Substation Monitoring
Substation Monitoring
COMMUNICATION
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ABSTRACT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
INTRODUCTION 1
1 1.1 Importance of power Sub 1
station
1.2 Problem outline 2
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Research outline 4
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 5
3 MATLAB MODELING OF SUB 8
STATION
3.1 Introduction 8
3.2 Model of Power Sub station 9
3.3 Internal Model 11
3.4 Fault Analysis 12
3.5 ANN 13
4 CONVENTIONAL MPPT 18
TECHNIQUES
iii
4.1 Introduction 18
4.2 Failure Modes 19
4.3 Insulation 20
4.4 Oil level 21
4.5 Mode of Faults 22
4.6 Condition Monitoring 22
4.7 Analysis 28
5 OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES 32
5.1 Proposed Technique 32
5.2 Algorithm 33
5.3 ANN 33
5.4 BLOCK diagram 34
6 SIMUTION OF MPPT BASED
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SUB STATION SYSTEM
6.1 Matlab Simulink
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iv
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
NAME ABBREVIATIONS
GSM Internet Of Things
HVPT High Voltage Power Sub station
HES Hybrid Energy System
P&O Perturb & Observe
MPPT Maximum PowerPoint Tracking
THD Total Harmonics distortion
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization
DC Direct Current
AC Alternating Current
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip, which includes, on
one chip, all or most of the parts needed for a controller. The
microcontroller could be called a "one-chip solution".
It typically includes:
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preventive maintenance of Power Sub station both online and
offline methods can be carried out. The failure of Power Sub
station is caused due to winding failures which may be due to
electrical and/or mechanical reasons. In the thesis both neutral
current and also temperature measurement has been considered for
condition assessment of Power Sub station. Nearly 3 to 4
percentages of failures are caused due to failure of High Voltage
bushing roughly 4 to 5 percentage of failures due to Sub station oil
over heating / aging or entry of moisture through gasket joints.
Online monitoring is the collection of data and diagnosis is
interpretation of data for condition assessment of Power Sub station
[71].
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catastrophic effects. More over DGA is offline method to monitor
and analyze the condition of Power Sub station because collection
of oil and different gases from the site itself is time consuming
which is to be minimized.
1.2 Objective
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Thus online monitoring technology such as General Packet Radio
Servicing (GSM) system is used to collect the data of Sub Station
parameters. At receiving and sending end the modem architecture is
similar for GSM systems. By using GSM system Current, voltage,
temperature of oil and temperature of winding of Sub station are
collected on hourly basis and the obtained data of Sub station
parameters at receiving end is analyzed in MATLAB environment
for assessment of condition monitoring and also diagnosis of Power
Sub station by using signal processing tool such as Wavelet
Transforms (WT) to identify the faults and Neural Networks for
training the faults.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
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interfaces such as Wi-Fi and ZigBee. This paper presents the design
and implementation of an GSM access point that supports
functionalities of coordination of various wireless transmission
protocols. Based on the existing Wi-Fi access point, we have
embedded a ZigBee module and implemented ZigBee and UPnP
protocols into the designed GSM access point, which supports
ZigBee communication capabilities over the Internet
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used. The three key elements in automatic meter reading system are
consumption measurement, meter reading, transmission of measure
data & data processing & billing.
CHAPTER 3
1.4 Introduction
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• Ground capacitance Cg
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• Self inductance L
• Mutual inductance M
In order to assess the condition of the power Sub station against the
impact due to surges it is required to study the internal model of Sub
station. To get clear understanding of the electrical stresses
experienced by the Sub station, it is advisable to study the behavior
of the winding in three phases soon after the impact of voltage
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surge across the Sub station [46]. The three phases could be extremely
short interval usually a fraction of micro second, during this interval
significant amount of current may not penetrate across the Sub station
winding because of its inductance. The displacement currents flows
through the winding [51]. Therefore, the initial voltage distribution
Fig. 3.4 Model for determining the initial voltage distribution in a Sub
station winding subjected to a surge.
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as press board and is the weakest link in the Sub station and has the
most influence in the aging process. The dielectric strength of
paper/press board is measured interms of degree of polymerization
(DP) which is the average number of rings in the chain of chemical
composition of press board. New DP number could be from 1200-
1400. If DP is less than 200 then the paper insulation can’t withstand
to the electrical stresses and other mechanical forces that may exert
on the insulation.
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leading to decrease in dielectric strength of oil. The fault tree for oil
insulation is shown in Fig. 4.4.
The active part of the Sub station is winding of the Sub station
which carries the current at operating voltages. During lightning
strikes (consist of high frequency and low frequency spectral
components) the winding of the Sub station experiences electro
static and magnetic forces due to the approximation of winding with
two oppositely reactive elements inductance and capacitance. Due to
the presence of high and low frequency components in electrical
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In order to reduce the maintenance cost and extend the life time of
components condition based maintenance is essential. To increase
the life expectancy of power Sub station Condition monitoring and
assessment has gained importance and also to avoid further
detrimental effects of incipient faults in power Sub station [8].
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• Incipient faults.
• Problems evolving from ageing processes.
• Augmentation of operating conditions with respect to Sub
station capabilities.
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There are several factors and parameters with which life time
models of Sub station can be established. These parameters are
required to be observed and studied for better condition monitoring.
They are
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As per the literature survey various methods are used for condition
monitoring of Sub station and are tabulated in Table 2.1.
Tests To detect
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localized defects
When mineral oil contains normal value of gas then it can refer to
incipient fault. If the value of gases interms of Parts Per Million
(PPM) exceeds normal limits then sample frequency must be
increased because exceeding the PPM above normal limit refers to
initiation of incipient fault. If the PPM value exceeds the actual limit
then it can be concluded that critical condition of Sub station and it
may be advised to remove from service [65]. As per ANSI/IEEE C
57.104 standards normal limits and action limits of values of PPM of
various gases are listed in Table 2.2 and the classification of
dissolved gases is shown in Fig. 2.7 [75].
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1 H2 150 1000
2 CH4 25 80
3 C2H4 20 150
4 C2H2 15 70
5 C2H6 10 35
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required features from the observed data for condition assignment of
Sub station [40]. However still there is disadvantage to develop a
common frame work or defining proper requirements and procedures,
especially while using expert systems such as fuzzy logic and few
Signal processing tools such as FT, FFT [42]. In general approach for
intelligent frame work for power Sub station condition monitoring is
shown in the Fig. 2.12.
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CHAPTER 5
PROPOSED TECHNIQUES
The proposed project is about acquiring real time status of Sub station
health parameters. Temperature, voltage and current of Sub Station are
monitored and send over internet The live tracking of these parameters
can be done using GSM technology from anywhere around the
world .This is cost effective in nature. Thus the responsible authority
can access information on any power failure or maintenance. The Sub
Station play a vital
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This system introduces a new and improved method of Sub station
health parameter monitoring using GSM. The sensors incorporated in
the system collect the data of Sub station health parameters such as
voltage, temperature and current. These data are send to an GSM
platform, ThingSpeak using. These data can be sent and accessed using
GSM technology. Thus the real time data collection, storage and
monitoring of the Sub station health parameters are possible with the
system.
Start
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.
5.3 METHODOLOGY
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However, their life is essentially decreased if they are overloaded,
resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to an expansive
number of customers hence affecting system unwavering quality.
Overloading and ineffective cooling of Sub Station are the major
significant reasons for failure in distribution Sub Station. Most power
companies use Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system for
web-based monitoring of power Sub Station yet amplifying the system
for online monitoring of distribution Sub Station is an a costly
suggestion.
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Auspicious detection data will not be sent to observing centers
in time, which cannot judge distribution Sub Station three
phase equilibrium.
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
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POWER SUPPLY
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Rectifier: The function of the rectifier is to convert AC to DC current
or voltage. Usually in the rectifier circuit full wave bridge rectifier is
used.
Filter: The Filter is used to remove the pulsated AC. A filter circuit
uses capacitor and inductor. The function of the capacitor is to block
the DC voltage and bypass the AC voltage. The function of the
inductor is to block the AC voltage and bypass the DC voltage.
Voltage Regulation
line regulation
load regulation
Line Regulation
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Load regulation: A change in load current (due to a varying R L)
has practically no effect on the output voltage of a regulator
(within certain limits)
• Where:
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VNL = the no-load output voltage
Types of Regulator
• Two basic types of linear regulator are the series regulator and
the shunt regulator .
• The series regulator is connected in series with the load and the
shunt regulator is connected in parallel with the load.
IC Voltage Regulators
• reference source
• comparator amplifier
• control device
• overload protection
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• An unregulated input voltage Vi is filtered by a capacitor C1 and
connected to the IC’s IN terminal.
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• The two types of linear voltage regulators are series and shunt.
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MICROCONTROLLER – ATMEGA 8
Features
- 8-bit Microcontroller
• Peripheral Features
•Oscillator
•Operating Voltages
– Active: 3.6 mA
Pin Configurations
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The ATmega8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on
the AVR RISC architecture.
Pin Descriptions
GND:- Ground.
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Port B(PC7..PB0) :- is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal
pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are
tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,even if the clock is not
running.
RESET (Reset input):- A low level on this pin for longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not
running. The Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.
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AVCC:- AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port
C (3..0), and ADC (7..6). It should be externally connected to VCC,
even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected
to VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF:- AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.These
pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC
channels.
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The Program memory is In-System Reprogrammable Flash
memory.The fast-access Register File contains 32 x 8-bit general
purpose working registers with a single clock cycle access time. This
allows single-cycle Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) operation. In a
typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the Register File,
the operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the Register
File in one clock cycle.
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Program Flash memory space is divided in two sections, the Boot
program section and the Application program section. Both sections
have dedicated Lock Bits for write and read/write protection. The SPM
instruction that writes into the Application Flash memory section must
reside in the Boot program section.During interrupts and subroutine
calls, the return address Program Counter (PC) is stored on the Stack.
The Stack is effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and
consequently the Stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and
the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the
reset routine (before subroutines or interrupts are executed). The Stack
Pointer SP is read/write accessible in the I/O space.The data SRAM can
easily be accessed through the five different addressing modes
supported in the AVR architecture.The memory spaces in the AVR
architecture are all linear and regular memory maps.
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Liquid-crystal display
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calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD
screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD
players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced
heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications.
LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT
and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from
tiny digital watches to huge, big-screen television set.
Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image
burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time
(e.g., the table frame for an aircraft schedule on an indoor sign). LCDs
are, however, susceptible to image persistence.. The LCD screen is
more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT
can. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in
battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than CRTs can
be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded
sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most
purposes.
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LCDs, in particular in smartphones such as iPhones. Both the liquid
crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic
compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a
long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and
degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an
alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as
the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is
identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).
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Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display.
1. Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it
enters.
2. Glass substrate with ITOelectrodes. The shapes of these
electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the
LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are
smooth.
Illumination
Since LCD panels produce no light of their own, they require external
light to produce a visible image. In a "transmissive" type of LCD, this
light is provided at the back of the glass "stack" and is called the
backlight. While passive-matrix displays are usually not backlit (e.g.
calculators, wristwatches), active-matrix displays almost always are. [30]
[31]
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CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathodefluorescent
lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel
CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser then spreads the light out
evenly across the whole display. For many years, this technology had
been used almost exclusively. Unlike white LEDs, most CCFLs have
an even-white spectral output resulting in better color gamut for the
display. However, CCFLs are less energy efficient than LEDs and
require a somewhat costly inverter to convert whatever DC voltage the
device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ~1000 V needed to light a CCFL. [32]
The thickness of the inverter transformers also limit how thin the
display can be made.
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CHAPTER 7
Voltage 415V/24V
Frequency 50 Hz
Rating 120VA
Secondary current 5A
Number of Tapping 3
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
An GSM based Sub station monitoring system for power Sub station
was designed, implemented and tested. It is quite useful as compared to
manual monitoring and also it is reliable as it is not possible to monitor
always the oil level, oil temperature rise, ambient temperature rise, load
current manually. A server module can be added to this system to
periodically receive and store Sub station parameters information about
all the power Sub Station in a database application. After receiving
message on any abnormality, we can take immediate action to prevent
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any catastrophic failures of power Sub Station. We need not have to
check all power Sub Station and corresponding phase currents and
voltages and thus we can recover the system in less time and faults
before any uncertain failures thus resulting in significant cost saving as
well as improving system reliability.
The proposed technique with results has shown that the protection
scheme works properly with accuracy, sensitivity of this scheme very
high for the abnormal and faulty conditions. Sub station Health
Monitoring will help to identify or recognize unexpected situations
before any serious failure, which leads to greater reliability and
significant cost savings. If Sub station is in abnormal condition, we can
know from anywhere. No human power need to monitor the Sub
station. Details about the Sub station are automatically updated in
webpage.
Future work
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REFERENCES
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8 Basak, D, Tiwari, A & Das, SP 2006, ‘Fault diagnosis and
condition monitoring of electrical machines-A Review’,
IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology,
ICIT, IEEE, pp. 3061-3066.
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in three-phase synchronous and asynchronous motors, by
the extended Park's vector approach’, IEEE Transactions
on industry applications, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1227-1233.
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