7/22/2020

Seminar 7:
SQL

Learning Objectives
In this lecture, you will learn
 SQL introduction
 SQL syntax

1
 7/22/2020

Database Fundamentals
• Database contains Database Tables, each
identified by a table name.
• Each Tables contains rows or records.
• Each record contains
columns/fields/attributes (these 3 terms refer
to the same thing).
• Every column has a name and contains data
of a specific type : string, integer, real(float)
and so on.

Relational Database management

systems (DBMS)
• A software package designed to define,
manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a
database
• Some popular ones are:
– DB2 and Informix Dynamic Server - IBM
– MySQL, Oracle and RDB – Oracle
– SQL Server and Access - Microsoft

2
 7/22/2020

Relational Data Model in DBMS

• RELATIONAL MODEL (RM) represents the database as a
collection of relations.
• A relation is nothing but a table of values.
• Every row in the table represents a collection of related data values.
• These rows in the table denote a real-world entity or relationship.
Conceptural Relation model
Database Tables
Physical Receipts

SQL Overview
• The standard language for relational database
management systems (RDBMS).
• RDBMS: A database management system that
manages data as a collection of tables in which all
relationships are represented by common values
in related tables.
• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
prescribes a standard SQL. The ANSI SQL is also
accepted by International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).

3
 7/22/2020

SQL Introduction
• Relatively easy to learn
• Several SQL dialects exist: DB2, MySQL,
MSSQL, Oracle, SQLite, etc.
• Specify syntax/semantics for data
definition and manipulation.
• Define data structures.
• Enable portability.
7

SQL Environment
• Catalog
– A set of schemas that constitute the description of a database
• Schema
– The structure that contains descriptions of objects created by user.
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
– Commands to create, alter, drop database objects like tables, indexes,
and views.
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– Commands to insert, update, delete, and retrieve database objects.
• Data Control Language (DCL)
– Commands to control and administer privileges.

4
 7/22/2020

When and how to use SQL?

• SQL query is to answer questions such as:
– How many inventories has profit margin of 30%?
– What are the products that cost below $50 and
above $20?
• Steps:
– Start with creating database structure.
– Create tables base on entities.
– Load data into database by using INSERT
statements
– Extract data by using SELECT statements.

SQL Data Definition Language

(DDL)
• CREATE SCHEMA  FOREIGN KEY
AUTHORIZATION
 DEFAULT
• CREATE TABLE
• CREATE INDEX  CHECK
• CREATE VIEW  DROP TABLE
• ALTER TABLE (AS)
• NOT NULL  DROP INDEX
• UNIQUE  DROP VIEW
• PRIMARY KEY

10

10

5
 7/22/2020

SQL Data Types

11

11

1. Creating Database
• The first step in creating database is to create a
structure for database -> Schema.
• The relevant physical files that will hold the
database will then be initialized together with
administrator rights.
• For Microsoft Access, creation of database is
straightforward. Other RDBMS requires SQL
commands like the following:
– CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION
CREATOR_NAME;

12

12

6
 7/22/2020

SQL Constraint
NOT NULL constraint
◦ Ensures that a column does not accept nulls

UNIQUE constraint
◦ Ensures that all values in a column are unique

DEFAULT constraint
◦ Assigns a value to an attribute when a new row is added to a table

CHECK constraint
◦ Validates data when an attribute value is entered

13

13

2. Creating Table Structures

• After database structure has been created, table structures need to
be defined.
• Definition of table structures include providing the CREATE TABLE
command plus NAME of table then (COLUMN_NAME
DATATYPE(LENGTH) CONSTRAINT, …) Constraint
• CREATE TABLE MANAGER (
MANAGER_CODE INTEGER NOT NULL UNIQUE,
NAME VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
Data types
PRIMARY KEY (MANAGER_CODE));

14

14

7
 7/22/2020

2. Creating Table
Structures with
Foreign Key
CREATE TABLE EXECUTIVE (
EXECUTIVE_CODE INTEGER
NOT NULL UNIQUE,
NAME VARCHAR(50) NOT
NULL,
MANAGER_CODE INTEGER,
For every manager, there
PRIMARY KEY will be many executives
(EXECUTIVE_CODE),
FOREIGN KEY Executive
(MANAGER_CODE) Manager

REFERENCES
PK Executive_Code
PK Manager_Code manages

MANAGER(MANAGER_CODE) Name
Name
); FK Manager_Code

For every executive, there will only be 1

manager

15

SQL Data Manipulation Language

(DML)

16

16

8
 7/22/2020

DML Operators and Functions

17

17

3. Insert Data to
Table

• Syntax:
– INSERT INTO
TABLE_NAME VALUES (X,
Y, Z);
• Example:
– INSERT INTO MANAGER
VALUES (1002, "Mary" ); Executive
Manager
• Missing value: PK Executive_Code
PK Manager_Code
– If null is allowed, add in the
manages

Name

missing value as NULL Name

FK Manager_Code

18

18

9
 7/22/2020

3. Insert Data to Table

• Syntax:
– INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME(COL_NAME,
COL2_NAME) VALUES (X, Y);
• Example:
– INSERT INTO MANAGER(MANAGER_CODE,
NAME) VALUES (1003, "Jenny");
• This is useful for insertion to specific fields, other
fields which are not specified may be optional for
insertion.

19

19

4. Querying Data
• Syntax:
– SELECT COLUMN_LIST FROM TABLE_NAME;
• Example:
– SELECT MANAGER_CODE, NAME FROM MANAGER;
• This will list out manager_code and name from
manager table.
• Equivalent SQL using * asterisk to denote list out all
fields.
– SELECT * FROM MANAGER;
• Select unique values.
– SELECT DISTINCT NAME FROM MANAGER;
20

20

10
 7/22/2020

Aggregate Functions for SQL

• COUNT
– SELECT COUNT(*) FROM MANAGER;
• MIN
– SELECT MIN(PORTFOLIO_VALUE) FROM MANAGER;
• MAX
– SELECT MAX(PORTFOLIO_VALUE) FROM MANAGER;
• SUM
– SELECT SUM(PORTFOLIO_VALUE) AS TOTAL_VALUE FROM
MANAGER;
• AVG
– SELECT AVG(PORTFOLIO_VALUE) FROM MANAGER;

21

21

Ordering the result

• ORDER BY
– SELECT NAME, PORTFOLIO_VALUE
FROM MANAGER
ORDER BY PORTFOLIO_VALUE;
• ORDER BY, DESC
– SELECT NAME, PORTFOLIO_VALUE
FROM MANAGER
ORDER BY PORTFOLIO_VALUE DESC;
22

22

11
 7/22/2020

WHERE clause
• WHERE condition
– SELECT NAME, PORTFOLIO_VALUE FROM MANAGER
WHERE PORTFOLIO_VALUE >= 50000
ORDER BY PORTFOLIO_VALUE;
• Boolean Operators to customize WHERE condition
– and, or, not
• Comparison Operators
– =. <, <=, >, >=, <> (not equal)
AS for giving alias
• Arithmetic Operators name to the result.
– +, -, *, /, ^ (to the power of)
– SELECT PORTFOLIO_VALUE, PORTFOLIO_VALUE * 1.3 AS USD_EQV
FROM MANAGER;

23

23

Other Operators
• BETWEEN SELECT * FROM MANAGER
– Look for values within a range WHERE PORTFOLIO_VALUE BETWEEN 30000 AND 50000;
• IS NULL
– Check if an attribute value is null
• LIKE SELECT * FROM MANAGER
– Matching pattern with string WHERE NAME LIKE ‘Je%';

• EXISTS
– Check if the sql statement returns any result
• IN
– Check existence of value in a list of value

24

24

12
 7/22/2020

GROUP BY Statement
• GROUP BY clause is used to create frequency
distribution of data, grouping data into a few groups to
summarise the data.
• It is often used in conjunction with aggregate functions.
– SELECT COUNT(*),DEPARTMENT FROM MANAGER
GROUP BY DEPARTMENT;

25

25

HAVING + GROUP BY
• Having filters results after GROUP BY.
• It sets the condition with comparison operators and
displays only results that satisfies this condition
– SELECT COUNT(*),DEPARTMENT FROM MANAGER
GROUP BY DEPARTMENT
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 2;

26

26

13
 7/22/2020

Joining tables
Executive
Manager
PK Executive_Code
PK Manager_Code manages

Name
Name
FK Manager_Code

• SELECT * FROM MANAGER, EXECUTIVE

WHERE MANAGER.MANAGER_CODE =
EXECUTIVE.MANAGER_CODE;

27

27

Join clause
• SQL Join clause is used to combine records from
two or more tables.
• Join will combine the respective fields set within
JOIN requirements and match the values.
• INNER JOIN combines the results similar to AND
operation look for values common to both tables.
• OUTER JOIN keeps the non-matching results
when join is done.

28

28

14
 7/22/2020

Inner Join
Executive
Manager
PK Executive_Code
PK Manager_Code manages

Name
Name
FK Manager_Code

• SELECT * FROM MANAGER M INNER JOIN

EXECUTIVE E
on M.MANAGER_CODE = E.MANAGER_CODE;

29

29

SQL Outer Joins

• LEFT JOIN, left table records will be

shown even for non-matching results.
• RIGHT JOIN, right table records will be
shown even for non-matching results.
[Not supported by SQLite]
• FULL JOIN, join left and right tables all
records. [Not supported by SQLite]

30

30

15
 7/22/2020

Right join example

• SELECT * FROM MANAGER M RIGHT JOIN

EXECUTIVE E
on M.MANAGER_CODE = E.MANAGER_CODE;

31

31

Subqueries
• For nested selection, subquery can be used
to generate information. Runs the inner query
first, then apply outer queries on the inner
queries.

• SELECT NAME FROM MANAGER

WHERE PORTFOLIO_VALUE >= (
SELECT AVG(PORTFOLIO_VALUE) FROM
MANAGER);
32

32

16
 7/22/2020

IN Operator
• The IN operator allows multiple values to be specified to
match with the column name.
• SELECT NAME FROM MANAGER
WHERE MANAGER_CODE IN (1001, 1003);

• SELECT NAME FROM MANAGER

WHERE MANAGER_CODE IN (
SELECT MANAGER_CODE FROM EXECUTIVE);

33

33

You have learnt...

1. Overview of SQL.
2. SQL statements.

34

34

17