________________

MISCELLANEOUS

1. Rights and responsibilities of microbiology laboratory with respect to confidentiality

of laboratory results. (2021 x2)