INDUSTRIAL

ARCHITECTURE
1750 - Present

“Man and New Technology”

CONTENTS

1. HISTORY
2. GEOGRAPHICAL
3. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
4. ARCHITECTS
5. STRUCTURES & LANDMARKS
 Industrial
Architecture
● Industrial revolution (1750-1850), vast economic and social
upheavals, stemming from mechanization and mass production,
required new building types for industry, commerce, and
transportation.
● Material innovations: cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, and
cheaper manufacturing of glass
 NEW BUILDING MATERIALS
● With the growing understanding of the uses for iron and the
introduction of steel in the mid-19th century, a whole new vocabulary
of buildings took shape
 NEW BUILDING
MATERIALS
● Cast iron, an essentially brittle material, approximately four
times as resistant to compression as stone
● Wrought iron, which is forty times as resistant to tension
and bending, only four times heavier. It can be formed and
molded into shape
● Glass, can be manufactured in larger sizes and volumes
● Solid structures could be replaced by skeleton structures,
making it possible to erect buildings of almost unrestricted
height
● Buildings could be constructed into any shape and in short
time
 POLITICAL SITUATION
● The Industrial Revolution started in the north of England with the
introduction of the new source of power –coal.
● The Causey Bridge (the first major civil engineering feat of the time)-
helped to supply London with coal for heating and train engines
 POLITICAL
SITUATION
● The other natural resource that was
exploited during this era was water .
● The steam engine was a major development
in train travel and watermills were used
more and more for the production of flour,
lumber, and metal.
● These innovations in England quickly took
form not just in Europe but also in the
expanding colonies throughout the world.
 POLITICAL SITUATION
● As coal power and later steam power began to drive factories and
mills:
○ people started moving from the country to the cities to find
work.
○ As the country villages emptied, the brick and stone masons,
carpenters and tradesmen moved with them to the growing
urban developments.
● Railways allowed for this migration
● A Virtual overnight change –social and economic fabric of the British
and international society.
POLITICAL SITUATION
 Phases of Industrial Architecture
● The industrial age can be divided into two parts:
a. Iron and steam phase (ca. 1750-1900)
-1850: The process of brick manufacturing
was revolutionized.
-Buildings were constructed using an iron
skeleton with a brick veneer instead of using
brick as a structural element.
a. Steel and electricity phase (ca. 1900-
present)
-1940: saw an advancements in plate-glass
manufacture that revolutionized the way
light was incorporated into the design of
buildings.
 COMPARISON

*Iron is simply a metal element that occurs naturally on Earth.

Steel is a man-made alloy that's made by mixing iron and carbon together

HISTORY
 COMPARISON
● A cast iron frame must use arched construction.
● The alternative, post-and-beam construction, is not feasible due to the
brittleness of cast iron. (The term "brittle" is equivalent to "lacking in tensile
strength)

HISTORY
 COMPARISON
● The familiar post-and-beam metal frames of today's architecture only
became possible with the mass-production of steel, which has
immense tensile strength.
● During the "steel and electricity phase" of the industrial age, steel
and Reinforced concrete became the predominant structural materials
of large-scale architecture.
● Reinforced concrete is simply concrete filled with reinforcing steel
bars ("rebars"), thus combining the tensile strength of steel with the
compressive strength of concrete

HISTORY
 IRONBRIDGE
OVER RIVER SEVERN, Great
Britain

● Referred to as the Birthplace of the

Industrial Revolution because of the“first
iron bridge ever constructed in the world”.
● The bridge was built by Abraham Darby III
to demonstrate the quality of the iron
produced by his grandfather's' process.
 IRONBRIDGE
OVER RIVER SEVERN, Great Britain

● The bridge changed the nature of the

surrounding country by bringing
prosperity to the region.
● The village of Ironbridge grew up
around the bridge and the gorge itself
became known as Iron bridge Gorge.
 IRONBRIDGE GORG
River Severn in Shropshire, Engl
 IRONBRIDGE
OVER RIVER SEVERN

● The bridge had been in a perilous state,

cracking due to stresses in the ironwork
dating from the original construction, ground
movement over the centuries, and an
earthquake at the end of the 19th century.
● English Heritage has now conserved and
cleaned the iron radials and braces holding
the bridge together, the deck plates and
wedges, the main iron arch, and the stone
abutments either side of the Severn.
 IRONBRIDGE GORGE
River Severn in Shropshire, England
IRONBRIDGE GORGE
River Severn in Shropshire, England
 GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMMANUEL II
Milan, Italy
● Designed by Giuseppe Mengoni.
● The most spectacular steel and glass
structure making large lit areas and green
house-like roofs which created covered
streets, just through the large triumphal arch
across from the cathedral.
● One of the world's oldest shopping malls,
housed within a four-story double arcade in
central Milan
GALLERIA VITTORIO EMMANUEL II
Milan, Italy
GALLERIA VITTORIO EMMANUEL II
Milan, Italy
GALLERIA VITTORIO EMMANUEL II
Milan, Italy
 CRYSTAL PALACE
● Designed by Joseph Paxton
● A cast-iron and plate-glass structure
originally built in Hyde Park, London, to
house the Great Exhibition of 1851.
● The exhibition took place more than 14,000
exhibitors from around the world gathered
in exhibition space to display examples of
technology developed in the Industrial
Revolution.
CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 CRYSTAL PALACE
● After the Great Exhibition, it was
disassembled (at great cost) and moved
from Hyde Park to an affluent South
London suburb, where it stayed until it
accidentally burned down in November
30, 1936.
● The glass itself didn’t burn, but inside
the Palace were tons of dry timber
flooring and various flammable
exhibitions, which burned like crazy
CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 EIFFEL TOWER
● A wrought-iron lattice tower on the
Champ de Mars in Paris,France.
● It is named after the engineer Gustave
Eiffel, along with architect Stephen
Sauvestre, whose company designed and
built the tower
● tallest structure in Paris
● The tower has three levels for visitors,
with restaurants on the first and second
levels
 GUSTAV EIFFEL
● was a French civil engineer.
● He is best known for the world-famous
Eiffel Tower , built for the 1889
Universal Exposition in Paris, and his
contribution to building the Statue of
Liberty in New York.
● After his retirement from engineering,
Eiffel focused on research into
meteorology and aerodynamics, making
significant contributions in both fields.
EIFFEL TOWER
Paris France
EIFFEL TOWER
Paris France
EIFFEL TOWER
Paris France
EIFFEL TOWER
Paris France
EIFFEL TOWER
Paris France
EIFFEL TOWER
Paris France
EIFFEL TOWER
Paris France
 Parisian artists petitioned against the
“monstrous” structure
“We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects, passionate lovers of the
beauty, until now intact, of Paris, hereby protest with all our might, with all
our indignation, in the name of French taste gone unrecognized, in the name
of French art and history under threat, against the construction, in the very
heart of our capital, of the useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower.”

The screed even said that the “gigantic black factory chimney” was so
loathed that “even commercial-minded America does not want” it.
EIFFEL TOWER
Paris France
Arts and Crafts
Movement
● (early 1900)
● movement for aesthetic and moral crusade
● escape from the Industrial World
● John Ruskin (1819-1900) and William Morris (1834-1896)
were the key figures
 ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT
● An international trend in the decorative and fine arts that began in
Britain and flourished in Europe and North America between about
1880 and 1920, emerging in Japan in the 1920s as the Mingei
movement.
● It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms, and often
used medieval, romantic, or folk styles of decoration.
● It advocated economic and social reform and was essentially anti-
industrial.
 ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT
● It was inspired by the ideas of architect Augustus Pugin,writer
John Ruskin, and designer William Morris

AUGUSTUS PUGIN JOHN RUSKIN WILLIAM MORRIS

 JOHN RUSKIN
● The leading English art critic of the
Victorian era, as well as an art patron,
draughtsman,watercolorist, a prominent
social thinker and philanthropist.
● He wrote on subjects as varied as
geology, architecture, myth, ornithology,
literature,education, botany and political
economy.
 WILLIAM MORRIS
● a British textile designer, poet,novelist,
translator, and socialistactivist associated
with the British Arts and Crafts Movement.
● He was a major contributor to the revival of
traditional British textile arts and methods
of production.
● His literary contributions helped to establish
the modern fantasy genre, while he played a
significant role propagating the early
socialist movement in Britain.