01. Write two (2) fundamental types of surveying measurements.

(3
marks)

Answer

The fundamental types of surveying measurements are:

 Linear measurement (1.5mark)

 Angular measurement (1.5mark)

Reference: LU1. Identify principles of surveying measurements,

LO1.1.Identify types of measurement, Curriculum level five, page 465,
year 2018. (Remembering)

02. Identify two (2) main types of errors in direct distance measurement.
(2marks)
Answer

The main types of errors in direct distance measurement are:

 Random or Compensating Errors (1mark)

 Systematic or Cumulative Errors (1mark)

Reference: LU1. Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO1.2

Identify sources of errors, Curriculum level five, page 467, year 2018.
(Remembering)

03. Outline the four (4) methods of surveying measurement adjustment.

(4 marks)
Answer

Methods of surveying measurement adjustment are:

 Chain and tape correction (1 mark)

 Compass(Bowditch) rule (1mark)
 Transit rule (1mark)
 Adjustment by least squares (1mark)

Reference: LU2.Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO 2.1

Identify methods of survey adjustment, Curriculum level five, page
469, year 2018. (Remembering)

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 1 of 16 – Marking

Guide
04. List five (5) kinds of linear measurement correction. (5
marks)

Answer

Kinds of linear measurement correction are:

 Correction for absolute length (1mark)

 Slope correction (1mark)
 Tension correction (1mark)
 Temperature correction (1mark)
 Sag correction (1mark)

Reference: LU2.Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO 2.3.

Adjust errors in linear measurement, Curriculum level five, page 420,
year 2018. (Remembering)

05. Name any five (5) indices of precision. (5

marks)

Answer

Indices of precision are:

 Most probable value (1mark)

 Residuals (1mark)
 Weight (1mark)
 Mean (1mark)
 Mode (1mark)
 Variance
 Standard deviation
 Covariance
 Standard error of the mean

Reference.LU3,Perform Accuracy and Precision of measurements,

LO3.1. Determine indices of precision, Curriculum level five, page 474,
year 2018(Remembering)

06. Outline any three (3) mistakes occur in surveying measurement. (3

marks)

Answer

Mistakes occur in surveying measurement are:

 Transposing numbers (1mark)

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 2 of 16 – Marking
Guide
  Misreading observations (1mark)
 Lack of care when operating instruments (1mark)
 Using the wrong information
 Mistakes in calculating
 Using the wrong procedures for the task

Reference.LU3, Perform Accuracy and precision of measurements,

LO3.2. Determine indices of precision, Curriculum level five, page 474,
year 2018. (Remembering)

07. Identify two (2) main types of traverse.

(4Marks)

Answer

 Closed traverse (2 marks)

 Open traverse (2marks)

Reference. LU3, Perform Accuracy and Precision of measurements,

LO.3.3. Proper Adjustment of errors in traverse surveys Networks
according to the type of work, Curriculum level five, page 474, year
2018. (Remembering)

08. Differentiate Systematic error from Accidental Errors. (4

marks)

Answer

Difference between Systematic and Accidental Errors is discussed

below:

Systematic errors are cumulative in effect and are caused by badly adjusted
instrument and the physical condition at the time of measurement and
observation error must be considered in this respect. (2 marks) While

Accidental Errors are those discrepancies remaining once blunders and

systematic errors have been eliminated. These errors are minimized through
good surveying practices like careful instrument handling and calibration,
taking multiple measurements and averaging result and minimizing
environment factors. (2 marks)

Reference: LU1. Identify principles of surveying measurements,

LO1.3.Identify types of error, Curriculum level five, page 416, year
2018.(Understanding)
TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 3 of 16 – Marking
Guide
09. Interpret the formula used while balancing the traverse by using transit
rule.
(5
Marks)

Answer

The formula used while balancing the traverse by using transit rule is:

L
CL=ƩL× (1 mark)
¿
D
CD= ƩL× (1 mark)
DT
Where

CL: Correction to Latitude (0.5 mark)

CD: Correction to Departure (0.5 mark)
ƩL: Sum of latitude (0.5 mark)
ƩD: Sum of departure (0.5 mark)
LT: Arithmetic sum of latitude (0.5 mark)
LD: Arithmetic sum of departure (0.5 mark)

Reference: LU2. Apply methods of surveying adjustment, LO 2.1.

Proper Identification of methods of survey adjustment according to
the standards., Curriculum level five, page 424, year 2018. (
Understanding)

10. Define the following terms used in surveying. (3

marks)
a) Error
b) Error propagation

Answer
Meaning of the terms below:
Error: An error is the difference between the true value and the measured
value of a measurement quantity. (1.5marks)

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 4 of 16 – Marking

Guide
Error propagation: It was stated earlier that because all observations contain
errors, any quantities computed from them will likewise contain errors. The
process of evaluating errors in quantities computed from observed values that
contain errors is called error propagation. (1.5marks)

Reference: LU2.Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO2.2.

Accurate determination of error propagation according to surveying
measurement methods, Curriculum level five, page 471, year 2018.
(Understanding)

11. Discuss the required formula for correcting error when a steel tape is pulled
with a tension greater or less than its standard pull (the tension at which
it was calibrated). (5 marks)

Answer

(2Mark)

CP: Pull correction (0.5 mark)

P1: the pull applied to the tape at the time of the observation (0.5 mark)
P: the standard pull for the tape (0.5 mark)
A: the cross-sectional area of the tape, (0.5 mark)
E: the modulus of elasticity of steel (0.5 mark)
L: the observed (recorded) length of line. (0.5 mark)

Reference: LU2.Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO 2.3.

Adjust errors in linear measurement, Curriculum level five, page 420,
year 2018. (Understanding)

12. Determine the distance measured between two (2) points, if revolution of
wheel counted are 655 and the radius of the wheel is 10 inches? (4
marks)

Answer

 Given data (1mark)

 Radius=10 inches
 N=655
TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 5 of 16 – Marking
Guide
 Application and Formula
 Circumference= Diameter x π (0.5 mark)
= 20×3.14=62.8 (1 mark)
 Total distance= Number of revolutions x Circumference of wheel (0.5 mark)
= 62.8×655=41134 inches (1 mark)

Reference: LU1. Identify principles of surveying measurements,

LO1.1.Identify types of measurement, Curriculum level five, page 465,
year 2018.(Applying)

13. Convert the following quadrant bearing to WCB. (4 marks)

a) N 12024′ E;
b) S 31036′ E;
c) S 6806 ′ W;
d) N 5 042′ W.
Answer
a) WCB = 12024′ (1 mark)
b) WCB = 1800 - 31036′ = 148024′ (1 mark)
c)WCB = 1800 + 6806 ′ = 24806 ′ (1 mark)
d) WCB = 3600 - 5 042′ = 354018′ (1 mark)

Reference: LU2.Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO 2.1

Identify Methods of Surveying Adjustment, Curriculum level five, page
469, year 2018. (Applying)

14. The length of a line measured with a 20 m chain was found to be 250 m.
calculate the true length of the line if the chain was 10 cm too long. (4
Marks)
Answer
 Given data: (1 mark)
 Measured length is 250
 Length of chain used= 20m
 Application and Formula
 Incorrect length of the chain is 20 + (10/100) = 20.1 m. (1 mark)
 Hence true length of the line is 250 × (20.1/20)=251.25 m (2mark)

Reference: LU2.Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO 2.3.

Adjust errors in linear measurement, Curriculum level five, page 420,
year 2018. (Applying)

Section B: Attempt any Three (3) questions (30

marks)

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 6 of 16 – Marking

Guide
15. The following are the observations made on the same angle: 47 o 26′13″,
47o
26′18″, 47o 26′10″, 47o 26′15″ 47o 26′16″ 47o 26′12″ 47o 26′09″ 47o 26′15″
47o
26′18″, 47o 26′14″

Determine
a) The most probable value of the angle,
b) The range,
c) The standard deviation,
(10 marks)

Answer
ƩƳ
(a) Most probable value ( Ȳ) = =47 ° 26 ' 140 } over {10 ¿=47026'14" (1mark)
n

(b) Range = 47°26′18″ – 47°26′09″ = 9″ (1mark)

(c) c) For convenience in calculation of the required quantities let us

tabulate the data (6 Marks)

Observed Ȳ- Ƴ (Ȳ- Ƴ)2

angle(Ƴ)
47026’13’’ +1 1 (0.5 mark)
47026’10’’ +4 16 (0.5 mark)
47026’16’’ -2 4 (0.5 mark)
47026’09’’ +5 25 (0.5 mark)
47026’18’’ -4 16 (0.5 mark)
47026’18’’ -4 16 (0.5 mark)
47026’15’’ -1 1 (0.5 mark)
47026’12’’ +2 4 (0.5 mark)
47026’15’’ -1 1 (0.5 mark)

Ʃ= 0
47026’14’’ 0 0 (0.5 mark)
Ʃ=14’’ Ʃ =84 (1 mark)

Standard deviation= x=
√Ʃ ( Ȳ −Ƴ ) 2
n−1
(1 mark)

=
√
84
9
= 3.14"(1 Mark)

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 7 of 16 – Marking

Guide
Reference.LU3, Perform Accuracy and Precision of measurements,
LO3.1. Determine indices of precision, Curriculum level five, page 474,
year 2018

(Applying)

16. (a) Distinguish Error of a sum from error of a series as they are types of
error
propagation in surveying measurements. (4
marks)
(b) For the rectangular lot illustrated in Figure below, observations of sides
A and B with their errors are (252.46, ±0.053) and (605.08, ±0.072)
respectively. Calculate the parcel area and the expected error in the area.
(7mar
k)

Answer
a.Error of a sum (Esum) is the square root of the sum of the errors of each of
the
Individual measurements squared. It is used when there are several
measurements with differing standard deviations (errors).

Assume the sum of independently observed observations is Z. The formula for

the computed quantity Z is Z = a + b + c + ….

(2marks)

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 8 of 16 – Marking

Guide
 Error in a series describes the error of multiple measurements or of similar
quantitieswith identical standard deviations (errors).
ESeries=√ E2 + E2 + E2 +...=√ nE2=E√ n (2marks)

b. Area = 252.46 * 605.08 = 152,760 ft2 (3marks)

E=√ (252.46)2 (0.072)2 +( 605.08)2 (0.053)2=¿¿ ±36.9 ft2 (3marks)

Reference: LU2.Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO2.2.

Accurate determination of error propagation according to surveying
measurement methods, Curriculum level five, page 420, year 2018.
(Analyzing)

17. Select the correct answer in blacked in the provided space (10 Marks)

a. The difference between a measurement and the true value of the quantity
measured is ……………………... (True error, Discrepancy, Limit of error,
Accuracy)

Answer
The difference between a measurement and the true value of the quantity
measured is True error. (2 marks)

b. The difference between the two measured values of the same quantity
is………………………(Precision, Accuracy, Discrepancy, Error)

Answer
the difference between the two measured values of the same quantity is
Discrepancy. (2 marks)

c. A tape may be too long or an angle measuring instrument may be out of

adjustment. Then such type of error comes under………………(Instrumental,
Personal, Natural, Artificial)

Answer

A tape may be too long or an angle measuring instrument may be out of

adjustment. Then such type of error comes under Instrumental. (2marks)

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 9 of 16 – Marking

Guide
d. The length of a line measured with a 20 m chain was found to be 250 m. if the chain
was 10 cm too long, the true length of line is………..(252.25 m,251.25 m,225.25 m,
221.25 )

Answer

The length of a line measured with a 20 m chain was found to be 250 m. if the
chain was 10 cm too long, the true length of line is 251.25 m. (2marks)

e. A surveyor measured the distance between two points on the plan drawn to a
scale of 1 cm is equal 40 m and the result was 468 m. But, actual scale is 1 cm = 20
m. the true distance between the two points is………(992 m,936 m,987 m,967 m)

Answer

A surveyor measured the distance between two points on the plan drawn to a
scale of 1 cm is equal 40 m and the result was 468 m. But, actual scale is 1 cm
= 20m.The true distance between the two points is 936 m. (2marks)

Reference: LU1. Identify principles of surveying measurements,

LO1.3.Identify types of error, Curriculum level five, page 416, year
2018.

(Evaluating)

18. A distance of 85.000 m is to be laid down using a 50-m steel tape that is
actually 50.008 m long. The tape is to be laid on the ground throughout its
length. Tension applied is 10 kg, while standard tension is 5 kg. Field
temperature is 30o C, while standard temperature is 20 o C. Coefficient of
thermal expansion k = 1.2-5, Modulus of elasticity E = 2105 kg/cm2, and tape
cross-sectional area A=0.025 cm2. Compute the total correction and the
corrected distance to be laid down.
(10 marks)

Answer

50.008−50
 Absolute length correction(Cl)= La−¿ ∗L= ∗85.00=0.0136 m (2 marks)
¿ 50

 Temperature correction(Ct)=k (T-Ts) L=1.2-5(30-20)×85.000=0.0102m

(2 marks)

L 85.000
 Pull correction (Cp¿=P−Ps =10−5 05 =0.00810 m (2 marks)
AE 0.025 × 21

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 10 of 16 – Marking

Guide
 Slope correction (Cs) = 0 (Because the tape is laid on the ground
 Total correction= Cl +Ct +Cp

=0.0136+0.0102+0.0081=0.0319 (2 marks)

 Corrected distance=85.000-0.0319=84.968 m (2 marks)

Reference: LU2.Identify principles of surveying measurements, LO 2.3.

Adjust errors in linear measurement, Curriculum level five, page 420,
year 2018. (Analyzing)

19. Following are the bearing and length of a traverse ABCDEF. Determine
linear

closing error of traverse. (10

marks)
Lines AB BC CD DE EF FA
Length(m) 495.85 850.62 855.45 1020.87 1117.26 660.08
Bearing N05030'E N46002'E S67038'E S12025'E S83044' N55009'
W W

Answer

Computing latitude

Latitude = d*Cosα (0.5 mark)

AB=495.85cos05030'=493.57(0.5 mark)

BC=850.62cos46002=590.53(0.5 mark)

CD=855.45 cos67038'=325.53(0.5 mark)

DE=1020.87 cos12025'=-996.99(0.5 mark)

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 11 of 16 – Marking

Guide
EF=1117.26 cos83044'=-121.96(0.5 mark)

FA=660.08 cos55009= 377.19(0.5 mark)

Ʃ Lat=16.81(0.5 mark)

Computing Departure (4Marks)

Latitude = d*Sinα (0.5 mark)

AB=495.85sin05030'=47.53(0.5 mark)

BC=850.62sin46002=612.23(0.5 mark)

CD=855.45 sin67038'=791.09(0.5 mark)

DE=1020.87sin12025'=219.51(0.5 mark)

EF=1117.26sin83044'= -1110.58(0.5 mark)

FA=660.08sin55009= -541.70(0.5 mark)

Ʃ Dep= 18.08(0.5 mark)

Linear error of closure (LEC)=√ (ƩLat )2+(ƩDep)2(0.5 mark)

=√(16.81)2 +(18.08)2(0.5 mark)

=24.69 m (1 mark)

Reference: LU2. Apply methods of surveying adjustment, LO. 2.1

Proper Identification of methods of survey adjustment according to
the standards, Curriculum level five, page 469, year 2018.
(Evaluating)

Section C: Attempt only one (1) question (15 marks)

20. The following traverse is run, take XA=520484.183 and YA=424323.640.

Lines Length(m) Bearing Departure(Lxsin Latitude(Lxcos

α) α)
AB 89.733 S45045'E 64.276 -62.615
BC 80.284 N65030'E 73.055 33.293
CD 95.585 N35015'E 55.166 78.059
DE 119.482 N64015'W -107.617 51.908
TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 12 of 16 – Marking
Guide
 EF 60.107 S59000'W -51.493 -30.957
FA 73.152 S25030'W -31.493 -66.026
Ʃ 518.343 1.865 3.662

a) Adjust the traverse by compass rule

(12marks)
b) Compute coordinates of traverse (3
marks)
c) Produce sketch of traverse (1
mark)

Answer

A) Adjust the traverse by compass

Correction of departure

Length of line
Corr.Lat= ∗Total error ∈departure
Total length of traverse

89.733
AB=- ∗1.865=¿ -0.323 (0.5 mark)
518.343

80.284
BC=- ∗1.865=¿-0.289 (0.5 mark)
518.343

95.585
CD=- ∗1.865=¿-0.344 (0.5 mark)
518.343

119.482
DE=- ∗1.865=¿-0.430 (0.5 mark)
518.343

60.107
EF=- ∗1.865=¿-0.216 (0.5 mark)
518.343

73.152
FA=- ∗1.865=¿-0.263 (0.5 mark)
518.343

Correcion of latitude

Length of line
Corr.Lat= ∗Total erroin latitude
Total length of traverse

89.733
AB=- ∗3.662=−0.634 (0.5 mark)
518.343
TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 13 of 16 – Marking
Guide
 80.284
BC=- ∗3.662=¿ -0.567 (0.5 mark)
518.343

95.585
CD=- ∗3.662=¿ -0.676 (0.5 mark)
518.343

119.482
DE=- ∗3.662=¿ -0.844 (0.5 mark)
518.343

60.107
EF=- ∗3.662=¿ -0.425 (0.5 mark)
518.343

73.152
FA=- ∗3.662=¿ -0.516 (0.5 mark)
518.343

Corrected to Departure

AB= 64.276-0.323=63.953 (0.5 mark)

BC=73.055-0.289=72.766 (0.5 mark)

CD=55.166-0.344=54.822 (0.5 mark)

DE=-107.617-0.480=-108.047 (0.5 mark)

EF=-51.522-0.216=-51.738 (0.5 mark)

FA=-31.493-0.263=-31.756 (0.5 mark)

Corrected to latitude (3Marks)

AB=-62.615-0.634=-63.249 (0.5 mark)

BC=33.293-0.567=32.726 (0.5 mark)

CD=78.058-0.844=51.064 (0.5 mark)

DE=51.908-0.844=51.064 (0.5 mark)

EF=-30.957-0.425=-31.382 (0.5 mark)

FA=-66.026-0.512=-66.542 (0.5 mark)

b) Computing coordinates (3Marks)

Points Corrected Corrected x y

departure latutide
A 520484.18 424323.390
TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 14 of 16 – Marking
Guide
 3
63.953 63.249
B 520548.13 424620.391(0.5
8 mark)
72.766 32.726
C 520620.90 424293.117(0.5
2 mark)
54.822 77.383
D 520675.72 424370.500(0.5
4 mark)
-108.048 51.064
E 520567.67 424421.564(0.5
mark)
-51.738 66.382
F 52051.939 424390.182
-31.756 66.542
A 520284.18 424323.64O
3

C) Sketch showing traverse survey (0.5 mark)

Reference: LU2. Apply methods of surveying adjustment, LO2 2.1.

Proper Identification of methods of survey adjustment according to
the standards., Curriculum level five, page 424, year 2018. (Creating)

21. The table below indicates angles taken by land surveyors in parcel of land
ABCDEF with theodolite traversing as follow: FAB=115˚ 11ˊ 20ʺ,
ABC=95˚00ˊ
10ʺ, BCD=129˚ 49ˊ 10ʺ,CDE=130˚ 36ˊ 00ʺ,DEF=110˚29ˊ 50ʺ, EFA=138˚54ˊ
30ʺ
TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 15 of 16 – Marking
Guide
 a) Adjust the traverse
(12marks)
b) b) Produce the sketch of land parcel
(3marks)

Answer

a) Ʃ of measured angles=115˚ 11ˊ 20ʺ+95˚ 00ˊ 10ʺ+129˚ 49ˊ 10ʺ+130˚ 36ˊ

00ʺ+110˚ 29ˊ 50ʺ+138˚ 54ˊ 30ʺ=720001’00’’ (2 marks)
 Ʃ of interior angles=(n-2)×180=7200 00’00’’ (1 mark)
 Angular misclosures =720001’00’’-7200 00’00’’=00001’00’’ (1 mark)
 Correction par tape=00001’00’’/6=-10’’ (1 mark)

 Adjusting traverse
Point Angle Adjustment Adjusted Angle
A 115˚ 11ˊ 20ʺ −10ʺ 115˚ 11ˊ 10ʺ (1mark)
B 95˚ 00ˊ 10ʺ −10ʺ 95˚ 00ˊ 00ʺ (1mark)
C 129˚ 49ˊ 10ʺ −10ʺ 129˚ 49ˊ 00ʺ(1mark)
D 130˚ 36ˊ 00ʺ −10ʺ 130˚ 35ˊ 50ʺ (1mark)
E 110˚ 29ˊ 50ʺ −10ʺ 110˚ 29ˊ 40ʺ (1mark)
F 138˚ 54ˊ 30ʺ −10ʺ 138˚ 54ˊ 20ʺ (1mark)
∑ 720˚01ˊ00ʺ - 00˚01ˊ00ʺ 720˚00ˊ00ʺ (1mark)

b) Sketch of closed traverse (3mark)

Reference. LU3, Perform Accuracy and Precision of measurements,

LO.3.3. Proper Adjustment of errors in traverse surveys Networks
according to the type of work, Curriculum level five, page 474, year
2018. (Creating)

END OF ASSESSMENT

TSS LEVEL 5 – Surveying measurement adjustment – Page 16 of 16 – Marking

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